Robert Peel 45233 225488263 2008-07-13T23:25:00Z 87.194.252.72 /* In Memory of Sir Robert Peel */ {{Refimprove|date=August 2007}} {{dablink|For other people named Robert Peel, see [[Robert Peel (disambiguation)]].}} {{Infobox Prime Minister | honorific-prefix = <small>[[The Right Honourable]]</small><br> | name =Sir Robert Peel, Bt | image =Robert Peel.jpg | order =[[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]] | term_start =[[August 30]], [[1841]] | term_end =[[June 29]], [[1846]] | monarch =[[Victoria of the United Kingdom|Victoria]] | predecessor =[[William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne|The Viscount Melbourne]] | successor =[[John Russell, 1st Earl Russell|The Lord John Russell]] | term_start2 =[[December 10]], [[1834]] | term_end2 =[[April 8]], [[1835]] | monarch2 =[[William IV of the United Kingdom|William IV]] | predecessor2 =[[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington|The Duke of Wellington]] | successor2 =[[William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne|The Viscount Melbourne]] | order3 =[[Chancellor of the Exchequer]] | term_start3 =[[December 2]], [[1834]] | term_end3 =[[April 8]], [[1835]] | monarch3 =[[William IV of the United Kingdom|William IV]] | predecessor3 =[[Thomas Denman, 1st Baron Denman|The Lord Denman]] | successor3 =[[Thomas Spring Rice, 1st Baron Monteagle|Thomas Spring Rice]] | birth_date ={{birth date|1788|2|5|df=y}} | birth_place =[[Bury]], [[Lancashire]], [[England]] | death_date ={{death date and age|1850|7|2|1788|2|5|df=y}} | death_place =[[Westminster]], [[London]], [[England]] | alma_mater =[[Christ Church, Oxford]] | party =[[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]] |}} '''Sir Robert Peel, 2nd Baronet''' ([[5 February]] [[1788]] &ndash; [[2 July]] [[1850]]) was the [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]] [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]] from [[December 10]], [[1834]] to [[April 8]], [[1835]], and again from [[August 30]], [[1841]] to [[June 29]], [[1846]]. He helped create the modern concept of the [[police]] force while [[Home Secretary]], oversaw the formation of the Conservative Party out of the shattered [[Tory]] Party, and repealed the [[Corn Laws]]. ==Biography== {{Unreferencedsection|date=March 2008}} Peel was born in [[Ramsbottom]], [[Bury]], [[Lancashire]], [[England]] to the industrialist and Member of Parliament [[Robert Peel (1750-1805)|Sir Robert Peel]]. His father was one of the richest textile manufacturers of the early [[Industrial Revolution]]. Peel was educated first at [[Hipperholme Grammar School]], then at [[Harrow School]] and finally [[Christ Church, Oxford]], where he took a double first in classics and mathematics. He is also believed to have briefly attended [[Bury Grammar School]]. While living in [[Tamworth]], he is credited with the development of the [[Tamworth Pig]] by breeding Irish stock with some local Tamworth pigs. Some of his descendants now live in Victoria, Australia and Sheffield including a descendant who teaches in Manchester, England. ==Early political career== The young Peel entered politics at the young age of 21 as MP for the Irish [[rotten borough]] of [[Cashel (UK Parliament constituency)|Cashel]], [[Tipperary]]. With a scant 24 voters on the rolls, he was elected unopposed. More importantly, his sponsor for the election (besides his father) was the [[Chief Secretary for Ireland]], [[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington|Sir Arthur Wellesley]], the future Duke of Wellington, with whom Peel's political career would be entwined for the next 25 years. Peel made his [[maiden speech]] at the start of the 1810 session, when he was chosen by the Prime Minister, [[Spencer Perceval]], to second the reply to the [[Speech from the Throne|king's speech]]. His speech was a sensation, famously described by the [[Speaker of the British House of Commons|Speaker]], [[Charles Abbot, 1st Baron Colchester|Charles Abbot]], as "the best first speech since that of [[William Pitt the Younger|William Pitt]]."<ref>Gash, ''Mr. Secretary Peel'', 59-61; 68-69.</ref> For the next decade he occupied a series of relatively minor positions in the [[Tory]] governments: Undersecretary for War, Chief Secretary for [[Ireland]], and chairman of the [[Bullion Committee]] (charged with stabilizing British finances after the end of the [[Napoleonic Wars]]). He also changed seats twice: first picking up another rotten borough, Chippenham, then becoming MP for [[Oxford University (UK Parliament constituency)|Oxford University]] in 1817. He later served as MP for [[Tamworth (UK Parliament constituency)|Tamworth]] from 1830 until his death. His home was [[Drayton Manor]]. His home Drayton Manor is no longer standing, but it is home to [[Drayton Manor Theme Park]]. ==Home Secretary== [[Image:Field Marshal Arthur Wellesley KG CCB GCH CoR 1st Duke of Wellington.jpg|thumb|'''The Duke of Wellington'''<br /><small>Prime Minister 1828-1830</small>]] Peel was considered one of the rising stars of the Tory party, first entering the cabinet in 1822 as [[Home Secretary]]. As Home Secretary, he introduced a number of important reforms of British criminal law: most memorably establishing the Metropolitan Police Force (Metropolitan Police Act 1829). He also changed the [[Penal code]] reducing the number of crimes [[capital punishment|punishable by death]]. He reformed the gaol system, introducing payment for [[gaolers]] and education for the inmates. He resigned as Home Secretary after the Prime Minister, [[Robert Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of Liverpool|Lord Liverpool]], became incapacitated and was replaced by [[George Canning]]. Canning favoured [[Catholic Emancipation]], while Peel had been one of its most outspoken opponents. Canning himself died less than four months later and, after the brief premiership of [[Frederick John Robinson, 1st Viscount Goderich|Lord Goderich]], Peel returned to the post of Home Secretary under the premiership of his long-time ally the [[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington|Duke of Wellington]]. During this time he was widely perceived as the number-two in the Tory Party, after Wellington himself. [[Image:Robert Peel - Project Gutenberg etext 13103.jpg|thumb|left|Sir Robert Peel]] However, the pressure on the new ministry from advocates of Catholic Emancipation was too great and an Emancipation [[Bill (proposed law)|Bill]] was passed the next year. Peel felt compelled to resign his [[parliamentary constituency|seat]] as MP representing the graduates of Oxford University (many of whom were Anglican clergymen), as he had stood on a platform of opposition to Catholic Emancipation (in 1815 he had, in fact, challenged to a duel the man most associated with emancipation, [[Daniel O'Connell]]). Peel instead moved to a [[rotten borough]], [[Westbury (UK Parliament constituency)|Westbury]], retaining his Cabinet position. Peel's protege Gladstone later emulated Peel by serving as MP for Oxford University from 1847 to 1865, before himself being defeated for his willingness to disestablish the Irish Church. ===Police reform=== It was at this point that he established the [[Metropolitan Police Force]] for [[London]] based at [[Scotland Yard]]. The 1,000 constables employed were affectionately nicknamed 'Bobbies' or, somewhat less affectionately, 'Peelers' (both terms are still used today). Although at first unpopular, they proved very successful in cutting crime in London, and by 1835 all cities in the UK were being directed to form their own police forces&mdash;see [[Policing in the United Kingdom]]. (Actually, the authorities in [[Stalybridge]], [[Cheshire]] had set up their own police force some two years earlier and so Peel was aware of this success of "police forces" before he "introduced" them in [[London]]. {{Fact|date=February 2007}} The city of [[Glasgow]], [[Scotland]] had also had its [[City of Glasgow Police|own police force]] since 1800.) Known as the father of modern policing, Robert Peel developed the [[Peelian Principles]] which defined the ethical requirements police officers must follow in order to be effective. His most memorable principle was, "the police are the public, and the public are the police." Researchers [Susan A. Lentz and Robert H. Chaires, "The Invention of Peel's Principles: A Study of Policing 'Textbook' History", Journal of Criminal Justice 35 (2007) 69-79] have since concluded that Peel's list of principles was more likely authored by twentieth century policing scholars than by Peel himself. While Peel discussed the spirit of some of the principles in his speeches and other communications, Lentz and Chaires found no proof that he ever actually compiled a formal list. ==Whigs in power (1830-1834)== [[Image:Charlesgrey2.jpg|thumb|right|'''The Earl Grey'''<br /><small>Prime Minister 1830-34</small>]] The Middle and Working Classes in England at that time, however, were clamoring for reform, and Catholic Emancipation was only one of the ideas in the air. The Tory ministry refused to bend on other issues and were swept out of office in 1830 in favour of the [[British Whig Party|Whigs]]. The following few years were extremely turbulent, but eventually enough reforms were passed that [[William IV of the United Kingdom|King William IV]] felt confident enough to invite the Tories to form a ministry again in succession to those of [[Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey|Lord Grey]] and [[William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne|Lord Melbourne]] in 1834. Peel was selected as Prime Minister but was in Italy at the time, so Wellington acted as a caretaker for the three weeks until Peel's return. ==First term as Prime Minister (1834-1835)== {{main|First Peel Ministry}} This new Tory Ministry was a minority government, however, and depended on Whig goodwill for its continued existence. As his statement of policy at the general election of January 1835, Peel issued the [[Tamworth Manifesto]]. The issuing of this document is often seen as one of the most crucial points at which the Tories became the [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]]. In it he pledged that the Conservatives would endorse ''modest'' reform, but the Whigs instead formed a compact with [[Daniel O'Connell]]'s Irish Radical members to repeatedly defeat the government on various bills. Eventually Peel's ministry resigned out of frustration and the Whigs under Lord Melbourne returned to power. The only real achievements of Peel's first administration was a commission to review the governance of the [[Church of England]]. This ecclesiastical commission being the forerunner of the [[Church Commissioners]]. A further achievement was a rapid gain in seats in the House of Commons which was around 100 seats in the 100 days Peel's Ministry lasted. ==Leader of the Opposition (1835-1841)== In May 1839, he was offered another chance to form a government, this time by the new monarch, [[Victoria of the United Kingdom|Queen Victoria]]. However, this too would have been a minority government and Peel felt he needed a further sign of confidence from his Queen. Lord Melbourne had been Victoria's confidant for several years, and many of the higher posts in Victoria's household were held by the wives and female relatives of Whigs; there was some feeling that Victoria had allowed herself to be too closely associated with the Whig party. Peel therefore asked that some of this coterie be dismissed and replaced with their Conservative counterparts, provoking the so-called [[Bedchamber Crisis]]. Victoria refused to change her household, and despite pleadings from the Duke of Wellington, relied on assurances of support from Whig leaders. Peel refused to form a government, and the Whigs returned to power. ==Second term as Prime Minister (1841-1846)== {{main|Second Peel Ministry}} ===Factory Act=== Peel finally had a chance to head a majority government following the election of July 1841. His promise of modest reform was held to, and the second most famous bill of this ministry, while "reforming" in 21st century eyes, was in fact aimed at the reformers themselves, with their constituency among the new industrial rich. The [[Factory Act 1844]] acted more against these industrialists than it did against the traditional stronghold of the Conservatives, the [[landed gentry]], by restricting the number of hours that children and women could work in a factory, and setting rudimentary safety standards for machinery. Interestingly, this was a continuation of his own father's work as an MP, as the elder Robert Peel was most noted for reform of working conditions during the first part of the 19th century. In 1843 Peel was the target of a failed assassination attempt; a criminally-insane Scottish woodsman named [[Daniel M'Naghten]] stalked him for several days before accidentally killing Peel's personal secretary [[Edward Drummond]] instead. ===Corn Laws and after=== {{Refimprovesect|date=September 2007}} [[Image:lord john russell.jpg||thumb|left|'''The Earl Russell'''<br><small>Prime Minister 1846-52, 1865-66</small>]] The most notable act of Peel's second ministry, however, was the one that would bring it down. This time Peel moved against the landholders by repealing the [[Corn Laws]], which supported agricultural revenues by restricting grain imports. This radical break with Conservative protectionism was triggered by the [[Great Irish Famine|Great Irish Famine (1845-1849)]]. At first sceptical of the extent of the problem, Peel reacted slowly to the famine. As realisation dawned, however, he hoped that ending the Corn Laws would free up more food for the Irish. Though he knew repealing the laws would mean the end of his ministry, Peel decided to do so. Yet many historians{{Weasel-inline}} believe that Peel merely used the Irish Famine as an excuse to repeal the Corn Laws and because he had been an intellectual convert to free trade since the 1820s. Blake points out that if Peel were convinced that total repeal was necessary to stave off the famine, he would have enacted a bill that brought about immediate temporary repeal, not permanent repeal over a three-year period of gradual tapering-off of duties. His own party failed to support the bill, but it passed with Whig and Radical support on [[29 June]] [[1846]]. A following bill was defeated as a direct consequence, however, and Peel resigned. [[Image:Benjamin Disraeli, 1st Earl of Beaconsfield - Project Gutenberg eText 13103.jpg|thumb|'''Benjamin Disraeli'''<br><small>Prime Minister 1868, 1874-80</small>]] As an aside in reference to the Repeal of the Corn Laws, Peel did make some moves to subsidise the purchase of food for the Irish, but this attempt was small and had little tangible effect. In the age of [[laissez-faire]], government taxes were small, and subsidies or direct economic interference were almost non-existent. That subsidies were actually given was very much out of character for the political times; Peel's successor, [[John Russell, 1st Earl Russell|Lord John Russell]], received more criticism than Peel on Irish policy. The repeal of the Corn Laws was more political than humanitarian. Peel's support for free trade could already be seen in his 1842 and 1845 budgets; in late 1842 [[Sir James Graham, 2nd Baronet|Graham]] wrote to Peel that "the next change in the Corn Laws must be to an open trade" while arguing that the government should not tackle the issue.<ref>Quoted in Gash, ''Sir Robert Peel'', 362.</ref> Speaking to the cabinet in 1844, Peel argued that the choice was maintenance of the 1842 Corn Law or total repeal.<ref>Gash, ''Sir Robert Peel'', 429.</ref> Whatever the intentions, in the end the repeal of the Corn Laws had little effect on the situation in Ireland. The historian [[Boyd Hilton]] argues that Peel knew from 1844 that he was going to be deposed as Conservative leader--many of his MPs had taken to voting against him and the rupture within the party between liberals and paternalists which had been so damaging in the 1820s, but masked by the issue of reform in the 1830s was brought to the surface over the Corn Laws. Hilton's hypothesis is that Peel wished to actually be deposed on a liberal issue so that he might later lead a Peelite/Whig/Liberal alliance. ==Later career and death== He did retain a hard core of supporters however, known as [[Peelite]]s, and at one point in 1849 was actively courted by the Whig/Radical coalition. He continued to stand on his conservative principles, however, and refused. Nevertheless, he was influential on several important issues, including the furtherance of British free trade with the repeal of the [[Navigation Acts]]. Peel was a member of the committee which controlled the [[House of Commons Library]], and on [[16 April]] [[1850]] was responsible for passing the motion that controlled its scope and collection policy for the rest of the century. Peel was thrown from his horse while riding up [[Constitution Hill, London|Constitution Hill]] in London on [[29 June]] [[1850]], the horse stumbled on top of him and he died three days later on [[July 2]] at the age of 62. His Peelite followers, led by [[George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen|Lord Aberdeen]] and [[William Ewart Gladstone|William Gladstone]], went on to fuse with the Whigs as the [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberal Party]]. ==Family== Peel married Julia, youngest daughter of General [[Sir John Floyd, 1st Baronet]], in 1820. They had five sons and two daughters. Four of his sons gained distinction in their own right. His eldest son [[Sir Robert Peel, 3rd Baronet]], served as [[Chief Secretary for Ireland]] from 1861 to 1865. His second son [[Frederick Peel|Sir Frederick Peel]] was a politician and railway commissioner. His third son [[William Peel (naval officer)|Sir William Peel]] was a naval commander and recipient of the [[Victoria Cross]]. His fifth son [[Arthur Wellesley Peel, 1st Viscount Peel|Arthur Wellesley Peel]] was [[Speaker of the British House of Commons|Speaker of the House of Commons]] and created [[Viscount Peel]] in 1895. His daughter Julia married the [[George Child Villiers, 6th Earl of Jersey|6th Earl of Jersey]]. Julia, Lady Peel, died in 1859. ==In Memory of Sir Robert Peel== [[Image:Robert Peel statue.jpg|thumb|Statue in [[Parliament Square]], London]] [[Peel Monument|Peel Tower Monument]], this tower was built on top of Holcombe Hill in [[Ramsbottom]], [[Bury]]. There is a statue of Sir Robert Peel outside the Robert Peel public house in Bury town centre, the town where Peel was born. http://www.panoramio.com/photo/11220446 There is a small statue of Sir Robert Peel on [[Winckley Square]] in [[Preston]] city centre. A British steamer named ''[[SS Sir Robert Peel]]'', based in [[Canada]], was burned by American forces on [[May 29]], [[1838]], at the height of American-Canadian tensions over the [[Caroline Affair]]. There is a statue of Peel in [[Piccadilly gardens]] in [[Manchester]], [[England]] A statue of Peel stands in [[Montrose, Angus|Montrose]] town centre. The [[Regional Municipality of Peel]] (originally Peel County) in Ontario, Canada is named for Sir Robert Peel. Peel Street (rue Peel in French), is a street in [[Montreal]], and from that comes the name of nearby [[Montreal Metro|Metro]] [[Peel (Montreal Metro)|station]]. The Sir Robert Peel Hotel ("The Peel") is a Gay Bar on Peel Street in [[Collingwood, Victoria]] [[Melbourne]] [[Australia]]. The Sir Robert Peel Hospital in [[Tamworth]]. The Sir Robert Peel statue located in Tamworth town centre. A small monument in the center of the town of [[Dronfield]] (Derbyshire) There is a public house called "The Peel" in [[Kingston upon Thames]], Surrey, UK. [[Tamworth]]-raised musician [[Julian Cope]] sings "the king and queen have offered me the estate of Robert Peel" on the song 'O King of Chaos', from his 1984 LP ''[[Fried (album)|Fried]]''. The [[Peel River (New South Wales)|Peel River]] in [[Tamworth, New South Wales|Tamworth]], [[New South Wales]], [[Australia]] is named after Sir Robert Peel. [[Peel High School]] in [[Tamworth, New South Wales|Tamworth]], [[New South Wales]], [[Australia]] is named after Sir Robert Peel. Statue of Robert Peel in George square, Glasgow, Scotland ==Sir Robert Peel's governments== {{Sisterlinks|Robert Peel}} *[[First Peel Ministry]] (1834&ndash;1835) *[[Second Peel Ministry]] (1841&ndash;1846) ==See also== * [[M'Naghten's Case]] * [[List of Acts of Parliament of the United Kingdom Parliament, 1820-1839|List of Acts of Parliament during the First Peel Ministry]] * [[List of Acts of Parliament of the United Kingdom Parliament, 1840-1859|List of Acts of Parliament during the Second Peel Ministry]] ==Notes== {{Reflist}} ==References== <div class="references-small"> *{{cite book | last=Cooke Taylor | first=William | authorlink=William Cooke Taylor | title=Life and times of Sir Robert Peel | publisher=Peter Jackson | location=London | year=1851}} *{{cite book | last=Gash | first=Norman | authorlink=Norman Gash | title=Mr. Secretary Peel: The Life of Sir Robert Peel to 1830 | publisher=Longmans | location=New York | year=1961}} *{{cite book | last=Gash | first=Norman | authorlink=Norman Gash | title=Sir Robert Peel: The Life of Sir Robert Peel after 1830 | publisher=Rowman and Littlefield | location=Totowa, New Jersey | year=1972 | isbn=0874711320}} *[http://www.angeltowns.com/town/peerage/ Leigh Rayment's Peerage Page] *Stephen, Sir Leslie and Sir Sidney Lee (editors). ''The Dictionary of National Biography: From the Earliest Times to 1900. Volume XV Owens-Pockrich''. [[Oxford University Press]]. </div> ==External links== *[http://www.archive.org/search.php?query=mediatype%3A(texts)%20-contributor%3Agutenberg%20AND%20(subject%3A%221788-1850%2C%20Robert%20Peel%2C%201788-1850%22%20OR%20creator%3A%221788-1850%2C%20Robert%20Peel%2C%201788-1850%22%20OR%20creator%3ARobert%20Peel%201788-1850) Works by & about Robert Peel 1788-1850] at [[Internet Archive]] (scanned books original editions color illustrated) * [http://www.tls.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,25336-2648901,00.html "Peel the empiricist"]: a review by Ferdinand Mount of Douglas Hurd's Peel biography in the [http://www.the-tls.co.uk TLS], 22/08/07 * [http://www.pm.gov.uk/output/Page151.asp More about Sir Robert Peel] on the Downing Street website. * [http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRpeel.htm Biography of Sir Robert Peel] at www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk * [http://www.victorianweb.org/history/pms/peel/peel10.html Biography of Sir Robert Peel] at www.victorianweb.org * [http://www.victorianweb.org/history/pms/peel/peelov.html An overview of the career of Sir Robert Peel] at www.victorianweb.org ==Offices held== {{s-start}} {{s-off}} {{s-bef|before=[[William Wellesley-Pole, 3rd Earl of Mornington|William Wellesley-Pole]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Chief Secretary for Ireland]]|years=1812 &ndash; 1818}} {{s-aft|after=[[Charles Grant, 1st Baron Glenelg|Charles Grant]]}} {{s-bef|before=[[Henry Addington, 1st Viscount Sidmouth|The Viscount Sidmouth]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Secretary of State for the Home Department|Home Secretary]]|years=1822 &ndash; 1827}} {{s-aft|after=[[William Sturges-Bourne]]}} {{s-bef|before=[[Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 3rd Marquess of Lansdowne|The Marquess of Lansdowne]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Secretary of State for the Home Department|Home Secretary]]|years=1828 &ndash; 1830}} {{s-aft|after=[[William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne|The Viscount Melbourne]]}} {{s-bef|before=[[William Huskisson]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Leader of the House of Commons]]|years=1828 &ndash; 1830}} {{s-aft|after=[[John Spencer, 3rd Earl Spencer|The Viscount Althorp]]}} {{s-bef|before=[[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington|The Duke of Wellington]]<br />(caretaker, preceded by)<br />[[William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne|The Viscount Melbourne]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]|years=[[10 December]] [[1834]] – [[8 April]] [[1835]]}} {{s-aft|after=[[William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne|The Viscount Melbourne]]}} {{s-bef|before=[[Thomas Denman, 1st Baron Denman|The Lord Denman]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Chancellor of the Exchequer]]|years=1834 &ndash; 1835}} {{s-aft|after=[[Thomas Spring Rice, 1st Baron Monteagle|Thomas Spring Rice]]}} {{s-bef|before=[[John Russell, 1st Earl Russell|Lord John Russell]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Leader of the House of Commons]]|years=1834 &ndash; 1835}} {{s-aft|rows=3|after=[[John Russell, 1st Earl Russell|Lord John Russell]]}} {{s-bef|before=[[William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne|The Viscount Melbourne]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]|years=[[30 August]] [[1841]] – [[29 June]] [[1846]]}} {{s-bef|before=[[John Russell, 1st Earl Russell|Lord John Russell]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Leader of the House of Commons]]|years=1841 &ndash; 1846}} {{s-par|uk}} {{s-bef|before=[[Quintin Dick]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Cashel (UK Parliament constituency)|Member of Parliament for Cashel]]|years=[[United Kingdom general election, 1809|1809]] &ndash; [[United Kingdom general election, 1812|1812]]}} {{s-aft|after=[[Sir Charles Saxton, Bt]]}} {{s-bef|before=[[John Maitland (Chippenham MP)|John Maitland]]<br />[[James Dawkins (disambiguation)|James Dawkins]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Chippenham (UK Parliament constituency)|Member of Parliament for Chippenham]]<br /><small>with [[Charles Brooke]]</small>|years=[[United Kingdom general election, 1812|1812]] &ndash; [[United Kingdom general election, 1817|1817]]}} {{s-aft|after=[[Charles Brooke]]<br />[[John Maitland (Chippenham MP)|John Maitland]]}} {{s-bef|before=[[William Scott, 1st Baron Stowell|William Scott]]<br />[[Charles Abbot, 1st Baron Colchester|Charles Abbot]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Oxford University (UK Parliament constituency)|Member of Parliament for Oxford University]]<br /><small>with [[William Scott, 1st Baron Stowell|William Scott]] 1817&ndash;1821<br />[[Richard Heber]] 1821&ndash;1826<br />[[Thomas Grimston Bucknall Estcourt]] 1826&ndash;1829</small>|years=[[United Kingdom general election, 1817|1817]] &ndash; [[United Kingdom general election, 1829|1829]]}} {{s-aft|after=[[Thomas Grimston Bucknall Estcourt]]<br />[[Sir Robert Inglis, 2nd Baronet|Sir Robert Inglis]]}} {{s-bef|before=[[Sir Manasseh Masseh Lopes, 1st Baronet|Sir Manasseh Masseh Lopes]]<br />[[Sir George Warrender, 4th Baronet|Sir George Warrender]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Westbury (UK Parliament constituency)|Member of Parliament for Westbury]]<br /><small>with [[Sir George Warrender, 4th Baronet|Sir George Warrender]]</small>|years=[[United Kingdom general election, 1829|1829]] &ndash; [[United Kingdom general election, 1830|1830]]}} {{s-aft|after=[[Sir Alexander Grant, 8th Baronet|Sir Alexander Grant]]<br />[[Michael George Prendergast]]}} {{s-bef|before=[[William Yates Peel]]<br />[[Lord Charles Townshend (1785-1853)|Lord Charles Townshend]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Tamworth (UK Parliament constituency)|Member of Parliament for Tamworth]]<br /><small>with [[Lord Charles Townshend (1785-1853)|Lord Charles Townshend]] 1830&ndash;1835<br />[[William Yates Peel]] 1835&ndash;1837, 1847<br />[[Edward Henry A'Court]] 1837&ndash;1847<br />[[John Townshend, 4th Marquess Townshend|John Townshend]] 1847&ndash;1850</small>|years=[[United Kingdom general election, 1830|1830]] &ndash; [[United Kingdom general election, 1850|1850]]}} {{s-aft|after=[[John Townshend, 4th Marquess Townshend|John Townshend]]<br />[[Sir Robert Peel, 3rd Baronet|Sir Robert Peel]]}} {{s-ppo}} {{s-bef|before=[[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington|The Duke of Wellington]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Leaders of the Conservative Party|Leader of the British Conservative Party]]|years=1834 &ndash; 1846}} {{s-aft|after=[[Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby|The Lord Stanley]]}} {{s-new|first|reason=None recognized before}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Leaders of the Conservative Party|Conservative Leader in the Commons]]|years=1834 &ndash; 1846}} {{s-aft|after=[[Lord George Bentinck|The Lord George Bentinck]]}} {{s-aca}} {{s-bef|before=[[Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby|The Lord Stanley]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Rector of the University of Glasgow]]|years=1836 &ndash; 1838}} {{s-aft|after=[[Sir James Graham, 2nd Baronet|Sir James Graham]]}} {{s-reg|gb-bt}} {{s-bef|before=[[Sir Robert Peel, 1st Baronet|Robert Peel]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Earl Peel|Baronet]]'''<br />(of Drayton Manor)|years='''1830 &ndash; 1850}} {{s-aft|after=[[Sir Robert Peel, 3rd Baronet|Robert Peel]]}} {{end}} {{UKPrimeMinisters}} {{Chancellor of the Exchequer}} {{ConservativePartyLeader}} <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]] --> {{Persondata |NAME = Peel, Robert |ALTERNATIVE NAMES = |SHORT DESCRIPTION = Prime Minister of the United Kingdom |DATE OF BIRTH = [[5 February]] [[1788]] |PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Bury]], [[Lancashire]], [[England]] |DATE OF DEATH = [[2 July]] [[1850]] |PLACE OF DEATH = Westminster, London, England }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Peel, Robert}} [[Category:Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom]] [[Category:Secretaries of State for the Home Department]] [[Category:Chancellors of the Exchequer of the United Kingdom]] [[Category:Leaders of the British Conservative Party]] [[Category:Tory MPs (pre 1834)]] [[Category:Conservative MPs (UK)]] [[Category:Members of the United Kingdom Parliament for English constituencies]] [[Category:Metropolitan Police]] [[Category:UK MPs 1807-1812]] [[Category:UK MPs 1812-1818]] [[Category:UK MPs 1818-1820]] [[Category:UK MPs 1820-1826]] [[Category:UK MPs 1826-1830]] [[Category:UK MPs 1830-1831]] [[Category:UK MPs 1831-1832]] [[Category:UK MPs 1832-1835]] [[Category:UK MPs 1835-1837]] [[Category:UK MPs 1837-1841]] [[Category:UK MPs 1841-1847]] [[Category:UK MPs 1847-1852]] [[Category:Alumni of Christ Church, Oxford]] [[Category:Old Harrovians]] [[Category:Old Clavians]] [[Category:People from Bury]] [[Category:Baronets in the Baronetage of Great Britain]] [[Category:1788 births]] [[Category:1850 deaths]] [[Category:Deaths by horse-riding accident]] [[Category:Rectors of the University of Glasgow]] [[bg:Робърт Пийл]] [[cy:Robert Peel]] [[da:Robert Peel]] [[de:Robert Peel]] [[es:Robert Peel]] [[eo:Robert Peel]] [[fr:Robert Peel]] [[ga:Robert Peel]] [[id:Robert Peel]] [[it:Robert Peel]] [[la:Robertus Peel]] [[mr:रॉबर्ट पील]] [[nl:Robert Peel]] [[ja:ロバート・ピール]] [[no:Robert Peel]] [[pl:Robert Peel]] [[pt:Robert Peel]] [[ru:Пиль, Роберт]] [[simple:Robert Peel]] [[sl:Robert Peel]] [[fi:Robert Peel]] [[sv:Robert Peel (född 1788)]] [[th:เซอร์ โรเบิร์ต พีล]] [[tg:Роберт Пел]] [[zh:罗伯特·皮尔]]