Roger Casement 25730 225460826 2008-07-13T20:31:48Z LarRan 4795501 /* Capture, Trial and Execution */ {{Infobox Military Person |name= '''Roger David Casement''' <br> ([[Irish name]]: '''Ruairí Mac Easmainn''') |lived= [[1 September]] [[1864]] &ndash; [[3 August]] [[1916]] |placeofbirth= [[Sandycove]], [[County Dublin|Dublin]], [[Ireland]] |placeofdeath= [[Pentonville (HM Prison)|Pentonville Prison]], [[London]] , [[England]] |image= [[Image:Roger Casement.jpg|200px]] |caption= |nickname= |allegiance=[[Irish Volunteers]] |serviceyears= 1913&ndash;1916 |rank= Member of the Provisional Committee of the Irish Volunteers.[http://www.nli.ie/1916/1916.swf] |commands= |unit= |battles= Boer War; [[Easter Rising]] |awards= K.B. [[Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George|CMG]] |laterwork= }} '''Roger David Casement''' ({{lang-ga|Ruairí Mac Easmainn}};<ref>{{cite web | title = Na Ceannairí a cuireadh chun báis tar éis Éirí Amach 1916 | author = | url = http://www.taoiseach.gov.ie/irish/index.asp?locID=469&docID=2527 | publisher = Department of the Taoiseach Roinn an Taoisigh | date = | accessdate = 2008-04-02}}</ref> [[1 September]] [[1864]] &mdash; [[3 August]] [[1916]]), known as '''Sir Roger Casement''', [[Order of St Michael and St George|CMG]] between 1911 and until his execution for treason in August 1916, was an [[Ireland|Irish]] patriot, [[poet]], [[revolution]]ary and [[Irish nationalism|nationalist]]. He was a [[United Kingdom|British]] [[consul]] by profession famous for his reports and activities against human rights abuses in the [[Congo Free State|Congo]] and [[Peru]], but better known for his dealings with [[Germany]] before Ireland's [[Easter Rising]] in 1916. An Irish nationalist and Parnellite in his youth, he worked in Africa for commercial interests and latterly in the service of Britain. However the Boer War and his investigation into atrocities in the Congo led Casement to anti-Imperialist and ultimately [[Irish Republican]] and separatist political opinions. ==Early life and education== Casement was born near [[Dublin]] living in very early childhood at Doyle's Cottage, Lawson Terrace, [[Sandycove]].<ref>{{cite web | title = The 1916 Rising: Personalities & Perspectives an online exhibition | author = Dr Noel Kissane | url = http://www.nli.ie/1916/pdf/5.pdf | publisher = National Library of Ireland/Leabharlann Náisiúnta na hÉireann | date = 2006 | accessdate = 2008-04-02}}</ref> His [[Protestant]] father, Captain Roger Casement of (The King’s Own) Regiment of Light Dragoons, was the son of a bankrupt [[Belfast]] shipping merchant (Hugh Casement) who later moved to [[Australia]]. Captain Casement served in the [[First Anglo-Afghan War|1842 Afghan campaign]]. Casement's mother Anne Jephson of Dublin (whose origins are obscure), had him rebaptised secretly as a [[Roman Catholic]] when he was three in [[Rhyl]]; she died in [[Worthing]] when her son was nine. By the time he was thirteen, his father was also dead, having ended his days dependent on the charity of relatives. Roger was afterwards raised by Protestant paternal relatives in [[Ulster]], the Youngs of Galgorm Castle in Ballymena and the Casements of Magherintemple and was educated at the Diocesan School, Ballymena later [[Ballymena Academy]]. He left school at 16 and took up a clerical job with Elder Dempster, a Liverpool shipping company headed by Sir Alfred Jones, later an enemy on the Congo issue.<ref>Seamas O Siochain, ''Roger Casement, Imperialist, Rebel, Revolutionary'' p.15 <!-- Additional bibliographic information is needed for this title. --></ref> ==The Congo: The Casement Report== In 1903, Roger Casement, then the British Consul in Léopoldville, was commissioned by the British government and delivered in 1904 a long, detailed eyewitness report exposing human rights abuses in the [[Congo Free State]]: The [[Casement Report]]. The Congo Free State had been in the possession of King [[Leopold II of Belgium]] since 1885, when it was granted to him by the Berlin Conference. Leopold exploited the territory's natural resources (mostly rubber) as a private entrepreneur, not as Belgian King. Casement's report would be instrumental in Leopold finally relinquishing his personal holdings in Africa. When the report was made public, the [[Congo Reform Association]], founded by [[E.D. Morel]], with Casement's support, demanded action. Other European nations followed suit, as did the United States, and the British parliament demanded a meeting of the 14 signatory powers to review the 1885 Berlin Agreement. The Belgian Parliament, pushed by socialist leader Emile Vandervelde and other critics of the King's Congolese policy, forced Léopold to set up an independent commission of inquiry, and in 1905, despite the King's efforts, it confirmed the essentials of Casement's report. On [[November 15]], [[1908]], four years after the [[Casement Report]], the parliament of Belgium took over the Congo Free State from Leopold and its administration as the [[Belgian Congo]]. ==Peru: Abuses against the Putumayo Indians== In 1906 Casement was sent as consul to [[Pará]], transferring to [[Santos (São Paulo)|Santos]], [[Brazil]] and lastly was promoted to consul-general in [[Rio de Janeiro]]. He had the occasion to do work similar to that which he had done in [[Congo Free State|Congo]] among the [[Putumayo]] [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Indians]] of [[Peru]] when he was attached as a consular representative to a commission investigating murderous [[rubber]] slavery by the British-registered Peruvian Amazon Company, effectively controlled by the archetypal rubber baron Julio César Arana and his brother. Public outrage in Britain over the abuses against the Putumayo Indians had been sparked in 1909 by articles in the British magazine ''Truth''. Casement paid two visits to the region, first in 1910 with a follow-up in 1911. In a report to the British foreign secretary, dated March 17, 1911, Casement detailed the rubber company's use of stocks to punish the Indians: <blockquote> Men, women, and children were confined in them for days, weeks, and often months. ... Whole families ... were imprisoned--fathers, mothers, and children, and many cases were reported of parents dying thus, either from starvation or from wounds caused by flogging, while their offspring were attached alongside of them to watch in misery themselves the dying agonies of their parents. </blockquote> After his return to Britain he repeated his extra-consular campaigning work by organising [[Anti-Slavery Society]] and mission interventions in the region which was disputed between Peru and [[Colombia]]. Some of the men exposed as killers in his report were charged by Peru and others fled. Conditions in the area undoubtedly improved as a result but the contemporary switch to farmed rubber in [[British Malaya|Malaya]] etc was a godsend to the Indians as well. Arana himself was never prosecuted. He instead went on to a successful political career. becoming a senator, and died in [[Lima]], Peru in 1952 at age eighty-eight. Casement wrote extensively (as always) in those two years including several of his notorious diaries, the one for 1911 being unusually discursive. They and the 1903 diary were kept by him in [[London]] with other papers of the period, presumably so they could be consulted in his continuing work as 'Congo Casement' and the saviour of the Putumayo Indians. Casement was knighted for his efforts on behalf of the Amazonian Indians. ==Irish revolutionary== [[Image:Roger Casement-Grave in Glasnevin.jpg|thumb|right|300px|'''Roger Casement's grave in Glasnevin Cemetery.''']] Casement resigned from the consular service in 1912. The following year, he helped form the [[Irish Volunteers]] with [[Eoin MacNeill]], later the organisation's chief of staff. In July, 1914, he journeyed to [[New York City|New York]] in an effort to promote and raise money for the Volunteers. Through his friendship with men such as [[Bulmer Hobson]], who was a member of the Volunteers and the [[Irish Republican Brotherhood]] (IRB), Casement established connections with the exiled Irish nationalists particularly in [[Clan na Gael]]. <ref> Inglis, p.263</ref>Elements of the Clan did not trust him completely, as he was not a member of the IRB, and held views considered by many to be too moderate although others like John Quinn regarded him as extreme. {{Fact|date=April 2008}} John Devoy, who was initially hostile to Casement for his part in conceding control of the Irish Volunteers to Redmond, in June was won over, while the more extreme Clan leader, [[Joseph McGarrity]], became and remained devoted to Casement.<ref> O Síocháin, Séamas, ''Roger Casement: Imperialist, Rebel, Revolutionary'' p.382</ref>The Howth gunrunning in late July 1914 which he had helped to organise and finance further improved Casement's reputation. When the [[World War I|First World War]] broke out in September 1914, Casement attempted to secure German aid for Irish independence in New York negotiation with the German Ambassador to the US, sailing for [[Germany]] via [[Norway]] in October. He viewed himself as an ambassador of the Irish nation. While the journey was his idea,''Clan na Gael'' financed the expedition. In Christiania ([[Oslo]]) his companion Adler Christensen was taken to the British legation and, according to him, offered a reward if Casement was "knocked on the head."<ref>Mitchell, Angus, ''Casement'', p. 99</ref> The British Minister, in contrast, advised London that Christensen had approached them, and also said that he “implied that their relations were of an unnatural nature and that consequently he had great power over this man.”<ref>National Archives, Kew, PRO FO 95/776)</ref> It was this episode that first provided London with the intimation that Casement was homosexual.<ref>O Síocháin, Séamas, ''Roger Casement: Imperialist, Rebel, Revolutionary'' p. 394</ref> In November 1914, Casement negotiated a declaration by Germany which stated, "The Imperial Government formally declares that under no circumstances would Germany invade Ireland with a view to its conquest or the overthrow of any native institutions in that country. Should the fortune of this great war, that was not of Germany’s seeking ever bring in its course German troops to the shores of Ireland, they would land there not as an army of invaders to pillage and destroy but as the forces of a Government that is inspired by goodwill towards a country and people for whom Germany desires only national prosperity and national freedom.” He negotiated in Berlin with [[Arthur Zimmermann]] then Under Secretary of State in the Foreign Office and with the Imperial Chancellor Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg. Most of his time in Germany, however, was spent in an attempt to recruit an "[[Irish Brigade (WWI)|Irish Brigade]]" consisting of Irish [[prisoner of war|prisoners-of-war]] in the prison camp of [[Limburg an der Lahn]], who would be trained to fight against Britain.<ref>On [[December 27]] [[1914]], Casement signed an agreement in [[Berlin]] to this effect with [[Arthur Zimmermann]] in the German Foreign Office. Only fifty-two men volunteered for the training, contrary to German promises they received no training in the use of machine guns which at the time were relatively new and unknown weapons.</ref> During the war, Casement is also known to have been closely associated with the [[Hindu German Conspiracy]], recommending [[Joseph McGarrity]] to [[Franz von Papen]] as an intermediary for the plot. The Indian Nationalists may also have followed Casement's strategy in attempting to recruit from amongst Indian prisoners of war for the nationalist cause.<ref name=Plowman>Plowman, Matthew Erin. "Irish Republicans and the Indo-German Conspiracy of World War I," ''New Hibernia Review''. 7.3 (2003) 81-105</ref> [[Image:Casement plaque.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Casement plaque commemorating his stay in Bavaria during the Summer of 1915]] However, both efforts proved unsuccessful. The Irish plan failed as all Irishmen fighting in the British army did so voluntarily, and was abandoned after much time and money was wasted. The Germans, who were sceptical of Casement but nonetheless aware of the military advantage they could gain from an uprising in [[Ireland]], offered the Irish 20,000 [[rifles]], 10 [[machine gun]]s and accompanying ammunition, a fraction of the amount of weaponry Casement had hoped for and no German officers.<ref>Estimates of the weapons shipment hover around the 20,000 mark. BBC gives the figure the German Government originally agreed to ship as "25,000 captured Russian rifles, and one million rounds of ammunition" [http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/war/easterrising/insurrection/in02.shtml here].</ref> The Hindu-German plot was also uncovered by British agents, opening the longest and most expensive [[Hindu German Conspiracy Trial|trial]] in American legal history at the time that also saw the conviction of notable [[Ireland|Irish]] nationalists.<ref name=Plowman/> Casement did not learn about the [[Easter Rising]] until after the plan was fully developed. The IRB purposely kept him in the dark, and even tried to replace him. Casement never have learned that it was not the Volunteers who were planning the rising, but IRB members such as [[Patrick Pearse]] and [[Tom Clarke (Irish republican)|Tom Clarke]] who were pulling the strings behind the scenes. The German weapons were never landed in Ireland. The ship in which they were travelling, a German cargo vessel, the ''Libau'', was intercepted, even though it had been thoroughly disguised as a [[Norway|Norwegian]] vessel, ''Aud Norge''. All the crew were German sailors, but their clothes and effects, even the charts and books on the bridge, were all Norwegian. The British, however, had intercepted German communications out of Washington and knew there was going to be an attempt to land arms even if the Royal Navy was not precisely aware of where. The arms ship under Captain Karl Spindler was eventually apprehended by HMS ''Bluebell'' on the late afternoon of Good Friday. About to be escorted into Queenstown on the morning of Saturday 22 April, after surrendering, the ''Aud'' was scuttled by pre-set explosive charges. Her crew became PoWs. ==Capture, trial and execution== {{wikisource|Roger Casement's speech from the dock}} Casement left Germany with Robert Monteith in a [[submarine]], the [[Unterseeboot 19|U-19]], shortly after the ''Aud'' sailed. According to Monteith, Casement believed that the Germans were toying with him from the start and providing inadequate aid that would doom a rising to failure, and that he had to reach Ireland before the shipment of arms and convince [[Eoin MacNeill]] (who he believed was still in control) to cancel the rising.<ref> Keith Jeffery in ''1916 The long Revolution, The First World War and the Rising: Mode, Moment and Memory'' p. 93, Ed. G. Doherty & D. Keogh, (2007) ISBN 978-1-85635-545-2</ref> Indeed Casement sent a recently arrived Irish-American, John McGoey, through Denmark to Dublin, ostensibly to advise of what military aid was coming from Germany and when, but with Casement's orders "to get the Heads in Ireland to call off the rising and merely try to land the arms and distribute them."<ref>Casement's diary entry for 27 March 1916, National Library of Ireland MS 5244</ref> McGoey however was not to make it to Dublin. Mystery surrounds his fate. Some historians believe that Monteith was wrong, and that Casement intended to join the Rising.<ref>see Charles Townshend, ''Easter 1916: The Irish Rebellion'', p. 127.</ref> In the early hours of [[21 April]] [[1916]], three days before the rising began, Casement was put ashore at [[Banna Strand]] in [[Tralee Bay]], [[County Kerry]]. Too weak to travel, he was discovered at McKenna's Fort (an ancient ring fort now called Casement's Fort) in [[Rathoneen]], [[Ardfert]] and subsequently arrested on charges of [[treason]], [[sabotage]] and [[espionage]] against the Crown. Following a highly publicised trial, to their embarrassment, the courts found little legal basis to prosecute Casement because his crimes had been carried out in Germany and the Treason Act seemed to apply only to activities carried out on British soil. However, closer reading of the medieval document allowed for a broader interpretation, leading to the accusation that Casement was "hanged by a comma". The court decided that a comma should be read in the text, crucially widening the sense so that "in the realm or elsewhere" meant where acts were done and not just where the "King's enemies" may be. After an unsuccessful appeal against the death sentence, he was [[hanging|hanged]] at [[Pentonville (HM Prison)|Pentonville Prison]] in [[London]] on [[3 August]] [[1916]], at the age of 51. He converted to Catholicism while awaiting execution and went to his death, he said, with the body of his God as his last meal. Among the people who pleaded for clemency for him were Sir [[Arthur Conan Doyle]], who became acquainted with Casement through the work of the [[Congo Reform Association]], and [[George Bernard Shaw]]. [[Edmund Dene Morel]] could not visit him in jail, being under attack for his [[pacifism|pacifist]] position. On the other hand, [[Joseph Conrad]] could not forgive Casement for his treachery toward Britain. ==The Black Diaries and Casement’s sexuality== Before his execution, photographs of a diary which the Crown claimed belonged to Casement were circulated to those urging commutation of his death sentence. These documents, supplied to King [[George V of the United Kingdom|George V]], and others in Britain, Ireland and the United States, showed Casement to have been a promiscuous [[homosexuality|homosexual]] with a [[pederasty|fondness for very young men]], a crime at the time.<ref>{{cite web | title = The Casement Diaries: a suitable case for treatment | author = Bill Mc Cormack | url = http://www.gold.ac.uk/hallmark/research/res8/casement.html | publisher = Research Hallmark, Goldsmiths College, University of London | date = Spring 2001 | accessdate = 2008-04-02}}</ref> The [[Archbishop of Canterbury]] asked John Harris of the Anti-Slavery Society and a missionary friend of Casement's to view them. He was shattered when he realised they were authentic.<ref> Brian Inglis, ''Roger Casement'', p. 358</ref> In a time of strong social conservatism, not least among Irish Catholics, the ''Black Diaries'' undermined or at least stifled support for Casement. Certainly he never was married, or engaged or known for his love of women. They also led some of Casement's opponents to suggest that details about colonial sexual atrocities in his reports were based on his personal fantasies, though this was not supported by evidence. The diaries may now be inspected at the British [[The National Archives (UK)|National Archives]] in [[Kew]]. Though some believed that the diaries which covered the three years of 1903, 1910 and 1911 with extensive detail, were [[forgery|forgeries]], much as [[Charles Stewart Parnell]] had been the target of the [[Richard Pigott|Pigott]] forgeries implicating him in the [[Phoenix Park Murders]], others did not. [[H. Montgomery Hyde]], [[Ulster Unionist Party]] [[List of United Kingdom MPs|MP]] and [[barrister]] who campaigned for the release of the ''Black Diaries'' in parliament in the 1950s and who wrote a book on Casement's trial, had no doubt that Casement had been a pederast.<ref>See Hyde's review of a Herbert Mackey pamphlet in the ''Catholic Herald'' of [[28 January]] [[1966]] for his views on Casement's sexuality and the authenticity of the diaries.</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = H. Montgomery Hyde: An Inventory of His Collection at the Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center | author = | url = http://irishliterature.library.emory.edu/content.php?id=doc00204_1001173 | publisher = [[Emory University]] | date = | accessdate = 2008-04-02}}</ref> In an effort to settle the issue, an independent forensic examination of the diaries, funded by RTÉ and the BBC, was recently undertaken by Dr. Audrey Giles, an internationally respected figure in the field of [[Questioned document examination|document forensics]]. In comparing Casement's ''White Diaries'' (ordinary diaries of the time) with the ''Black Diaries'', which allegedly date from the same time-span, the study concluded, on the basis of detailed [[forensic document examination]], that the ''Black Diaries'' were genuine and had been written by Casement.<ref>{{cite web | title = Roger Casement: Secrets of the Black Diaries | author = Paul Tilzey | url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/britain_wwone/casement_01.shtml | publisher = [[BBC]] | date = 2002-01-01 | accessdate = 2008-04-02}}</ref> This study, commissioned by a team of academics from [[Goldsmiths, University of London]], was submitted to the forensic expert James Horan for [[peer review]]. Horan rejected the report. His main criticism was that there was no evidence that the comparative material used was the handwriting of Roger Casement. He noted that it was this problem which led to the mistaken authentication of the [[Hitler diaries]]. The comparative material given to Dr Giles by the team from Goldsmiths was taken from the Morel Archive at the [[London School of Economics]]. It may have passed through the hands of [[British Intelligence]] after Morel's arrest in 1917. ==State funeral== [[Image:The Carriage on which Casment’s coffin was drawn.JPG|thumb|right|300px|The Carriage on which Casement’s coffin was drawn during the State funeral]] As was the custom at the time, Casement's body was buried in [[quicklime]] in the prison cemetery at the rear of [[Pentonville Prison]], where he was hanged. In 1965, Casement's body was repatriated and, after a [[List of Irish state funerals|state funeral]], was buried with full military honours in the Republican Plot in [[Glasnevin Cemetery]] in [[Dublin]]. The [[President of Ireland]], [[Éamon de Valera]], who in his mid-eighties was the last surviving leader of the [[Easter Rising]], defied the advice of his doctors and attended the ceremony, along with an estimated 30,000 Irish citizens. Casement's last wish, to be buried at [[Murlough Bay]] on the North [[County Antrim|Antrim]] coast has yet to be fulfilled as Harold Wilson's government only released the remains on condition that they were not brought into Northern Ireland.<ref>National Archives, London, CAB 128/39</ref> In the 1990s, doubts were cast as to whether the bones buried in Glasnevin were Casement's. It was suggested that when his prison grave was opened, it was impossible to distinguish his bones from those of other prisoners, and as result a skeleton was assembled from the bones found and arbitrarily described as Casement's.{{Fact|date=December 2007}} ==Legacy== ===Landmarks, buildings and organisations=== Many landmarks, buildings and organisations in Ireland are named after Casement including: * [[Casement Park]], the [[Gaelic Athletic Association]] ground on Andersonstown Road in west [[Belfast]]. * Several [[Gaelic Athletic Association]] clubs, for instance the [[Roger Casements GAA Club]] in [[Coventry]] and the [[Roger Casements GAC]] in [[Portglenone]]. * In [[Dundalk]] there is an estate named after him called Árd Easmuinn "Casement Heights." * [[Casement Aerodrome]] in Baldonnel, the Irish Air Corps base in Dublin. * Casement Rail & Bus Station in [[Tralee]], near the site of Casement's landing on [[Banna Strand]]. Operated by [[Iarnród Éireann]] and [[Córas Iompair Éireann]] * Monument in County Kerry at Banna Strand. Open to the public at all times. * Many streets, particularly in the north-west [[Dublin]] suburb of [[Finglas]], and in the [[Ulster loyalism|Loyalist]] heartland of Harryville, [[Ballymena]], [[County Antrim]], although the street is actually named for his great-grandfather who was a solicitor in Henryville as it was then called. ===Song, story and verse=== Casement was also the subject of ballads and poetry in Ireland in the wake of his death, including: * The ballad "[[Banna Strand (song)|Lonely Banna Strand]]" tells the story of Casement's role in the prelude to the [[Easter Rising]], his arrest, and subsequent execution. * [[Arthur Conan Doyle]] used Casement as an inspiration for the character of [[Lord John Roxton]] in the 1912 novel ''[[The Lost World (Arthur Conan Doyle)|The Lost World]]''. * [[W. B. Yeats]] wrote a poem demanding the return of Casement's remains, which begins, "The ghost of Roger Casement is beating on the door". [[Brendan Behan]] refers to the poem in his autobiographical novel ''[[Borstal Boy]]'', and speaks of the repect his family had for Casement, noting that his older brother Rory Behan had been named after Casement. * Sir Casement is namechecked on the [[Half Man Half Biscuit]] song ''Secret Gig'' as one of a number of celebrities on the guestlist for said gig. His presence is a deliberate anachronism amongst contemporary (mid-90s) hangers on, such as [[Evan Dando]] ==Footnotes== {{reflist}} ==Bibliography== '''By Roger Casement''': * 1914. ''The Crime against Ireland, and how the War may right it''. Berlin: no publisher. * 1914. ''Ireland, Germany and freedom of the seas: a possible outcome of the War of 1914''. New York & Philadelphia: The Irish Press Bureau. Reprinted 2005: ISBN 1-421-94433-2 * 1915. ''The Crime against Europe. The causes of the War and the foundations of Peace''. Berlin: The Continental Times. * 1916. ''Gesammelte Schriften. Irland, Deutschland und die Freiheit der Meere und andere Aufsätze''. Diessen vor München: Joseph Huber Verlag. Second expanded edition, 1917. * 1918. ''Some Poems''. London: The Talbot Press/T. Fisher Unwin. * 1997. ''Roger Casement's diaries: 1910. The Black and the White''. Sawyer, Roger, ed. London: Pimlico. ISBN 0-7126-7375-X * ??. ''The Amazon Journal of Roger Casement''. Angus Mitchell, ed. Anaconda Editions. ''Secondary Literature, and other materials cited in this entry'': * Dudgeon, Jeffrey, 2002. ''Roger Casement: The Black Diaries with a Study of his Background, Sexuality and Irish Political Life''. Belfast. ISBN 0-9539287-2-1. * [[Adam Hochschild|Hochschild, Adam]], ''[[King Leopold's Ghost]]''. * Hyde, H. (Harford) Montgomery, 1960. ''Trial of Roger Casement''. London: William Hodge. Penguin edition 1964. * Hyde, H. Montgomery, 1970. ''The Love That Dared not Speak its Name''. Boston: Little, Brown. * Inglis, Brian, 2002. ''Roger Casement'', ISBN 0-14-139127-8. * Minta, Stephen, 1993. ''Aguirre: The Re-creation of a Sixteenth-Century Journey Across South America''. Henry Holt & Co. ISBN 0-8050-3103-0. * Mitchell, Angus, 2003. ''Casement (Life & Times Series)''. Haus Publishing Limited. ISBN 1-904-34141-1 * O’Siochain, Séamas, 2008. ''Roger Casement: Imperialist, Rebel, Revolutionary''. Dublin: Lilliput Press. * O’Siochain, Séamas and Michael O’Sullivan, eds., 2004.''The Eyes of Another Race: Roger Casement's Congo Report and 1903 Diary''. University College Dublin Press. ISBN 1-900-62199-1 * Reid, B.L., 1987. ''The Lives of Roger Casement''. London: The Yale Press. ISBN 0-300-01801-0 * Sawyer, Roger, 1984. ''Casement: The Flawed Hero''. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. * Singleton-Gates, Peter, & Maurice Girodias, 1959. ''The Black Diaries. An account of Roger Casement's life and times with a collection of his diaries and public writings''. Paris: The Olympia Press. First uncensored edition of the Black Diaries. * Wolf, Karin, 1972. ''Sir Roger Casement und die deutsch-irischen Beziehungen''. Berlin: Duncker & Humblot. ISBN 3-428-02709-4. ==External links== * [http://hip.nli.ie/ipac20/ipac.jsp?profile=fi Photographs of and about Casement in the National Library of Ireland (no charge for reproduction)] *[http://www.northantrim.com/rogercasement.htm Brief biography of Roger Casement] *[http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/britain_wwone/casement_01.shtml A BBC investigation into the "Black Diaries"] *[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/5239704.stm A BBC News analysis from 2006 of Roger's legacy amongst the different communities in Northern Ireland] *[http://www.1916rising.com/timeline.html 1916 Rising timeline.] *[http://ireland.dyn.dhs.org/Roger_Casements_Speech_From_The_Dock.html Roger Casement's speech from the Dock at the end of his trial for treason.] *[http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/jobrien/reference/ob73.html Report of the British Consul, Roger Casement, on the Administration of the Congo Free State.] *[http://www.stephen-stratford.co.uk/time_report.htm Times report on his execution] *{{gutenberg author| id=Roger+Casement | name=Roger Casement}} *[http://bonhom.ie/2005/09/bootboy-casement-diaries-by-roisn.html BBC Radio 4 Documentary, September 1993, plus article in Ireland's Hot Press magazine] *[http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=4128 Roger Casement's Gravesite] *[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0404551/ A documentary about how King Leopold II of Belgium colonized the Congo.] *[http://www.atholbooks.org/review/gilestest.php Short version of James J. Horan's review of the Giles report] *[http://home.wmin.ac.uk/marketingresearch/2179casement.htm Kevin Mannerings and Marcel B. Matley, The “Black Diaries” Attributed to Sir Roger Casement. 2003-2004] *[http://homepage.eircom.net/~seanjmurphy/irhismys/casement.htm Sean Murphy, Irish Historical Mysteries: The Diaries of Roger Casement. 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