Romagna
309737
220573506
2008-06-20T14:40:21Z
TXiKiBoT
3171782
robot Adding: [[br:Romagna]]
'''Romagna''' is an [[Italy|Italian]] historical region that approximately corresponds to the south-eastern portion of present-day [[Emilia-Romagna]]. Traditionally, it is limited by the [[Apennine Mountains|Apennines]] to the south-west, the [[Adriatic]] to the east, and the rivers [[River Reno|Reno]] and [[Sillaro]] to the north and west. The region's major cities include [[Ravenna]], [[Cesena]], [[Faenza]], [[Forlì]], [[Imola]], [[Rimini]] and [[San Marino]] (a separate nation inside the Romagna historical region).
==Etymology==
The name ''Romagna'' is a [[cognate]] of ''Romania'', in reference to an [[Eastern Roman Empire|Eastern Roman]] presence (the [[Exarchate of Ravenna]]) in the region, in contrary to other parts of [[Northern Italy]] under [[Lombards|Lombard]] rule, named ''Langobardia'' or ''[[Lombardy]]''.
==History==
===[[Prehistory]]===
A number of [[archaeological site]]s in the region, such as [[Monte Poggiolo]], show that Romagna has been inhabited since the [[Paleolithic]] age.
===[[Umbri]] and [[Gaul]]s===
The [[Umbri]], speaking an [[extinct language|extinct]] [[Italic language]] called [[Umbrian]], are the first traceable inhabitants of the region. The [[Etruscan civilization|Etruscan]]s also dwelt in some portions of Romagna.
In the 5th Century BC, various [[Gaul]]ish tribes, most notably the [[Lingones]], [[Senoni]] and [[Boii]], moved south into [[Italy]], and [[Battle of the Allia|sacked Rome]] in 390 BC. The Senoni utterly subjugated the Umbri and settled in Romagna. The Senoni extended further south to [[Ancona]], with their capital ''Sena Gallica'' ([[Senigallia]]). The lands formerly inhabited by the Senoni were known as ''ager Gallicus'' (Gallic plain) to the [[Ancient Rome|Romans]].
According to the [[Italy|Italian]] [[linguistics|linguist]] Giacomo Devoto, there are still a number of [[Celtic languages|Celtic]] [[substratum|substrata]] in the [[Emiliano-Romagnolo|local dialect]].
===[[Roman Republic]]===
The [[Gaul|Gallic]] predominance in the region was consistently challenged by the Romans. In the [[battle of Telamon]], the Romans defeated the joint forces of the [[Celt]]ic tribes, thus achieving a [[hegemony]] over the new [[Roman Province|province]] of [[Cisalpine Gaul]] centred at Mutina ([[Modena]]).
After the [[Second Punic War]], the pro-[[Carthage|Carthaginian]] [[Lingones]] and [[Senoni]] were expelled. To consolidate the Roman rule in the region, [[Via Aemilia]] was built from Ariminium ([[Rimini]]) to Piacentia ([[Piacenza]]), and a series of Roman [[Colonia (Roman)|colonies]] were founded. The most significant ones are Forum Livii ([[Forlì]]), Forum Cornelii ([[Imola]]), Forum Popili ([[Forlimpopoli]]). After the [[Social War (91–88 BC)|Social War]], the ''[[Lex Julia]]'' was introduced in 90 BC, and [[Roman citizenship]] was granted to all [[municipia]] south of the [[River Po]].
In the first [[Roman civil wars|Roman civil war]], between [[Gaius Marius]] and [[Lucius Cornelius Sulla]], most cities in the regions supported [[Gaius Marius|Marius]]. As a result, Forum Livii and [[Cesena|Caesena]] were razed to ground, and the region was looted by [[Sulla]]'s army.
During the [[first triumvirate]], the [[Roman Republic]] was divided along the infamous [[Rubicon]]. Most of modern Romagna was ruled by [[Julius Caesar]], the notable exception of [[Rimini|Ariminium]], which is south of the river. In 49 BC, Caesar, who was residing in [[Ravenna]] then, led the [[Legio XIII]] across the Rubicon and ignited the [[Caesar's civil war|civil war]].
===[[Roman Empire]]===
After the decisive [[battle of Actium]], [[Augustus]] started a century-long era of ''[[Pax Romana]]''. All of [[Cisalpine Gaul]] had been incorporated into [[Italia (Roman province)|Italy]]. Around 7 BC, Augustus divided all of [[Italia (Roman province)|Italy]] into eleven ''regiones'', and most of Romagna (except [[Rimini]]) was in the eighth, ''Aemilia''.
By the beginning of the 3rd Century, [[Diocletian]] re-divided the Empire into four [[prefecture]]s, each divided into [[diocese]]s, and into [[provinces]]. Under the new system, [[Italia (Roman province)|Italy]] was demoted to a mere Imperial province. Modern Romagna was organized into the [[Roman province|province]] of ''Flaminia et Picenum'' in the [[diocese of Italia Annonaria]].
Steadily [[Ravenna]], which was surrounded by swamps and marshes, prospered and rose in importance, and a ''[[Roman Navy|classis]]'' (fleet) was based at the city. It had developed into a major port on the [[Adriatic]]. However, in 330, the capital of the Empire was transferred to [[Constantinople]], so with the fleet that stationed at Ravenna, thus weakened the coastal defence in the [[Adriatic]].
===[[Germanic migrations]] and [[Exarchate of Ravenna]]===
Stepping into the 5th Century, the [[Germanic migrations|incursions of the Germans]] into the Empire further intesified. In 402, [[Honorius (emperor)|Emperor Honorius]] even moved [[Western Roman Empire]]'s capital from [[Mediolanum]] ([[Milan]]) to [[Ravenna]], mainly because of the region's defensive terrain. 8 years later, [[Alaric I]] of the [[Visigoths]] looted [[Rome]]. In [[476]], [[Odovacer]] deposed [[Romulus Augustus]] in [[Ravenna]], thus marked an end to the [[Western Roman Empire|Western Empire]].
Encouraged by [[Zeno (emperor)|Emperor Zeno]], [[Theodoric the Great]] led the [[Ostrogoths]] into Italy. He entered Ravenna and murdered [[Odoacer]] in [[493]], establishing a twofold kingdom of the Romans and Goths. Under the Ostrogoths Italy was partly recovered to its former prosperity.
In [[535]] [[Justinian I]] initiated the [[Gothic War]]. It was fought for 20 years, and bitterly the Ostrogoths were finally subjugated. The peninsula, depopulated and devastated, was ruled by an [[exarch]] from Ravenna. However, Imperial authority was maintained for barely more than a decade. In 578 a new [[Germanic tribe]], namely the [[Lombards]], entered Italy and established their capital at [[Pavia]]. The Empire can barely defend the region around [[Ravenna]] and [[Rome]], connected by a narrow strip of land passing through [[Perugia]], as well as a series of coastal cities. The Imperial frontier retreated to [[Bologna]], and since then the term ''Romagna'' was coined, referring the region around Ravenna under "Roman" control.
In 727 the Lombard King [[Liutprand, King of the Lombards|Liutprand]] renewed the war against the Byzantines, taking most of Romagna and besieged Ravenna itself. They were returned to the Byzantines in 730. In 737 the king entered Romagna once more and took Ravenna. The exarch, [[Eutychius]], retook the region in 740, with [[Republic of Venice|Venetian]] assistance. Eventually another Lombard king, [[Aistulf]], conquered Romagna and marked an end to the exarchate in 751.
===Papal rule===
[[Image:Piazza Saffi.jpg|thumb|right|Piazza Saffi, Forlì.]]
The Romagna was officially ceded to the Papal States by [[Rudolf I of Germany]] in [[1278]]. However, the Papal control over it remained scanty and often nominal for much of the following centuries. The area was divided among a series of regional lords, like the [[Ordelaffi]] of [[Forlì]] and the [[Malatesta]] of [[Rimini]], many of them naturally adhering to the [[Ghibelline]] party in natural opposition to the pro-papal [[Guelphs]]. This situation started to change in the late 15th century, when after their return to Rome stronger popes progressively reasserted their authority in the fragemented region. Other powers also seized various part of Romagna, including Venice and most notably the [[Republic of Florence]] which expanded up to Forlì and Cervia, building the famous city-fortress of [[Terra del Sole]]. The Florentine Romagna remained part of Tuscany until 1920s.].
In [[1500]] [[Cesare Borgia]], illegitimate son of Pope [[Alexander VI]], carved for himself an ephemeral Duchy of Romagna, but his lands were reabsorbed into the Papal States after his fall. The [[Peace of Cateau-Cambrésis]] divided Romagna between the [[Farnese family|Farnese]], [[Duchy of Parma and Piacenza|Dukes of Parma and Piacenza]], the [[House of Este|Este]] of [[Duchy of Ferrara|Ferrara]], [[Duchy of Modena and Reggio|Modena and Reggio]], and the Papal States.
This situation lasted until the [[Napoleonic Wars|French invasion]] of [[1796]], who brought tragic feats (massacre of [[Lugo]], robberies, taxes, abolition of the Cesena University) but also innovative ideas in social and political fields. During the Napoleonic rule Romagna received for the first time a recognition with the creation of the provinces of the Pino ([[Ravenna]]) and Rubicone (Forlì). When in 1815 the [[Congress of Vienna]] re-established the pre-war situation, secret anti-Papal societies were formed, and riots broke out in 1820, 1830-31 and 1848.
This opposition was fuelled by the [[Giuseppe Mazzini|Mazzini]]an propaganda and the direct action of [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]]. Men like [[Felice Orsini]], [[Piero Maroncelli]] and [[Aurelio Saffi]] were among the protagonists of the Italian [[Risorgimento]].
===In a re-united Italy===
However, after the [[unification of Italy]] Romagna did not receive a separate status by the Savoy monarchs, who were afraid of dangereous destabilizing tendencies in the wake of the popular figures cited before. The creation of the quite artificial region of [[Emilia-Romagna]] raised the criticism of the Romaniards, including that of [[Carlo Cattaneo]].
In the early 20th century the autonomy of Romagna was advocated by [[Aldo Spallicci]], [[Giuseppe Fuschini]], [[Emilio Lussu]] and others. A movement proposing separation from [[Emilia-Romagna]] was created in the 1990s.
==See also==
*[[Emilia-Romagna]] - the [[Regions of Italy|administrative region]] of [[Italy]]
*[[Exarchate of Ravenna]]
*[[Lombard Kingdom]]
*[[Lombardy]]
*[[Italia (Roman province)]]
==External links==
*[http://www.altraromagna.net/ "Other Romagna", a local institution]
*[http://www.laromagna.org/ ''La Romagna''] (in [[Italian language|Italian]])
*[http://www.romagnaoggi.it/ RomagnaOggi.it, a newspaper serving the region online] (in [[Italian language|Italian]])
{{coord|44|45|N|11|00|E|display=title|region:IT_type:adm1st_source:GNS-enwiki}}
[[Category:Geographical, historical and cultural regions of Italy]]
[[Category:Emilia-Romagna]]
[[Category:Historical regions]]
[[ar:رومانيا (منطقة)]]
[[br:Romagna]]
[[de:Romagna]]
[[eml:Rumâgna]]
[[es:Romaña]]
[[eo:Romagna]]
[[fr:Romagne (Italie)]]
[[it:Romagna]]
[[nl:Romagna]]
[[ja:ロマーニャ]]
[[no:Romagna]]
[[pl:Romania]]
[[pt:Romanha]]
[[ro:Romagna]]
[[sv:Romagna]]
[[vec:Romagna]]