Rome 25458 226050881 2008-07-16T16:40:04Z Squash Racket 4846172 /* Architecture, landmarks and city layouts */ {{otheruses}} {{For|Ancient Rome|Ancient Rome}} {{Infobox Settlement |official_name = Comune di Roma |established_title = Founded |established_date = [[21 April]], 753 BC |nickname = The Eternal City |motto = ''Senātus Populusque Rōmānus''&nbsp;([[SPQR]]){{spaces|2}}<small>([[Latin]])</small> |website = [http://www.comune.roma.it comune.roma.it] |image_skyline = Colosseum in Rome, Italy - April 2007.jpg |image_flag = Flag of Rome.svg |image_seal = Coat of arms of Rome.svg |image_map = Italyrome.png |map_caption = Location of the city of Rome |subdivision_type = [[Regions of Italy|Region]] |subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces of Italy|Province]] |subdivision_name = [[Lazio]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Province of Rome|Rome]] (RM) |leader_title = [[Mayor of Rome|Mayor]] |leader_name = [[Gianni Alemanno|Giovanni Alemanno]] |area_magnitude = 1 E8 |area_total_sq_mi = 496.1 |area_total_km2 = 1,285 |population_footnotes =<ref>http://demo.istat.it/bilmens2006/index.html- [[Istituto Nazionale di Statistica|ISTAT]] demographics</ref> |population_as_of = December 2006 |population_total = 2,705,603 ([[Largest 100 Cities of Italy by Population|1<sup>st</sup>]]) |population_urban = 4,013,057 |area_urban_km2 = 5,352 |area_urban_sq_mi = 2,066 |population_metro = 5,493,308 |population_density_km2 = 2,105.5 |population_density_sq_mi = 4,664.8 |timezone = [[Central European Time|CET]] |utc_offset = +1 |timezone_DST = [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]] |utc_offset_DST = +2 |latd=41 |latm=54 |lats= |latNS=N |longd=12 |longm=30 |longs= |longEW=E |elevation_m = +20 |elevation_ft = 66 |postal_code_type = Postal codes |postal_code = 00121 to 00199 |area_code = 06 |blank_name =Patron saints |blank_info =[[Saint Peter]] and [[Paul of Tarsus|Saint Paul]] |footnotes = }} '''Rome''' ({{lang-it|Roma}}, {{lang-la|Roma}}) is the [[capital|capital city]] of [[Italy]] and of the [[Lazio]] region,<ref>{{cite web|title=Rome (Italy)|publisher=''[[Encarta]]''|url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761556259/rome.html|accessdate=2008-05-10}}</ref> as well as the country's largest and most populous city, with more than 2.7 million residents.<ref>http://demo.istat.it December 2006</ref> The [[metropolitan area]] has a population of about 4 million. It is located in the central-western portion of the [[Italian peninsula]], where the river [[Aniene]] joins<ref>{{cite web|title= THE GRANDEUR OF THE TIBER: JUST A MEMORY|publisher=''[[The New York Times]]''|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?sec=travel&res=9A0DEEDF163EF934A35751C1A960948260&scp=1&sq=Rome+Aniene+river+Tiber&st=nyt|date=1986-12-07|accessdate=2008-05-11}}</ref> the [[Tiber]]. Rome is known as, ''[[Caput Mundi]]'' (Capital of the world), ''la Città Eterna'' (The Eternal City), ''Limen Apostolorum'' (Threshold of the Apostles), ''la città dei sette colli'' (The city of the [[Seven hills of Rome|seven hills]]) or simply ''l'Urbe'' (The City),<ref>[http://www.demauroparavia.it/125134 s.v. "Urbe"], [[De Mauro Paravia]].</ref> has been for centuries a center of [[Western civilization]], and is the seat of the [[Catholic Church]]. The State of the [[Vatican City]], the [[sovereign]] [[territory]] of the [[Holy See]] is an [[enclave]] of Rome. Today, Rome is modern and [[cosmopolitan]]. It is the third most-visited tourist destination in the EU<ref>[http://www.euromonitor.com/Top_150_City_Destinations_London_Leads_the_Way Top 150 City Destinations London Leads the Way > Euromonitor archive<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> and a city of cultural and political importance. Its international airport at [[Fiumicino]] is the largest in Italy; it hosts the head offices of the vast majority of the major Italian companies, as well as the headquarters of three of the world's 100 largest companies ([[Enel]], [[ENI]], [[Telecom Italia]])..<ref name="Forbes"> {{cite news| url=http://www.forbes.com/2006/03/29/06f2k_worlds-largest-public-companies_land.html| title=The World's 2000 Largest Public Companies|first=Scott| last= DeCarlo |date=2006-03-30 | publisher=[[Forbes]]| accessdate=2007-01-16}}</ref> As one of the few major European cities that escaped [[World War II]] relatively unscathed, central Rome remains essentially [[Renaissance]] and [[Baroque]] in character. The Historic Center of Rome is listed by [[UNESCO]] as a [[World Heritage Site]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Historic Centre of Rome, the Properties of the Holy See in that City Enjoying Extraterritorial Rights and San Paolo Fuori le Mura|url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/91|work=[[UNESCO]] World Heritage Center|accessdate=2008-06-08}}</ref> The [[Mayor of Rome]] is [[Giovanni Alemanno]]. == Geography and climate == [[Image:Rome panorama sb1.jpg|815px|center|thumb|Panorama of Rome from the [[St. Peter's Basilica#Dome|''Cupolone'']].]] [[Image:Rome TAS2003125 lrg.jpg|thumb|right|Satellite image of Rome, showing natural and built environment in the city]] ===Location=== Rome is in the [[Lazio]] region of [[Central Italy]] at the confluence of the [[Aniene]] and [[Tiber]] ({{lang-it|Tevere}}) rivers.<ref>{{cite web|title=Cruising by Moonlight Along the Tiber|publisher=''[[The New York Times]]''|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C0CE6DB1E30F93AA3575AC0A966958260&scp=2&sq=Rome+river+Tiber&st=nyt|date=1990-09-09|accessdate=2008-05-11}}</ref> Although the city center is about {{convert|24|km|mi|1|sp=us}} inland from the [[Tyrrhenian Sea]], the city territory extends to the very shore, where the south-western [[Ostia Antica (district)|Ostia]] district is located. The [[altitude]] of the central part of Rome ranges from {{convert|13|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} [[above sea level]] (in [[Piazza del Popolo]]) to {{convert|120|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} above sea level (the peak of [[Monte Mario]]).{{Fact|date=February 2007}} The ''comune'' of Rome covers an overall [[area]] of about {{convert|1285|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}, including many green areas. === Climate === Rome enjoys a typical [[Mediterranean climate]] which characterizes the [[Mediterranean sea|Mediterranean]] coasts of [[Italy]]. It is at its most comfortable from April through June, and from mid-September to October; in particular, the Roman ''ottobrate'' (the [[Italian language|Italian]] word ''ottobrata'' can roughly be translated as "beautiful October day") are famously known as sunny and warm days. By August, the [[temperature]] during the heat of the day often exceeds 32&nbsp;°C (90&nbsp;°F); traditionally, many businesses would close during August, and Romans would abandon the city for holiday resorts, but this trend is weakening, and the city is increasingly remaining fully functional during the whole summer, in response to growing [[tourism]] as well as change in the population's work habits. The average high temperature in December is about 13&nbsp;°C (57&nbsp;°F), but below zero lows are not uncommon. {{Rome weatherbox}} ==History == {{main|History of Rome}} [[Image:She-wolf suckles Romulus and Remus.jpg|thumb|right|[[Capitoline Wolf]] suckles the infant twins [[Romulus and Remus]] (Etruscan bronze, c. 500 BC-480 BC).]] [[Image:Eroberung roms 410.jpg|thumb|right|Fifteenth-century miniature depicting the Sack of Rome of 410.]] [[Image:Attacco garibaldino contro i francesi 30 aprile 1849.jpg|thumb|right|[[Giuseppe Garibaldi|Garibaldi]] defends the Roman Republic in 1849.]] === From founding to Empire === According to a [[legend]], the city of Rome was founded by the [[twins]] [[Romulus and Remus]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Cave May Hold Secrets to Legend of Ancient Rome|publisher=''[[The New York Times]]''|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/21/world/europe/21rome.html?scp=1&sq=Rome%20Romulus%20and%20Remus&st=cse|date=2007-11-21|accessdate=2008-05-11}}</ref> on [[April 21]], 753 BC<ref>{{cite web|title=Rome: Pre-20th-Century History|url=http://www.lonelyplanet.com/worldguide/italy/rome/history|work=[[Lonely Planet]]|accessdate=2008-07-04}}</ref>, and archaeological evidence supports the theory that Rome grew from [[pastoralism|pastoral]] settlements on the [[Palatine Hill]] built in the area of the future [[Roman Forum]], coalescing into a city in the 8th century BC. The city developed into the [[capital]] of the [[Roman Kingdom]] (ruled by a succession of [[seven]] [[king]]s, according to tradition), [[Roman Republic]] (from 510 BC, governed by the [[Roman Senate|Senate]]), but finally the [[Roman Empire]] (from 27 BC, ruled by an [[Roman Emperor|Emperor]]); this success depended on military conquest, [[commerce|commercial]] predominance, as well as selective assimilation of neighboring civilizations, most notably the [[Etruscans]] and [[Ancient Greece|Greeks]]. From the foundation of Rome in 753 BC, the City of Rome was undefeated militarily (though losing occasional battles), until 386 BC, when Rome was occupied by the [[Celts]] (one of the three main Gallic tribes), and then recovered by Romans in the same year. Livy, Book 5. According to the history, the Gauls offered to deliver Rome back to its people for a thousand pounds of gold, but the Romans refused, preferring to take back their city by force of arms rather than ever admitting defeat. Roman dominance expanded over most of [[Europe]] and the shores of the [[Mediterranean Sea]], while its [[population]] surpassed one million inhabitants. For almost a thousand years, Rome was the most politically important, richest and largest city in the [[Western world]], and remained so after the Empire started to [[Decline of the Roman Empire|decline]] and was split, even if it ultimately lost its capital status to [[Milan]] and then [[Ravenna]], and was surpassed in prestige by the [[Eastern Roman Empire|Eastern]] capital [[Constantinople]]. === Fall of the Empire and Middle Ages === With the reign of [[Constantine I]], the [[Bishop of Rome]] gained political as well as religious importance, eventually becoming known as the [[Pope]] and establishing Rome as the center of the [[Catholic Church]]. After the [[Sack of Rome (410)|Sack of Rome in AD 410]] by [[Alaric I]] and the [[fall of the Western Roman Empire]] in AD 476, Rome alternated between [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] and plundering by [[Germania|Germanic]] [[barbarians]]. Its population declined to a mere 20,000 during the [[Early Middle Ages]], reducing the sprawling city to groups of inhabited buildings interspersed among large areas of ruins and vegetation. Rome remained nominally part of the [[Byzantine Empire]] rule until AD 751 when the [[Lombards]] finally abolished the [[Exarchate of Ravenna]]. In 756, [[Pepin the Short]] gave the pope temporal jurisdiction over Rome and surrounding areas, thus creating the [[Papal States]]. Rome remained the capital of the [[Papal States]] until its annexation into the [[Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)|Kingdom of Italy]] in 1870; the city became a major [[pilgrimage]] site during the [[Middle Ages]] and the focus of struggles between the [[Papacy]] and the [[Holy Roman Empire]] starting with [[Charlemagne]], who was crowned its first emperor in Rome on [[Christmas]] 800 AD by [[Pope Leo III]]. Apart from brief periods as an independent city during the [[Middle Ages]], Rome kept its status of Papal capital and "holy city" for centuries, even when the Pope briefly relocated to [[Avignon]] (1309–1337). While no longer politically powerful, as tragically shown by the brutal [[Sack of Rome (1527)|sack of 1527]], the city flourished as a hub of cultural and artistic activity during the [[Renaissance]] and the [[Baroque]], under the patronage of the [[Papal court]]. === 17–19th century === [[Population]] rose again and reached 100,000 during the 17th century, but Rome ultimately lagged behind the rest of the [[Europe]]an [[capital city|capitals]] over the subsequent centuries, being largely busy in the [[Counter-Reformation]] process. Caught up in the [[nationalistic]] turmoils of the 19th century and having twice gained and lost a short-lived independence, Rome became the focus of the hopes for [[Italy|Italian]] [[unification]], as propelled by the [[Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)|Kingdom of Italy]] ruled by [[King of Italy|King]] [[Vittorio Emanuele II]]; after the [[France|French]] protection was lifted in 1870, royal troops stormed the city, and Rome was declared capital of the newly unified Italy in 1871. === 20th century === After a victorious [[World War I]], Rome witnessed the rise to [[political power|power]] of [[Italian fascism]] guided by [[Benito Mussolini]], who [[March on Rome|marched]] on the city in 1922, eventually declared a new [[Italian Empire|Empire]] and allied [[Italy]] with [[Nazi Germany]]. This was a period of rapid growth in population, from the 212,000 people at the time of unification to more than 1,000,000, but this trend was halted by [[World War II]], during which Rome was damaged by both [[Allies of World War II|Allied forces]] [[Bombing of Rome in World War II|bombing]] and Nazi occupation; after the execution of [[Mussolini]] and the end of the war, a [[Birth of the Italian Republic|1946 referendum]] abolished the monarchy in favor of the [[Italian Republic]]. Rome grew momentously after the war, as one of the driving forces behind the "Italian economic miracle" of post-war [[Postwar reconstruction|reconstruction]] and [[modernization]]. It became a [[fashionable]] city in the 1950s and early 1960s, the years of ''[[la dolce vita]]'' ("the sweet life"), and a new rising trend in population continued till the mid-1980s, when the ''comune'' had more than 2,800,000 residents; after that, population started to slowly decline as more residents moved to nearby ''comuni''. <!--PLEASE LEAVE THEM IN COLUMN, IN ORDER TO AVOID CREATION OF BLANK LINES--> == Architecture, landmarks and city layouts == [[Image:Kolumna Aureliusza.jpg|thumb|[[Column of Marcus Aurelius]]]] [[Image:Piazza del Campidoglio.jpg|thumb|right|[[Piazza del Campidoglio]]]] [[Image:Roma-piazza del popolo2.jpg|thumb|right|[[Piazza del Popolo]]]] [[Image:Spanish-steps.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Spanish Steps]]]] [[Image:Sant Angelo bridge.jpg|thumb|right|[[Ponte Sant'Angelo]]]] [[Image:Via appia.jpg|thumb|right|Remains of the [[Appian Way]] in Rome, near Quarto Miglio]] [[Image:St Peter's Square, Vatican City - April 2007.jpg|thumb|right|[[Saint Peter's Square]], [[Vatican City]].]]<!--please leave it on the left to avoid creation of blank lines--> [[Image:Rome-VillaBorghese-TempleEsculape.jpg|thumb|right|[[Villa Borghese gardens|Villa Borghese]]: the 19th century "Temple of Aesculapius" built purely as a landscape feature, influenced by the lake at [[Stourhead]], [[Wiltshire]], [[England]]]] ===Ancient Rome=== {{main|Roman architecture}} One of the symbols of Rome is the [[Colosseum]] (70-80 AD), the largest [[amphitheatre]] ever built in the [[Roman Empire]]. Originally capable of seating 60,000 spectators, it was used for [[gladiator]]ial [[combat]]. The list of the very important monuments of ancient Rome includes the [[Roman Forum]], the [[Domus Aurea]], the [[Pantheon, Rome|Pantheon]], [[Trajan's Column]], [[Trajan's Market]], the [[Catacombs of Rome|several catacombs area]], the [[Circus Maximus]], the [[Baths of Caracalla]], [[Castel Sant'Angelo]], the [[Mausoleum of Augustus]], the [[Ara Pacis]], the [[Arch of Constantine]], the [[Pyramid of Cestius]], and the [[Bocca della Verità]]. ===Medieval=== {{see also|Medieval architecture}} Often overlooked, Rome's medieval heritage is one of the largest in Italian cities. Basilicas dating from the [[Paleochristian]] age include [[Santa Maria Maggiore]] and [[San Paolo Fuori le Mura]] (the second largely rebuilt in the 19th century), both housing precious 4th century AD mosaics. Later notable medieval mosaic and fresco art can be also found in the churches of [[Santa Maria in Trastevere]], [[Santi Quattro Coronati]] and [[Santa Prassede]]. Lay buildings include a number of towers, the largest being the [[Torre delle Milizie]] and the [[Torre dei Conti]], both next the Roman Forum, and the huge staircase leading to the basilica of [[Santa Maria in Ara Coeli]]. ===Renaissance and Baroque=== {{see also|Renaissance architecture}}{{see also|Baroque architecture}} Rome was a major world center of the [[Renaissance]], second only to [[Florence]], and was profoundly affected by the movement. The most impressive masterpiece of [[Renaissance architecture]] in Rome is the [[Piazza del Campidoglio]] by [[Michelangelo]], along with the Palazzo Senatorio, seat of the city government. During this period, the great aristocratic families of Rome used to build opulent dwellings as the [[Palazzo del Quirinale]] (now seat of the [[President of the Italian Republic|President of the Republic]]), the [[Palazzo Venezia]], the [[Palazzo Farnese]], the [[Palazzo Barberini]], the [[Palazzo Chigi]] (now seat of the [[Prime Minister of Italy|Prime Minister]]), the [[Palazzo Spada]], the [[Palazzo della Cancelleria]], and the [[Villa Farnesina]]. Rome is also famous for her huge and majestic squares (often adorned with [[Obelisks in Rome|obelisks]]), many of which were built in the 17th century. The principal squares are [[Piazza Navona]], [[Piazza di Spagna]], [[Campo de' Fiori]], [[Piazza Venezia]], [[Palazzo Farnese|Piazza Farnese]] and [[Santa Maria sopra Minerva|Piazza della Minerva]]. One of the most emblematic examples of the baroque art is the [[Fontana di Trevi]] by [[Nicola Salvi]]. Other notable [[Baroque architecture|baroque palaces]] of 17th century are the [[Palazzo Madama]], now seat of the [[Italian Senate]] and the [[Palazzo Montecitorio]], now seat of the [[Chamber of Deputies of Italy]]. ===Neoclassicism=== {{see also|Neoclassical architecture}} In 1870, Rome became capital city of the new [[Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)|Kingdom of Italy]]. During this time, [[Neoclassical architecture|neoclassicism]], a building style influenced by the architecture of [[classical antiquity|Antiquity]], became a predominant influence in Roman architecture. In this period many great palaces in neoclassical styles were built to host ministries, embassies and other governing agencies. One of the best-known symbol of Roman [[neoclassicism]] is the [[Monument of Vittorio Emanuele II]] or "Altar of Fatherland", where the [[Monument to Vittorio Emanuele II#Unknown soldier|grave of the Unknown Soldier]], that represents the 650,000 Italians that fell in [[World War I]], is located. ===Fascist architecture=== {{see also|Fascist architecture}} The [[Fascist regime]] that ruled in Italy between 1922 and 1943 developed an architectural style which was characterized by its links with ancient Roman architecture. The most important fascist site in Rome is the [[Esposizione Universale Roma|E.U.R.]] district, built in 1935. It was originally conceived for the [[Esposizione universale (1942)|1942 world exhibition]], and was called "E.42" (''"Esposizione 42"''). The world exhibition, however, never took place because [[Italy]] entered the [[Second World War]] in 1940. The most representative building of the Fascist style at E.U.R. is the ''Palazzo della Civiltà Italiana'' (1938-1943), the iconic design of which has been labeled the [[Cube|cubic]] or Square [[Colosseum]]. After World War II, the Roman authorities found that they already had the seed of an off-centre [[business district]] that other capitals were still planning ([[London Docklands]] and [[La Defense]] in Paris). Also the [[Palazzo della Farnesina]], the actual seat of Italian Foreign Ministry, was designed in 1935 in fascist style. === City centre === The historical centre ville is dominated by the traditional "[[Seven hills of Rome]]": the [[Capitoline hill|Capitoline]], [[Palatine hill|Palatine]], [[Viminal hill|Viminal]], [[Quirinal hill|Quirinal]], [[Esquiline hill|Esquiline]], [[Caelian hill|Caelian]], and [[Aventine hill|Aventine]] hills. The Tiber flows south through Rome, with the city centre located where the midstream [[Tiber Island]] facilitated crossing. Large parts of the ancient city walls remain. The [[Servian Wall]] was built twelve years after [[Gauls]]' sack of the city in 390 BC; it contained most of the Esquiline and Caelian hills, as well as the whole of the other five. Rome grew out of the [[Servian Wall]], but no more walls were constructed until 270 AD, when [[Aurelian]] began building the [[Aurelian Walls]]. These were almost {{convert|19|km|mi|0|sp=us}} long, and were still the walls the troops of the [[Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)|Kingdom of Italy]] had to breach to enter the city in 1870. The old city center contains about 300 hotels and 300 ''[[pension (lodging)|pensioni]]'', over 200 [[palace]]s, 900 churches, eight of Rome's major parks, the [[Quirinal Palace|residence of the President of the Italian Republic]], the houses of the [[Parliament]], offices of the city and city government, and many monuments. The old city also contains thousands of workshops, offices, bars, and restaurants. Millions of tourists visit Rome annually, making it one of the most visited cities in the world. === Peripheral layout === The ancient city within the walls covers about four percent of the modern municipality's {{convert|1285|km2|sqmi|0}}. The historic city center is the smallest of Rome's nineteen administrative zones. The city center is made up of 22 ''[[Rioni of Rome|rioni]]'' (districts), with one of them, ( [[Prati (rione of Rome)|Prati]]), actually lying out of the walled area. Surrounding the center are 35 ''quartieri urbani'' (urban sectors), and within the city limits are six large ''suburbi'' ([[suburbs]]). The belt [[highway]] known as [[Grande Raccordo Anulare]] (G.R.A.) describes a huge circle around the capital, about six miles (10 km) out from the city center; unlike most Italian [[highway]]s, the G.R.A. is toll-free. The circular highway ties together the ancient roads that led to Rome in antiquity: the [[Via Flaminia]], [[Via Aurelia]], [[Via Salaria]], [[Via Tiburtina]], [[Via Casilina]] and [[Via Appia]]. The modern Via Appia connects the city center to a string of towns known as [[Castelli Romani]]. === Vatican City === {{main|Vatican City}} The city of Rome surrounds the Vatican City, the [[enclave]] of the [[Holy See]], which is a separate [[sovereignty|sovereign]] [[state]]. It hosts [[Saint Peter's Square]] with the [[Saint Peter's Basilica]]. The open space before the basilica was redesigned by [[Gian Lorenzo Bernini]], from 1656 to 1667, under the direction of [[Pope Alexander VII]], as a forecourt, designed "so that the greatest number of people could see the Pope give his blessing, either from the middle of the façade of the church or from a window in the Vatican Palace" (Norwich 1975, p. 175). In Vatican City there are also the [[Vatican Library]], [[Vatican Museums]] with the [[Sistine Chapel]], the [[Raphael Rooms]] and other important works of [[Leonardo da Vinci]], [[Raphael]], [[Giotto]], and [[Botticelli]]. === Museums and galleries === The most important museums and galleries of Rome include the [[National Museum of Rome]], the [[Museum of Roman Civilization]], the [[Villa Giulia]] National Etruscan Museum, the [[Capitoline Museums]], the [[Borghese Gallery]], the Museum of [[Castel Sant'Angelo]], and the [[Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Moderna|National Gallery of Modern Art]]. === Villas and gardens === The center of Rome is surrounded by some large green areas and opulent [[Roman villa|ancient villas]], which are the remains of the crowns of villas which encircled the papal city. Most of them were largely destroyed by [[real estate]] [[speculation]] at the end of the 19th century. The most important among the surviving ones are: * [[Villa Borghese]], with a large landscape garden in the naturalistic 19th century English style, containing a number of buildings, museums (see [[Galleria Borghese]]) and attractions; * [[Villa Ada]], the largest public landscaped park of Rome; * [[Villa Doria Pamphili]], the second largest with an area of {{convert|1.8|km2|mi2|1|sp=us}}; * [[Villa Torlonia (Rome)|Villa Torlonia]], a splendid example of [[Art Nouveau]] mansion that was the Roman residence of [[Benito Mussolini]]; * [[Villa Albani]], commissioned by [[Alessandro Cardinal Albani]] to house his collection of antiquities and Roman [[sculpture]], which soon filled the casino that faced the Villa down a series of formal parterres. == Government == ===Capital status=== [[Image:RomaPalazzoQuirinale.JPG|thumb|right|The [[Quirinal Palace]], house of the [[President of the Italian Republic]]]] Rome is the national [[capital]] of [[Italy]] and is the seat of the [[President of the Italian Republic]], whose official residence is [[Quirinale]] Palace. Rome hosts also the Italian Parliament, Italian Prime Minister and all the ministries. The [[Mayor of Rome]] is [[Giovanni Alemanno]] of the [[People of Freedom]] coalition, elected in 2008. A political [[debate]] in Italy focuses on the opportunity of providing the city with "special powers" of local jurisdiction (the "Roma Capitale" directives),<ref>http://www.infrastrutturetrasporti.it/page/standard/site.php?p=cm&o=vh&id=146 - Roma Capitale on the official website of the Italian [[Ministero delle Infrastrutture e dei Trasporti|Ministry for Infrastructures and Transportation]]</ref> and possibly of turning either the ''comune'' or the [[Province of Rome]] into a "capital district"<ref>http://www.camera.it/_dati/leg14/lavori/stampati/sk4000/articola/3885.htm - Proposal of Constitutional Law on the official website of the [[Camera dei Deputati]]</ref> separate from the [[Lazio]] region, modelled after other European capital cities. === Subdivisions === {{main|Administrative subdivision of Rome}} The territory of the commune of Rome is divided into 19 ''Municipi'' (area subdivisions).<ref>http://www.comune.roma.it/was/wps/portal/!ut/p/_s.7_0_A/7_0_21L?menuPage=/Area_di_navigazione/Sezioni_del_portale/Municipi/ - List of Municipi and definition of their territories on the official website of the Comune di Roma</ref> Originally, the city was divided into 20 sub-municipalities, but the [[XIV]], what is now the [[Fiumicino, Italy|Comune di Fiumicino]], voted some years ago to become a full municipality itself and eventually detached from Rome. == Other sovereign entities == [[Image:FAO Roma 032.jpg|thumb|right|[[FAO]] headquarters in Rome (former seat of the Department of Italian East Africa)]] Rome is unique in its containing two other [[sovereignty|sovereign]] entities. One is the [[Holy See]], the political and [[religion|religious]] entity that governs the territory of the [[Vatican City]] (a ''[[de facto]]'' [[enclave]] since 1870, officially recognised as such in 1929), as well as claiming [[extraterritoriality|extraterritorial rights]] over a few other palaces and churches, mostly in the city centre; indeed, Rome hosts foreign [[embassy|embassies]] to ''both'' Italy and the Holy See. The other entity is the [[Sovereign Military Order of Malta]] (SMOM), which took refuge in Rome in 1834 after having lost [[Malta]] to [[Napoleon]] in 1798, and thus claims no territory (leading to disputes over its actual sovereign status); [[SMOM]] too owns [[extraterritorial]] palaces in central Rome. === International involvement === Rome has traditionally been heavily involved in the process of [[Europe]]an political integration. In 1957, the [[city]] hosted the signing of the [[Treaty of Rome]], which established the [[European Economic Community]] (predecessor to the [[European Union]]), and also played host to the official signing of the proposed [[European constitution]] in July 2004. Rome is also the seat of significant international organizations of the [[United Nations]], such as the [[World Food Program]] (WFP), the [[Food and Agriculture Organization]] (FAO) and the [[International Fund for Agricultural Development]] (IFAD). It is the place where the [[Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court]] was formulated. == Demographics == At the time of [[Roman Emperor|Emperor]] [[Augustus]], Rome was the largest city in the world, and probably the largest ever built until the nineteenth century. Estimates of its peak population range from 450,000 to over 3.5 million people with 1 to 2 million being most popular with historians. After the [[fall of the Roman Empire]], the city's population may have been less than 50,000, and continued to stagnate (or shrink) until the [[Renaissance]]. When the [[Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)|Kingdom of Italy]] annexed Rome in 1870, it had a population of about 200,000, which rapidly increased to 600,000 at the eve of [[World War I]]. The fascist regime of Mussolini tried to block an excessive demographic rise of the city, but failed to prevent it from reaching one million people by 1931. After [[World War II]], Rome continued to expand, with the creation of new [[quartieri]] and suburbs in '50s and '60s. In 2007, there were 2,718,768 people residing in Rome (in which some 4 million live in the greater Rome area), located in the province of Rome, [[Lazio]], of whom 47.2% were male and 52.8% were female. Minors (children ages 18 and younger) totalled 17.00 percent of the population compared to pensioners who number 20.76 percent. This compares with the Italian average of 18.06 percent (minors) and 19.94 percent (pensioners). The average age of Rome resident is 43 compared to the Italian average of 42. In the five years between 2002 and 2007, the population of Rome grew by 6.54 percent, while [[Italy]] as a whole grew by 3.56 percent.[http://demo.istat.it/bil2007/index.html] The current birth rate of Rome is 9.10 births per 1,000 inhabitants compared to the Italian average of 9.45 births. As of 2006, 92.63% of the population was [[Italian people|Italian]]. The largest immigrant group came from other [[European]] countries (mostly from [[Romania]] and [[Poland]]): 3.14%, [[East Asia]] (mostly [[Filipino]]): 1.28%, and the [[Americas]] (mostly from [[Peru]]): 1.09%. It is also important to note that there are tens of thousands of illegal migrants living in the Italian capital of Rome. == Economy == [[Image:Palazzo Eni.jpg|thumb|right|[[Eni]] headquarters in the EUR neighbourhood]] Modern day Rome has a dynamic and diverse economy with thriving [[technologies]], [[communication]]s, and [[Service Sector|service]] sectors. It produces 6.7% of the national [[GDP]] (more than any other city in [[Italy]]). Rome grows +4,4% annually and continues to grow at a higher rate in comparison to any other city in the rest of the country. Following [[World War II]] Rome's economic growth began to overtake its rivals{{Fact|date=February 2008}}, [[Naples]] and [[Milan]], although a traditional rivalry persists with Milan today. [[Tourism]] is inevitably one of Rome's chief industries, with numerous notable museums including the [[Vatican Museum]], the [[Borghese Gallery]], and the [[Musei Capitolini]]. Rome is also the hub of the [[Cinema of Italy|Italian film industry]], thanks to the [[Cinecittà]] studios. The city is also a center for [[banking]] as well as [[electronics]] and [[aerospace]] industries. Numerous international headquarters, government ministries, conference centres, sports venues and museums are located in Rome's principal business districts: the [[Esposizione Universale Roma]] (EUR); the ''Torrino'' (further south from the EUR); the ''Magliana''; the ''Parco de' Medici-Laurentina'' and the so-called ''Tiburtina-valley'' along the ancient Via Tiburtina. == Culture and society == === Religion === [[Image:Maggiore-obelisk.jpg|thumb|right|Santa Maria Maggiore is one of the earliest symbols of Christianity in the city.]] [[Image:Syn rome.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Great Synagogue of Rome]]]] [[Image:Moschea - sala principale 00531.JPG|thumb|rihgt|Central mosque by [[Paolo Portoghesi]], Rome (1974)]] The ''[[Religion in ancient Rome|Religio Romana]]'' (literally, the "Roman Religion") constituted the major religion of the city in [[Ancient Rome|antiquity]]. The first gods held sacred by the Romans were [[Jupiter]], the most high, and [[Mars]], god of war, and father of Rome's twin founders, [[Romulus]] and Remus, according to tradition. The goddess [[Vesta]] became an important part of the [[Roman Pantheon]] at an early stage of the Roman Monarchy. The goddess [[Diana]] joined Roman Pantheon during the Monarchy times as the central goddess uniting worship between Rome and several of its neighbors, thus creating the basis for a coalition. The goddess [[Juno]] was imported to Rome from the ancient city of Veii, after Veii fell to the Roman military, following a long period of wars between the two cities, during the time of the Roman Republic. Other gods and goddesses were honored in Rome and added to the Pantheon throughout the Monarchy and Republic periods. See Livy, Books 1-5. The Roman religion was largely concerned with interpreting divine messages (auguries) through natural occurrences (omens). However, Rome had no augurs of its own, and largely relied upon [[Etruscan civilization|Etruscan]] augurs to interpret the divine omens. For this reason, Rome was left without any augurs during its last war with Veii, an Etruscan city, and was forced to send envoys all the way to Greece, to consult the famous [[Delphi#Oracle|Oracle at Delphi]]. Livy, Book 5. Several other religions and imported [[mystery cult]]s remained represented within its ever-expanding boundaries during the Roman Republic and Empire periods, including [[Judaism]], whose presence in the city dates back from the [[Roman Republic]] and was sometimes forcibly confined to the [[Roman Ghetto]], as well as [[Mithraism]] which was the official religion of the Roman Empire for about two centuries, until being superseded by [[Christianity]], following the death of Emperor Constantine in the 4th century AD. Christianity was made the [[official religion]] of the [[Roman Empire]] in 380 by Emperor [[Theodosius I]], allowing it to spread further and eventually wholly replace Mithraism and the Roman Religion. Rome became the pre-eminent [[Christian]] city (vis-a-vis [[Antioch]] and [[Alexandria]], and later [[Constantinople]] and [[Jerusalem]]) based on the tradition that [[Saint Peter]] and [[Paul of Tarsus|Saint Paul]] were [[martyr]]ed in the city during the 1st century, coupled with the city's political importance. The [[Bishop of Rome]], later known as the [[Pope]], claimed primacy over all Bishops and therefore all Christians on the basis that he is the successor of [[Saint Peter]], upon whom [[Jesus]] built his Church; his prestige had been enhanced since 313 through donations by Roman emperors and patricians, including the [[Lateran Palace]] and patriarchal basilicas, as well as the obviously growing influence of the Church over the failing civil imperial authority. Papal authority has been exercised over the centuries with varying degrees of success, at times triggering divisions among Christians, until the present. With the increasing chaos and disorder leading to the collapse of the Roman Empire in 476, the popes assumed more and more civil authority first in Rome and in the surrounding territories. Rome became the center of the [[Catholic Church]] and the [[capital city]] of the [[Papal States]]; consequently, a great number of churches, convents and other religious buildings were erected in the city, sometimes above the ruins of older pre-Christian sites of worship. [[Churches of Rome|Churches proliferated]] during the Renaissance, when the Rome's most notable churches were built (this includes [[St. Peter's Basilica|St. Peter's]] [[basilica]] on the [[Vatican Hill]] (the largest church in the world) and the city [[cathedral]] of [[Basilica of St. John Lateran|St. John]] at the [[Lateran]]. The [[Papacy]] established its residence first in the [[Lateran Palace]], then in the [[Quirinal Palace]]. When Rome was annexed by force to the newly unified [[Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)|Kingdom of Italy]] In 1870, [[Pope Pius IX]] retired to the [[Vatican City|Vatican]], proclaiming himself a prisoner of the [[House of Savoy|Savoy monarchy]] and leading to decades of conflict between the neonate state and the Catholic Church. This was resolved in 1929, when the [[Lateran Treaty]] were signed in Rome, establishing the right for the [[Holy See]] to govern the [[Vatican City]] as an independent, [[sovereign state]]. The [[patron saint]]s of Rome remain [[Saint Peter]] and [[Paul the Apostle|Saint Paul]] (or, as they are collectively referred to in this context, "the most holy Saints Peter and Paul"), both celebrated on [[June 29]]. In recent years, the [[Islam]]ic community has grown significantly, in great part due to [[immigration]] from [[North Africa]]n and [[Middle East]]ern countries into the city. As a consequence of this trend, the ''comune'' promoted the building of the largest [[mosque]] in [[Europe]], which was designed by [[architect]] [[Paolo Portoghesi]] and inaugurated on [[June 21]], [[1995]]. === Language === The original language of Rome was [[Latin]], which evolved during the [[Middle Ages]] into [[Italian language|Italian]]. The latter emerged as the confluence of various regional dialects, among which the [[Tuscan dialect]] predominated, but the population of Rome also developed its own dialect, the [[Romanesco]]. The ancient ''romanesco'', used during the [[Middle Ages]], was a southern Italian dialect, very close to the [[Neapolitan]]. The influence of the [[Florentine]] culture during the [[renaissance]], and, above all, the immigration to Rome of many Florentines who were among the two [[Medici]] Popes' ([[Leo X]] and [[Clement VII]]) suite, caused a strong change of the dialect, which resembled more the Tuscan varieties (the immigration of Florentines was mainly due to the [[Sack of Rome (1527)|Sack of Rome in 1527]] and the subsequent demographic decrease). This remained largely confined to Rome until the 19th century, but then expanded to other zones of [[Lazio]] ([[Civitavecchia]], [[Latina]]), from the beginning of the 20th century, thanks to the rising population of Rome and to better transportation systems. As a consequence, [[Romanesco]] abandoned its traditional forms to [[mutate]] into the dialect spoken within the city, which is more similar to standard [[Italian language|Italian]], although remaining distinct from other Romanesco-influenced local dialects of Lazio. [[Dialectal]] literature in the traditional form [[Romanesco]] includes the works of such authors as [[Giuseppe Gioacchino Belli]], [[Trilussa]], and [[Cesare Pascarella]]. Contemporary [[Romanesco]] is mainly represented by popular actors such as [[Aldo Fabrizi]], [[Alberto Sordi]], [[Nino Manfredi]], [[Anna Magnani]], [[Gigi Proietti]], [[Enrico Montesano]], and [[Carlo Verdone]]. [[Image:MinervaSapienza.JPG|right|thumb|The statue of [[Minerva]] in [[La Sapienza]] University]] === Universities === Rome is a nation-wide center for [[higher education]]. Its first [[university]], [[University of Rome La Sapienza|La Sapienza]] (founded in 1303), is the largest in [[Europe]] and the second largest in the world, with more than 150,000 students attending.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} Two new public universities were founded: [[University of Rome Tor Vergata|Tor Vergata]] in 1982, and [[Third University of Rome|Roma Tre]] in 1992, although the latter has now become larger than the former. Rome also contains a large number of [[pontifical universities]] and institutes, including the [[Pontifical Gregorian University]] (The oldest [[Jesuit]] university in the world, founded in 1551), the [[Pontifical University of St. Thomas Aquinas (Angelicum)]], and many others. The city also hosts various private universities, such as the [[LUMSA]], the [[Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore]] (Roman centre), the [[LUISS]], [[Istituto Europeo di Design]],the [[St. John's University (Italy)|St. John's University]], the [[John Cabot University]], the [[IUSM]], the [[American University of Rome]], the [[Scuola Lorenzo de' Medici]], the Link [[Campus of Malta]], the [[S. Pio V University of Rome]], and the [[Università Campus Bio-Medico]]. Rome is also the location of the [[Loyola University Chicago Rome Center|John Felice Rome Center]], a campus of [[Loyola University Chicago]]. === Music === Rome is an important centre for music. It hosts the [[Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia]] (founded in 1585), for which new concert halls have been built in the new [[Parco della Musica]], one of the largest musical venues in the world. Rome also has an [[opera house]], the [[Teatro dell'Opera di Roma]], as well as several minor musical institutions. The city also played host to the [[Eurovision Song Contest 1991]] and the [[MTV Europe Music Awards 2004]]. === Cinema === [[Image:Martin scorsese gangs of new york set in cinecitta italy.jpg|thumb|right|Set of ''Gangs of New York'' in [[Cinecittà]] studios, Rome.]] Rome hosts the [[Cinecittà]] Studios, the largest film and television production facility in continental Europe and the centre of the [[Cinema of Italy|Italian cinema]], where a large number of today's biggest box office hits are filmed. The 99 acre (40 ha) studio complex is 5.6 miles (9 km) from the centre of Rome and is part of one of the biggest production communities in the world, second only to [[Hollywood]], with well over 5,000 professionals - from period costume makers to visual effects specialists. More than 3,000 productions have been made on its lot, from recent features like [[The Passion of the Christ]], [[Gangs of New York]], [[HBO]]’s [[Rome (TV series)|Rome]], [[The Life Aquatic]] and [[Dino De Laurentiis]]’ [[Decameron]], to such cinema classics as [[Ben Hur]], [[Cleopatra]] and the films of [[Federico Fellini]]. Founded in 1937 by [[Fascism in Italy|Fascist dictator]] [[Benito Mussolini]], the studios were bombed by the [[Western Allies]] during [[World War II]]. In the 1950s, Cinecittà was the filming location for several large [[Cinema of the United States|American film productions]], and subsequently became the studio most closely associated with [[Federico Fellini]]. Today Cinecittà is the only studio in the world with pre-production, production and full post-production facilities on one lot, allowing directors and producers to walk in with their script and "walk out" with a completed film. === Media === {| class="wikitable" border=1 cellspacing=0 !Newspapers!!Magazines!!TVs!!Radios |- |valign=top| *''[[City (newspaper)|City]] ''(Rome edition) *''[[Corriere dello Sport]]'' *''[[Leggo]]'' *''[[Liberazione (newspaper)|Liberazione]]'' *''[[Il Manifesto]]'' *''[[Il Messaggero]]'' *''[[Metro International|Metro]]'' (Rome edition) *''[[L'Osservatore Romano]]'' *''[[QN (newspaper)|QN]]'' *''[[La Repubblica]]'' *''[[Il Romanista]]'' *''[[Il Tempo]]'' *''[[L'Unità]]'' |valign=top| *''[[Audio Review (newspaper)|Audio Review]]'' *''[[L'Espresso]]'' *''[[Frequency (newspaper)|Frequency]]'' *''[[XL Repubblica]]'' *''[[Il Venerdì di Repubblica]]'' |valign=top| *[[RAI]] (national centre) *[[Sky Italia]] (national centre) *[[La7]] (national centre) *[[Mediaset Centri di Produzione TV]] (Rome centre) *[[Mediaset centri produzione Fiction]] *[[Mediaset TG5 centro Palatino]] (Rome centre) |valign=top| *[[Radio Capital]] *[[Radio CNR]] *[[Radio Deejay]] (Rome centre) *[[Radio Dimensione Suono]] *[[Radio Dimensione Suono Roma]] *[[Radio Globo]] *[[Radio Italia]] *[[RadioRock]] *[[Radio Radicale]] *[[Radio Radio]] *[[Radio Vaticana]] *[[Radio 24]] (Rome centre) |} ===Sports=== [[Image:WorldCup1990poster.jpg|thumb|right|130px|The official [[1990 FIFA World Cup]] poster]] [[Image:Olympic logo 1960.gif|thumb|right|Logo of the [[1960 Summer Olympics|1960 Olympics]]]] {| class="wikitable" ! style="background: #D8E2EF; color:#000080;" |Club ! style="background: #D8E2EF; color:#000080;" |Sport ! style="background: #D8E2EF; color:#000080;" |Founded ! style="background: #D8E2EF; color:#000080;" |League ! style="background: #D8E2EF; color:#000080;" |Venue ! style="background: #D8E2EF; color:#000080;" |Head Coach |- |[[A.S. Roma]] |[[Football (soccer)]] |1927 |[[Serie A]] |[[Stadio Olimpico]] |[[Luciano Spalletti]] |- |[[S.S. Lazio]] |Football (soccer) |1900 |Serie A |Stadio Olimpico |[[Delio Rossi]] |- |[[A.S. Cisco Roma]] |Football (soccer) |1972 |[[Serie C2]] |[[Stadio Flaminio]] |[[Fabio Fratena]] |- |[[Pallacanestro Virtus Roma]] |[[Basketball]] |1960 |[[Serie A (basketball)|Serie A]] |[[PalaLottomatica]] |[[Jasmin Repeša]] |- |[[M. Roma Volley]] |[[Volleyball]] |2006 |[[A 1 (Italian Volleyball League)|A 1]] |[[Palazzetto dello Sport]] |[[Roberto Serniotti]] |- |[[Unione Rugby Capitolina]] |[[Rugby union]] |1996 | [[Super 10 (Italian premiership)|Super 10]] |[[Stadio Flaminio]] |[[Massimo Mascioletti]] |- |} Rome hosted the [[1960 Summer Olympics]] and is an official candidate to hosting the [[2020 Summer Olympics]]. [[Football (soccer)|Football]] is the most popular [[sport]] in Rome, as in the rest of the country. The [[Stadio Olimpico]] hosted the final game of the [[1990 FIFA World Cup]]; it is also the home stadium for local [[Serie A]] clubs [[A.S. Roma]] and [[S.S. Lazio]], whose rivalry has become a staple of Roman sports culture. Indeed, famous footballers who play for these teams and are also born in the city tend to become especially popular, as has been the case with players such as [[Francesco Totti]] and [[Daniele De Rossi]] (both for A.S. Roma). While far from being as popular as football, [[rugby union]] is gaining wider acceptance. The [[Stadio Flaminio]] is the home stadium for the [[Italy national rugby union team]], which has been playing in the [[Six Nations Championship]] since 2000, albeit with less than satisfactory performances, as they have never won the championship so far. Rome is home to local rugby teams, such as [[Unione Rugby Capitolina]], [[Rugby Roma]], and [[S.S. Lazio (rugby)|S.S. Lazio]]. Every May, Rome hosts the [[ATP Masters Series]] [[tennis]] tournament on the clay courts of the [[Foro Italico]]. [[Cycling]] was immensely popular in the post-[[World War II|WWII]] period, although its popularity has faded in the last decades; Rome has hosted the final portion of the [[Giro d'Italia]] twice, in 1989 and 2000. Every spring, the annual [[Maratona della città di Roma|Rome marathon]] is considered to be the most widely attended sports event in Italy. {{Fact|date=February 2007}} Rome is also home to many other sports teams, including [[basketball]] ([[Pallacanestro Virtus Roma|Virtus Roma]]), [[volleyball]] ([[M. Roma Volley]]), [[team handball|handball]] or [[waterpolo]]. == Transportation == === Airports === Rome is served by three [[airports]], of which the main two are owned by [[Aeroporti di Roma]]. The intercontinental [[Leonardo Da Vinci International Airport]] is Italy's chief airport; it is more commonly known as [[Leonardo Da Vinci International Airport|"Fiumicino airport"]], as it is located within the territory of the nearby ''[[comune]]'' of [[Fiumicino]], south-west of Rome. The older [[Rome Ciampino Airport]] is a joint civilian and military airport; it is more commonly referred to as "Ciampino Airport", as it is located within Roman territory near the border with the ''comune'' of [[Ciampino]], south-east of Rome. A third airport, the [[Aeroporto dell'Urbe]], is a small, low-traffic airport located about 6&nbsp;km north of the city centre, which handles most [[helicopter]] and private flights. A fourth airport in the eastern part of the city, the [[Aeroporto di Centocelle]] (dedicated to [[Francesco Baracca]]), is no longer open to flights; it hosts the [[Comando di Squadra Aerea]] (which coordinates the activities of the [[Aeronautica Militare Italiana]]) and the [[Comando Operativo di Vertice Interforze]]<ref>http://www.difesa.it/SMD/COI/La+sede.htm - Entry about the [[Centocelle Airport]] in the official website of the Italian [[Ministero della Difesa]]</ref> (which coordinates all Italian military activities), although large parts of the airport are being redeveloped as a public park. === Railways === [[Image:Stazione termini con le terme di diocleziano.jpg|thumb|right|With its 29 platforms and over 150 million passengers each year, [[Roma Termini railway station]] is one of the largest train stations in [[Europe]]]] Rome is the hub of the Italian railways. '''History of Rome railroad''' * The first railroad built in Rome (and the second railway built in Italy) the [[Rome and Frascati Rail Road]], was opened for service on July 14, 1856. * On April 16, 1859 the [[Rome and Civitavecchia Rail Road]] was opened for service. * On January 27, 1862 the [[Rome and Ceprano Rail Road]] was opened for service. * On April 28, 1864 the [[Rome and Monterotondo Rail Road]] was opened for service. * On April 29, 1894 the [[Rome, Capranica and Viterbo Rail Road]] was opened for service * On June 12, 1916 the [[Rome and Fiuggi Rail Road]] was opened for service. * On October 28, 1932 the [[Rome, Civita Castellana and Viterbo Rail Road]] was opened for service '''Stations in the city''' Located on the [[Esquiline Hill]], Rome's central station, called [[Roma Termini station|Roma Termini]], was opened in 1863, then demolished and completely rebuilt between 1939 and 1951; it is operated by [[Grandi Stazioni]] and mainly served by [[Trenitalia]]. It is the single largest station in [[Europe]]{{Fact|date=February 2007}} and is visited by 600,000 passengers daily;{{Fact|date=February 2007}} it has twenty-nine railway platforms, and also serves as a [[shopping centre]] and [[art gallery]]. The second largest station in the city is [[Roma Tiburtina station|Roma Tiburtina]], which is being redeveloped for [[high-speed rail]] service.<ref>http://eurostar-av.trenitalia.com/it/progetto/stazioni_rinnovate/roma_tiburtina.html - Entry on Roma Tiburtina station on the official website of the Italian high-speed rail service (in Italian)</ref> Other notable stations include [[Roma Ostiense station|Roma Ostiense]], [[Roma Trastevere station|Roma Trastevere]], [[Roma Tuscolana station|Roma Tuscolana]], [[Roma San Pietro station|Roma San Pietro]], [[Roma Nomentana station|Roma Nomentana]] and [[Roma Casilina station|Roma Casilina]]. == Urban transportation == [[Image:Metroroma02.png|thumb|rifht|Map of Rome Metro.]] [[Image:Rete Tram Roma 2007 nuovo2.png|thumb|right|Map of Rome Tramway]] [[Image:Roman Tram in Via Torre Argentina 7-7-06.jpg|thumb|right|Roman tram in Largo di Torre Argentina]] ==== Underground ==== A 2-line [[Metro|subway]] system operates in Rome, called the "Metropolitana" or [[Rome Metro]]. Construction on the first branch started in the 1930s. The line had been planned to quickly connect the main train station ([[Roma Termini station|Termini]]) with the newly planned E42 area in the southern [[suburb]]s, where the 1942 [[Esposizione universale (1942)|World Fair]] was supposed to be held. The event never took place because of war. The area was later partly redesigned and renamed [[Esposizione Universale Roma|EUR]] (Esposizione Universale di Roma: Rome Universal Exhibition) in the 1950s to serve as a modern business district. The line was finally opened in 1955 and it is now part of the B Line. The A line opened in 1980 from Ottaviano to Anagnina stations, later extended in stages (1999 - 2000) to Battistini. In the 1990s, an extension of the B line was opened from Termini to Rebibbia. This underground network is generally reliable (although it may become very congested at peak times and during events, especially the A line) as it is relatively short. As of 2005, its total length is 38&nbsp;km. The two existing lines, A & B, only intersect at [[Roma Termini station]]. A new branch of the B line (B1) is under construction with an estimated cost of 482.900.000 Euro. It is scheduled to open in 2010. B1 will connect to line B at Piazza Bologna and will have 4 stations over a distance of 3.9&nbsp;km. A third line, line C, is under construction with an estimated cost of 3.000.000.000 Euro and will have 30 stations over a distance of 25.5&nbsp;km. It will partly replace the existing Rail Road line, Termini-Pantano. It will feature full automated, driverless trains. The first section is due to open in 2011 and the final sections in 2015, but archaeological findings often delay underground construction work. A fourth line, line D, is under development. It will have 22 stations over a distance of 20&nbsp;km. The first section is projected to open in 2015 and the final sections before 2035. A fifth line, line E, is the proposed conversion of the [[Roma-Lido railway]] to a Metro line by 2011. ==== Overground ==== The [[Rome Metro]] is part of an extensive transport network made of a tramway network, [[suburb|suburban]] and [[urban]] lines in and around the city of Rome, plus an "express line" to Fiumicino Airport. Whereas most [[Trenitalia|FS]]-Regionale lines (Regional State Railways) do provide mostly a suburban service with more than 20 stations scattered throughout the city, the Roma-Lido (starting at Ostiense station), the Roma-Pantano (starting nearby Termini) and the Roma-Nord (starting at Flaminio station) lines offer a metro-like service. There is also an overground rail system with seven lines which link the hinterland of the Roman Area. One of this leads to the second Airport of the city, [[Ciampino]]. Rome also has a comprehensive [[bus]] and light rail system. The English web site of the ATAC public transportation company allows a route to be calculated using the buses, light rail and subways. [http://www.atac.roma.it/index.asp?lng=2] The Metrebus integrated fare system allows holders of tickets and integrated passes to travel on all companies vehicles, within the validity time of the ticket purchased. ==== Motor Traffic Limited Zone (ZTL) ==== Chronic congestion caused by cars during the 1970s and 1980s led to ban of unauthorized traffic from the central part of the city during workdays from 6 a.m. to 6 pm. This area is officially called ''Zona a Traffico Limitato'' (ZTL) in [[Italian language|Italian]]. Heavy traffic due to night-life crowds during weekends led in recent years to the creation of other ZTLs in the Trastevere and S. Lorenzo districts during the night, and to experimentation with a new night ZTL also in the city center (plans to create a night ZTL in the Testaccio district as well are underway). In recent years, parking spaces along the streets in wide areas of the city have been converted to pay parking, as new underground parking spread throughout the city. Rome has 21 taxis for every 10,000 inhabitants - far below other major European cities.<ref>{{cite web|title=Central Rome Streets Blocked by Taxi Drivers|publisher=''[[The New York Times]]''|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/30/world/europe/30rome.html?scp=93&sq=Rome&st=nyt|date=2007-11-30|accessdate=2008-02-10}}</ref><br> Despite all measures, Rome's traffic remains an unsolved problem. ==International relations== {{Infobox World Heritage Site |Name = Historic Centre of [[Rome]], the [[Properties of the Holy See#Outside Vatican City but inside Rome|Properties of the Holy See in that City Enjoying Extraterritorial Rights]] and [[Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls|San Paolo Fuori le Mura]] |infoboxwidth = 270px |Image = [[Image:RomaCastelSantAngelo.jpg|250px]] |State_Party = {{ITA}} and [[Image:Flag of the Vatican City.svg|22px]] [[Holy See]] |Type = Cultural |Criteria = i, ii, iii, iv, vi |ID = 91 |Region = [[List of World Heritage Sites in Europe|Europe and North America]] |Year = 1980 |Extension = 1990 }} Rome has one [[sister city]], and a number of partner cities: ==== Sister city ==== * {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Paris]], [[France]] ({{lang-fr|Seule Paris est digne de Rome; seule Rome est digne de Paris}}; {{lang-it|Solo Parigi è degna di Roma; solo Roma è degna di Parigi}}; {{lang-en|Only Paris is worthy of Rome; only Rome is worthy of Paris}}).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.v1.paris.fr/EN/city_government/international/special_partners.asp|title=www.v1.paris.fr/EN/city_government/international/special_partners.asp<!--INSERT TITLE-->}}</ref> ==== Partner cities ==== * {{flagicon|Bolivia}} [[Achacachi]], [[Bolivia]].<!--<ref>http://www.liberazione.it/giornale/051129/LB12D6D0.asp - Short newspaper article on the Rome / Achacachi twinning</ref> --> * {{flagicon|Spain}} [[Marbella]], [[Spain]]. * {{flagicon|Algeria}} [[Algiers]], [[Algeria]]. * {{flagicon|People's Republic of China}} [[Beijing]], [[People's Republic of China|China]]. * {{flagicon|Serbia}} [[Belgrade]], [[Serbia]]. * {{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Brasília]], [[Brazil]]. * {{flagicon|Egypt}} [[Cairo]], [[Egypt]]. * {{flagicon|United States}} [[Cincinnati, Ohio|Cincinnati]], [[United States]]. * {{flagicon|UKR}} [[Kiev]], [[Ukraine]]. * {{flagicon|England}} [[London]], [[England]]. * {{flagicon|Canada}} [[Montreal]], [[Canada]]. * {{flagicon|United States}} [[New York City]], [[United States]]. * {{flagicon|Bulgaria}} [[Plovdiv]], [[Bulgaria]]. * {{flagicon|South Korea}} [[Seoul]], [[South Korea]]. * {{flagicon|Australia}} [[Sydney]], [[Australia]]. * {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]]. * {{flagicon|BEL}} [[Tongeren]], [[Belgium]]. == See also == * [[Churches of Rome]] * [[Glocal Forum]], the International on-governmental organization with main office located in Rome * [[Large Cities Climate Leadership Group]] * [[List of ancient monuments in Rome]] * [[Popular Shopping Areas and Markets in Rome]] == Notes == {{reflist|2}} == References == :''Further references and bibliography can be found in the more detailed articles linked to in this article.'' * {{cite book | last = Lucentini | first = Mario | year = 2002 | title = La Grande Guida di Roma | publisher = Newton & Compton Editori | location = Rome | id = ISBN 88-8289-053-8 }}{{it icon}} * {{cite book | last = Spoto | first = Salvatore | year = 1999 | title = Roma Esoterica | publisher = Newton & Compton Editori | location = Rome | id = ISBN 88-8289-265-4 }}{{it icon}} * {{cite book | last = Richard Brilliant | year = 2006 | title = Roman Art. An American's View | publisher = Di Renzo Editore | location = Rome | id = ISBN 88-8323-085-X}} == Documentaries == * ''The Holy Cities: Rome'' produced by Danae Film Production, distributed by HDH Communications; 2006. ==External links== {{sisterlinks|Roma}} ;Official *[http://www.comune.roma.it/was/wps/portal/pcr Official site of the City of Rome] {{it icon}} *[http://www.romaturismo.it APT (official Tourist Office) of the City of Rome] {{en icon}} *[http://www.museiincomuneroma.it/ Rome Museums - Official site] {{it icon}} *[http://mv.vatican.va/StartNew_EN.html Vatican Museums] {{en icon}} *[http://www.museicapitolini.org/en/index_msie.htm Capitoline Museums] {{en icon}} ;Other *{{wikitravel}} *{{dmoz|Regional/Europe/Italy/Regions/Lazio/Localities/Rome/Travel_and_Tourism/Travel_Guides|Rome travel guides}} *[http://www-personal.umich.edu/~bkh/rome/5-20-3.htm City models of Ancient Rome] {{Template group |title = Rome |list = {{European capitals}} {{Capital cities of the European Union}} {{Province of Rome}} {{Regional capitals of Italy}} {{Olympic Summer Games Host Cities}} {{World Heritage Sites in Italy}} {{Rome landmarks}} {{coor title dm|41|54|N|12|30|E|region:IT_type:city(2700000)}} }} <!--Categories--> [[Category:Rome| ]] [[Category:Capitals in Europe]] [[Category:Host cities of the Summer Olympic Games|Rome (1960)]] [[Category:Settlements established in the 8th century BC]] [[Category:Holy cities]] [[Category:Major Cities in Italy]] [[Category:River cities]] {{Link FA|hr}} {{Link FA|it}} {{Link FA|pt}} <!--Other languages--> [[af:Rome]] [[als:Rom]] [[am:ሮማ]] [[ang:Rōm]] [[ar:روما]] [[an:Roma]] [[arc:ܪܗܘܡܐ (ܡܕܝܢܬܐ)]] [[roa-rup:Roma]] [[frp:Roma]] [[ast:Roma]] [[az:Roma]] [[bn:রোম]] [[zh-min-nan:Lô-má]] [[ba:Рим]] [[be:Горад Рым]] [[be-x-old:Рым]] [[bcl:Roma]] [[bar:Rom]] [[bo:རོ་མ]] [[bs:Rim]] [[br:Roma]] [[bg:Рим]] [[ca:Roma]] [[cv:Рим]] [[cs:Řím]] [[co:Roma]] [[cy:Rhufain]] [[da:Rom]] [[de:Rom]] [[et:Rooma]] [[el:Ρώμη]] [[eml:Råmma]] [[es:Roma]] [[eo:Romo]] [[eu:Erroma]] [[fa:رم]] [[fo:Rom]] [[fr:Rome]] [[fy:Rome (stêd)]] [[fur:Rome]] [[ga:An Róimh]] [[gv:Yn Raue]] [[gd:An Ròimh]] [[gl:Roma]] [[got:𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌰]] [[zh-classical:羅馬]] [[ko:로마]] [[hy:Հռոմ]] [[hi:रोम]] [[hr:Rim]] [[io:Roma]] [[id:Roma]] [[ia:Roma]] [[os:Рим]] [[is:Róm]] [[it:Roma]] [[he:רומא]] [[jv:Roma]] [[ka:რომი]] [[kw:Rom]] [[sw:Mji wa Roma]] [[kv:Рим]] [[ht:Ròm]] [[lad:Roma]] [[la:Roma]] [[lv:Roma]] [[lb:Roum]] [[lt:Roma]] [[lij:Rumma]] [[li:Roeme]] [[hu:Róma]] [[mk:Рим]] [[ml:റോം]] [[mr:रोम]] [[ms:Rom]] [[nah:Roma]] [[nl:Rome (stad)]] [[ne:रोम]] [[ja:ローマ]] [[nap:Romma]] [[no:Roma]] [[nn:Roma]] [[nrm:Rome]] [[nov:Roma]] [[oc:Roma]] [[uz:Rim]] [[pms:Roma]] [[nds:Rom]] [[pl:Rzym]] [[pt:Roma]] [[crh:Roma]] [[ty:Roma]] [[ksh:Rom (Italije)]] [[ro:Roma]] [[rm:Roma]] [[qu:Roma]] [[ru:Рим]] [[se:Roma]] [[sa:रोमा]] [[sc:Roma]] [[sq:Roma]] [[scn:Roma]] [[simple:Rome]] [[sk:Rím]] [[cu:Римъ]] [[sl:Rim]] [[szl:Řim]] [[sr:Рим]] [[sh:Rim]] [[fi:Rooma]] [[sv:Rom]] [[tl:Roma]] [[ta:ரோம்]] [[roa-tara:Rome]] [[th:โรม]] [[vi:Roma]] [[tg:Рим]] [[tpi:Rom]] [[tr:Roma, İtalya]] [[uk:Рим]] [[ur:روم]] [[vec:Roma]] [[vo:Roma]] [[vls:Rome (stee)]] [[wo:Rom]] [[yi:רוים]] [[diq:Roma]] [[bat-smg:Roma]] [[zh:罗马市]]