Rosemary 25484 225339102 2008-07-13T04:33:14Z Jerem43 2189852 /* References */ {{refbegin}}{{reflist}}{{refend}} {{Otheruses}} {{Taxobox | name = Rosemary | status = secure | image = Rosemary bush.jpg | image_width = 250px | image_caption = Rosemary in flower | regnum = [[Plant]]ae | divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]] | classis = [[Magnoliopsida]] | ordo = [[Lamiales]] | familia = [[Lamiaceae]] | genus = ''[[Rosmarinus]]'' | species = '''''R. officinalis''''' | binomial = ''Rosmarinus officinalis'' | binomial_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]]<ref> {{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?32207 |title=Rosmarinus officinalis information from NPGS/GRIN |publisher=www.ars-grin.gov |accessdate=2008-03-03 |last= |first= }} </ref> }} {{nutritionalvalue | name=Rosemary (dried) | kJ=804| protein=4.9 g | fat=15.2 g | carbs=64.1 g | fiber=42.6 g | | sugars=0.0 g | iron_mg=29.2 | calcium_mg=1280.0 | magnesium_mg=220.0 | phosphorus_mg=70.0 | potassium_mg=955 | zinc_mg=3.2 | vitC_mg=61.2 | pantothenic_mg=0.0 | vitB6_mg=1.7 | folate_ug=307 | thiamin_mg=0.5 | riboflavin_mg=0.4 | niacin_mg=1.0 | right=1 | source_usda=1 }} {{commons|Rosmarinus officinalis}} {{wikispecies|Rosmarinus officinalis}} {{cookbook}} '''Rosemary''' (''Rosmarinus officinalis'') is a woody, [[perennial plant|perennial]] [[herb]] with fragrant evergreen needle-like [[leaf|leaves]]. It is native to the [[Mediterranean region]]. It is a member of the mint family [[Lamiaceae]], which also includes many other herbs. The name ''rosemary'' has nothing to do with the [[rose]] or the name [[Mary]], but derives from the [[Latin]] name ''rosmarinus'', which literally means "dew of the sea", though some think this too may be derived from an earlier name. ==Description== Forms range from upright to trailing; the upright forms can reach 1.5 m tall, rarely 2 m. The leaves are [[evergreen]], 2-4 cm long and 2-5 mm broad, green above, and white below with dense short woolly hairs. The [[flower]]s are variable in color, being white, pink, purple, or blue. ==Cultivation and uses== The fresh and dried leaves are used frequently in traditional [[Mediterranean cuisine]] as an [[herb]]; they have a bitter, astringent taste, which complements a wide variety of foods. A [[tisane]] can also be made from them. They are extensively used in [[cooking]], and when burned give off a distinct mustard smell, as well as a smell similar to that of burning which can be used to flavor foods while barbecueing. Rosemary is extremely high in [[iron]], [[calcium]], and [[Vitamin B6]].<ref>[http://www.nutritiondata.com/facts-C00001-01c203K.html Nutrition Facts - Rosemary]</ref> Since it is attractive and tolerates some degree of [[drought]], it is also used in [[landscaping]], especially in areas having a [[Mediterranean climate]]. It is considered easy to grow for beginner gardeners, and is pest-resistant. Rosemary is easily pruned into shapes and has been used for [[topiary]]. When grown in pots, it is best kept trimmed to stop it getting too straggly and unsightly, though when grown in a garden, rosemary can grow quite large and still be attractive. It can be propagated from an existing plant by clipping a shoot 10-15 cm long, stripping a few leaves from the bottom, and planting it directly into soil. Numerous [[cultivar]]s have been selected for [[garden]] use. The following are frequently sold: *''Albus''- white flowers *''Arp''- leaves light green, lemon-scented *''Aureus''- leaves speckled yellow *''Benenden Blue'' - leaves narrow, dark green *''Blue Boy'' - dwarf, small leaves *''Golden Rain'' - leaves green, with yellow streaks *''Irene'' - lax, trailing *''Lockwood de Forest'' - procumbent selection from ''Tuscan Blue'' *''Ken Taylor'' - shrubby *''Majorica Pink'' - pink flowers *''Miss Jessop's Upright'' - tall, erect *''Pinkie'' - pink flowers *''Prostratus'' *''Pyramidalis'' (a.k.a ''Erectus'') - pale blue flowers *''Roseus'' - pink flowers *''Salem'' - pale blue flowers, cold hardy similar to Arp *''Severn Sea'' - spreading, low-growing, with arching branches; flowers deep violet *''Tuscan Blue'' - upright == Traditional and Medicinal Uses == [[Hungary Water]] was first prepared for the Queen of Hungary to "renovate vitality of paralysed limbs" and to treat gout. It was used externally and prepared by mixing fresh rosemary tops into spirits of wine.<ref>[http://www.superbherbs.net/Rosemary.htm Rosemary at SuperbHerbs.net]</ref> [[Don Quixote]] (Chapter XVII, 1st volume) mixes it in his recipe of the miraculous balm of [[Fierabras]] with revolting results. Rosemary has a very old reputation for improving [[memory]], and has been used as a symbol for remembrance (during weddings, war commemorations and funerals) in Europe, probably as a result of this reputation.{{Fact|date=February 2008}} Mourners would throw it into graves as a symbol of remembrance for the dead. In [[William Shakespeare|Shakespeare]]'s ''[[Hamlet]]'', [[Ophelia (character)|Ophelia]] says, "There's rosemary, that's for remembrance." One modern study lends some credence to this reputation. When the smell of rosemary was pumped into cubicles where people were working, those people showed improved memory, though with slower recall.<ref>Moss M, et al. Aromas of rosemary and lavender essential oils differentially affect cognition and mood in healthy adults. Int J Neurosci. 2003 Jan;113(1):15-38.</ref> Another study indicated that [[carnosic acid]], found in rosemary, may shield the brain from free radicals, lowering the risk of strokes and neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's and Lou Gehrig's.<ref>Burnham Institute for Medical Research (2007, November 2). Rosemary Chicken Protects Your Brain From Free Radicals. ScienceDaily. Retrieved November 2, 2007, from http://www.sciencedaily.com­/releases/2007/10/071030102210.htm</ref> '''Health Precautions:''' Rosemary in culinary or therapeutic doses is generally safe; however, precaution is necessary for those displaying allergic reaction or prone to [[epileptic seizure]]s. Rosemary [[essential oil]] may have epileptogenic properties, as a handful of case reports over the past century have linked its use with seizures in otherwise healthy adults or children.<ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=10460442&dopt=Abstract PubMed entry]</ref> Rosemary essential oil is potentially toxic if ingested. Large quantities of rosemary leaves can cause adverse reactions, such as coma, spasm, vomiting, and pulmonary edema (fluid in the lungs) that can be fatal. Avoid consuming large quantities of rosemary if pregnant or breastfeeding.<ref>[http://www.healthcomm.com/resources/imc/OneMedicineCons/ConsHerbs/Rosemarych.html Article at HealthComm]</ref> Rosemary may also be useful in the prevention and treatment of headlice.<ref>[http://www.lacetoleather.com/keepliceaway.html Natural Ways To Keep Lice Away - Safe Natural Cures, More Than Home Remedies<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> ==References== {{refbegin}} '''Books''' *Calabrese, V., Scapagnini, G., Catalano, C., Dinotta, F., Geraci, D., & Morganti, P. (2000). Biochemical studies of a natural antioxidant isolated from rosemary and its application in cosmetic dermatology. ''International Journal of Tissue Reactions''. 22 (1): 5-13. *Huang, M. T., Ho, C. T., Wang, Z. Y., Ferraro, T., Lou, Y. R., Stauber, K., Ma, W., Georgiadis, C., Laskin, J. D., & Conney, A. H. (1994). Inhibition of skin tumorigenesis by rosemary and its constituents carnosol and ursolic acid. ''Cancer Res''. 54(3):701-8. '''Websites''' <references/> {{refend}} == External links == *[http://sun.ars-grin.gov:8080/npgspub/xsql/duke/plantdisp.xsql?taxon=873 Rosemary List of Chemicals (Dr. Duke's)] *[http://botanical.com/botanical/mgmh/r/rosema17.html medicinal use: botanical.com] *[http://www.healthcomm.com/resources/imc/OneMedicineCons/ConsHerbs/Rosemarych.html medicinal dosage and precautions: healthcomm.com] *[http://www.scientistlive.com/food/20070601/ingredients/2.3.296.299/17803/antimicrobial-benefits-of-rosemary-and-sage.thtml Antimicrobial benefits of rosemary and sage] Scientist Live *[http://www.healthdiaries.com/eatthis/rosemary-for-remembrance.html Rosemary for Remembrance] *[http://www.ourherbgarden.com/herb-history/rosemary.html History of Rosemary] <gallery> Image:Rosemary white bg.jpg|Rosemary Sprig Image:ChristianBauer flowering rosemary.jpg|Flower Image:Rosemary.jpg|A rosemary bush with many flowers Image:Rosemary 'Irene' leaves.jpg|Leaves, the brighter side is the underside, and some have parts of young shoots or old stem attached Image:Rosemary 'Irene'.jpg|A shoot of the cultivar 'Irene' Image:Rosmarinus officinalis.jpg|A Rosemary bush at [[Longwood Gardens]] Image:Koeh-258.jpg|From Koehler's Medicinal Plants, 1887 Image:RoseMaryCLoseUp.jpg|Close up of flower Image:Large_rosemary_bush.jpg|Huge specimen in [[Sebastopol, CA]], roughly 2.2 m in height Image:Rosemarymacro.jpg|Macro (Closeup) shot of specimen in [[Titusville, FL]] Image:Rosemary potatoes.jpg|Rosemary potatoes </gallery> {{Commons|Rosmarinus officinalis}} {{Herbs & spices}} [[Category:Herbs]] [[Category:Lamiaceae]] [[Category:Medicinal plants]] <!-- interwiki --> [[ar:حصالبان]] [[bg:Розмарин]] [[ca:Romer]] [[cs:Rozmarýna lékařská]] [[da:Rosmarin]] [[de:Rosmarin]] [[el:Δενδρολίβανο]] [[es:Rosmarinus officinalis]] [[eo:Oficina rosmareno]] [[fa:اکلیل کوهی]] [[fr:Romarin]] [[gl:Romeu]] [[hr:Ružmarin]] [[it:Rosmarinus officinalis]] [[he:רוזמרין]] [[hu:Rozmaring]] [[lb:Rousemaräin]] [[nl:Rozemarijn]] [[ja:ローズマリー]] [[no:Rosmarin]] [[nrm:Romathîn]] [[pl:Rozmaryn lekarski]] [[pt:Alecrim]] [[ru:Розмарин обыкновенный]] [[sl:Rožmarin]] [[fi:Rosmariini]] [[sv:Rosmarin]] [[th:โรสแมรี]] [[tr:Biberiye]] [[zh:迷迭香]] [[uk:Розмарин]]