Royal New Zealand Navy
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{{Otheruses4|the Royal Navy of New Zealand|other Royal Navies|Royal Navy (disambiguation)}}
{{RNZN}}
The '''Royal [[New Zealand]] [[Navy]]''' ('''RNZN''') (Maori: '''Te Taua Moana''', ''The Sea Army'') is the maritime arm of the [[New Zealand Defence Force]]. In April 2006 the fleet consisted of ten ships, with the combat force consisting of two [[frigate]]s.
==History==
{{main article|History of the Royal New Zealand Navy}}
===Pre-World War I===
The New Zealand Navy did not exist as a separate military force until 1941.<ref>Much of this discussion is taken from [http://www.navy.mil.nz/know-your-navy/history/default.htm "RNZN History"]. <U>RNZN Official Website</U>. Accessed [[April 15]] [[2006]].</ref>
The first maritime combat activities in New Zealand began with the arrival of the [[Māori]] in [[Waka (canoe)|waka]] around a thousand years ago. One of the first recorded contacts with the Māori was by [[Netherlands|Dutchman]] [[Abel Tasman]], when he was attacked by Māori in war waka off the northern tip of the [[South Island]] in December 1642.
The association of the [[Royal Navy]] with New Zealand began with the arrival of Lieutenant (later Captain) [[James Cook]] in 1769, who completed two subsequent journeys to New Zealand in 1773 and 1777. For the remainder of the 18th century and the early 19th century, the Royal Navy frequently sent warships to New Zealand to maintain law and order amongst [[United Kingdom|British]] subjects who were resident in the islands, and to prevent violence between the British and the Māori. [[William Hobson]], a crucial player in the drafting of the [[Treaty of Waitangi]], was in New Zealand as a captain in the Royal Navy. The signing of the Treaty of Waitangi made New Zealand a colony in the [[British Empire]], so the defence of the coastline became the responsibility of the Royal Navy. That role was fulfilled until [[World War I]], and the Royal Navy also played a part in the [[New Zealand land wars|New Zealand Wars]]: for example, a gunboat shelled fortified Māori [[Pa (Māori)|pā]] from the Waikato River in order to defeat the [[Māori King Movement]].
===World War I and the Inter-War period===
In 1909, the New Zealand government decided to fund the purchase of the [[battlecruiser]] [[HMS New Zealand (1911)|HMS ''New Zealand'']] for the Royal Navy, which saw action throughout [[World War I]] in [[Europe]]. The passing of the [[Naval Defence Act 1913]] created the [[New Zealand Naval Forces]], still as a part of the Royal Navy, and from 1921 to 1941 the force was known as the [[New Zealand Division of the Royal Navy|New Zealand Division]] of the Royal Navy. The first purchase by the New Zealand government for the New Zealand Naval Forces was the [[cruiser]] [[HMS Philomel|HMS ''Philomel'']], which escorted New Zealand land forces to occupy the [[Germany|German]] colony of [[Samoa]] in 1914. ''Philomel'' saw further action under the command of the Royal Navy in the [[Mediterranean Sea]], the [[Red Sea]], and the [[Persian Gulf]].
Between World War I and [[World War II]], the New Zealand Division operated 14 ships, including the cruisers [[HMNZS Achilles (70)|HMS ''Achilles'']] and [[HMNZS Leander|HMS ''Leander'']], and the minesweeper [[HMNZS Wakakura (T00)|HMS ''Wakakura'']].
===World War II===
[[Image:Douglas MacArthur signs formal surrender, NZ rep in back.jpg|thumb|right|Air Vice-Marshal '''Sir Leonard Monk Isitt''' (highlighted) as the New Zealand representative during the signing of the [[Japanese Instrument of Surrender]].]]
[[Image:Battle of Kolombangara.jpg|thumb|HMNZS ''Leander'' and USS ''St. Louis'' fire on the ''Jintsu''.]]
When [[United Kingdom|Britain]] went to war against Germany in 1939, New Zealand promptly declared war also. The New Zealand Division of the Royal Navy became the Royal New Zealand Navy (RNZN) from [[1 October]] [[1941]], in recognition of the fact that the naval force was now largely self-sufficient and independent of the Royal Navy. Ships thereafter were prefixed HMNZS (His/Her Majesty's New Zealand Ship).
[[HMNZS Achilles (70)|HMS ''Achilles'']] participated in the first major naval battle of [[World War II]], the [[Battle of the River Plate]] off the [[Río de la Plata|River Plate estuary]] between [[Argentina]] and [[Uruguay]], in December 1939. ''Achilles'' and two other cruisers, [[HMS Ajax (22)|HMS ''Ajax'']] and [[HMS Exeter (68)|HMS ''Exeter'']], were in an operation that forced the crew of the German [[pocket battleship]] [[German pocket battleship Admiral Graf Spee|''Admiral Graf Spee'']] to scuttle her rather than face the loss of many more German seamen's lives. This decision apparently infuriated [[Adolf Hitler|Hitler]]. The ''Achilles'' moved to the Pacific, and was working with the US Navy when damaged by a Japanese bomb off [[New Georgia]]. Following repair she served alongside the British Pacific Fleet until the war's end.
[[HMNZS Leander|HMS ''Leander'']] escorted the [[New Zealand Expeditionary Force]] to the [[Middle East]] in 1940, and was then deployed in the [[Mediterranean Sea]], the [[Red Sea]], and the [[Indian Ocean]], where she was subjected to air and naval attack from [[Axis Powers|Axis]] forces, conducted bombardments and escorted convoys, and sank the Italian auxiliary cruiser ''[[Ramb I]]''. After serving in the Mediterranean she returned to the Pacific in 1943, assisting in the destruction of the [[Japanese cruiser Jintsu|Japanese cruiser ''Jintsu'']] and being seriously damaged by torpedoes during the [[Battle of Kolombangara]].
As the war progressed the size of the RNZN greatly increased, and by the end of the war there were over 60 ships in commission. These ships participated as part of the British and [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] effort against the [[Axis Powers|Axis]] in Europe, and against the [[Japan]]ese in the [[Pacific]]. They also played an important role in the defence of New Zealand, from German [[Merchant raider|raiders]], especially when the threat of invasion from Japan appeared imminent in 1942. Many merchant boats were requisitioned and armed for help in defence. One of these was [[HMNZS Monowai (F59)|HMNZS ''Monowai'']], which saw action against a Japanese [[submarine]] off [[Fiji]] in 1942. In 1941-1942, it was decided in an agreement between the New Zealand and [[United States]] government that the best role for the RNZN in the Pacific was as part of the [[United States Navy]], so operational control of the RNZN was transferred to the [[South West Pacific Area|South West Pacific Area command]], and its ships joined [[United States 7th Fleet]] taskforces.
In 1943 the [[light cruiser]] [[HMS Gambia (C48)|HMS ''Gambia'']] was transferred to the RNZN as HMNZS ''Gambia''. In November 1944, the [[British Pacific Fleet]], a joint British Commonwealth taskforce, was formed, based in [[Sydney, Australia]]. Most RNZN ships were transferred to the BPF, including ''Gambia'' and ''Achilles''. They took part in the [[Battle of Okinawa]] and operations in the [[Sakishima Islands]], near Japan. In August 1945 ''Gambia'' was New Zealand's representative at [[surrender of Japan|Japan's surrender]].
===Post-war===
RNZN ships participated in the [[Korean War]], [[Malayan Emergency]], [[Indonesia-Malaysia confrontation]] and the [[Vietnam War]]. In the past three decades, the RNZN has operated in the Middle East a number of times. RNZN ships played a role in the [[Iran-Iraq War]], aiding the Royal Navy in protecting neutral shipping in the [[Indian Ocean]]. Frigates were also sent to participate in the first [[Gulf War]], and more recently [[Operation Enduring Freedom|Operation ''Enduring Freedom'']]. The RNZN has played an important part in conflicts in the Pacific as well. Naval forces were utilised in the [[Bougainville Province|Bougainville]], [[Solomon Islands]] and [[East Timor]] conflicts of the 1990s. The RNZN often participates in [[United Nations]] [[peacekeeping]] operations.
[[Image:4 RNZN frigates in Wellington Harbour 1980.jpg|thumb|RNZN frigates [[HMNZS Canterbury (F-421)|HMNZS ''Canterbury'']], [[HMNZS Otago|''Otago'']], [[HMNZS Taranaki (F-148)|''Taranaki'']], & [[HMNZS Waikato (F-55)|''Waikato'']], on exercise in Wellington Harbour 1980.]]
The RNZN has played a much broader role than just conflict-related activities. Since 1946, it has policed New Zealand's [[territorial waters]] and [[Exclusive Economic Zone]] for fisheries protection. It also aids New Zealand's deployment in [[Antarctica]], at [[Scott Base]].
One of the best-known roles that the RNZN played on the world stage was when the frigates [[HMNZS Canterbury (F-421)|''Canterbury'']] and the [[HMNZS Otago|''Otago'']] were sent by the [[New Zealand Labour Party|Labour]] Government of [[Norman Kirk]] to [[Moruroa|Moruroa Atoll]] in 1973 to protest against [[France|French]] [[Nuclear weapon|nuclear]] testing there. The frigates were sent into the potential blast zone of the weapon, which forced France to postpone the tests.
[[Image:Naval Ensign of the United Kingdom.svg|80px|White Ensign|border]] [[Image:Naval Ensign of New Zealand.svg|80px|Royal New Zealand Navy Ensign|border]]
Until the 1960s, the RNZN had, in common with other Dominion navies, flown the [[White Ensign]] as a common ensign. Post-war, the foreign policies of these independent states had become more distinctive and there was a wish and a need for separate identities, particularly if one Dominion was engaged in hostilities where another was not. Thus, in 1968, the RNZN adopted its own ensign, which retains the [[Union Flag]] in a top quarter but replaces the [[St George's Cross]] with the pattern of stars displayed on the national flag.
==Modern navy==
===Current Fleet===
{{main article|Current Royal New Zealand Navy ships}}
The RNZN is currently in a transitional period where its role is being broadened into a navy that is more versatile than in the more recent past. It used to be combat orientated, based on the frigate, but a number of new ships are soon to be incorporated into the fleet that will give the RNZN a much broader platform to work from. These "Project Protector" ships are currently under construction with only the Multi-Role Vessel (MRV) in commission at this stage.
The categorisations of the ships used here are taken from the RNZN website.<ref>[http://www.navy.mil.nz/visit-the-fleet/overview/default.htm "RNZN - Overview of Ships"]. <U>RNZN Official website</U>. Accessed [[April 17]] [[2006]].</ref>
====Naval combat force====
[[Image:HMZMS Te Kaha.jpg|thumb|HMNZS ''Te Kaha'']]
[[Image:NZ MRV (NZDF).jpg|thumb|HMNZS ''Canterbury'', the new MRV commissioned in June 2007. This was the first ship completed in Project Protector.]]
<!-- Deleted image removed: [[Image:Otago.jpg|thumb|New RNZN OPV 2 will be delivered in 2007.|{{deletable image-caption|1=Saturday, 17 November 2007}}]] -->
<!-- Deleted image removed: [[Image:HMNZS Endeavour.jpg|thumb|HMNZS ''Endeavour'', fleet-replenishment vessel.|{{deletable image-caption|1=Saturday, 17 November 2007}}]] -->
The naval combat force currently consists of two [[ANZAC class frigate|''Anzac'' Class]] frigates: [[HMNZS Te Kaha (F77)|HMNZS ''Te Kaha'']] and [[HMNZS Te Mana (F111)|HMNZS ''Te Mana'']]. Both ships are based at the [[Devonport Naval Base]] on [[Auckland]]'s [[North Shore, New Zealand|North Shore]]. ''Te Kaha'' was commissioned on [[26 July]] [[1997]] and ''Te Mana'' on [[10 December]] [[1999]].
The specifications and armaments of the two ships are identical.<ref>[http://www.navy.mil.nz/visit-the-fleet/te-kaha/default.htm "RNZN - ''Te Kaha''"]. <U>RNZN Official Website</U>. Accessed April 17, 2006.</ref><ref>[http://www.navy.mil.nz/visit-the-fleet/te-mana/default.htm "RNZN - ''Te Mana''"]. <U>RNZN Official Website</U>. Accessed [[17 April]] [[2006]].</ref>
====Logistics support force====
[[HMNZS Endeavour|HMNZS ''Endeavour'']] is the fleet tanker. She provides fuel and other supplies for the frigates when they are on international operations, and for allied ships should this be required. ''Endeavour'' takes her name from the Royal Navy ship that carried James Cook to New Zealand on his first voyage, in 1769. Her home port is the city of [[New Plymouth]]. [[HMNZS Canterbury (L421)|HMNZS ''Canterbury'']], the RNZN's new Multi-Role Vessel entered service in June 2007.<ref>[http://www.navy.mil.nz/visit-the-fleet/endeavour/default.htm "RNZN - ''Endeavour''"]. <U>RNZN Official Website</U>. Accessed [[17 April]] [[2006]].</ref>
====Hydrographic force====
The hydrographic survey ship of the RNZN is [[HMNZS Resolution|HMNZS ''Resolution'']]. ''Resolution'' is used to survey and chart the sea around New Zealand and the Pacific Islands. She was formerly the [[United States Navy]] USNS ''Tenacious'', used to tow [[Sonar|sonar arrays]] to detect enemy [[submarine]]s. A small motor boat, ''Adventure'', is operated from ''Resolution''. Her home port is the city of Gisborne. ''Resolution'' carries some of the most advanced survey technology available.<ref>[http://www.navy.mil.nz/visit-the-fleet/resolution/default.htm "RNZN - HMNZS ''Resolution''"]. <U>RNZN Official Website</U>. Accessed [[17 April]] [[2006]].</ref>
====Diving support====
Dive Support capability is provided by [[HMNZS Manawanui (A09)|HMNZS ''Manawanui'']]. ''Manawanui'' is provided for the use of the [[ODT (RNZN)|Operational Dive Team (ODT)]], which is trained for deep sea diving, underwater demolition and explosives disposal. ''Manawanui'' is a highly specialised Dive Support Vessel.<ref>[http://www.navy.mil.nz/visit-the-fleet/manawanui/default.htm "RNZN - ''Manawanui''"]. <U>RNZN Official Website</U>. Accessed [[17 April]] [[2006]].</ref>
====Inshore patrol craft====
The RNZN has one [[Moa class patrol boat|''Moa'' class patrol boat]], [[HMNZS Kahu (A 04)|HMNZS ''Kahu'' (A 04)]]<ref>[http://www.navy.mil.nz/visit-the-fleet/inshore-patrol-craft/kahu/default.htm Rnzn - Kahu<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>, which is used for Training and Mine counter measures. Four other craft were decommissioned in 2007.
====Aircraft====
{{main article|No. 6 Squadron RNZAF}}
The RNZN operates five [[SH-2 Seasprite|Kaman SH-2G Seasprite]] helicopters for use on the two frigates, and for future use on the new multi-role vessel and two offshore patrol craft that will be incorporated into the fleet in 2007 and 2008. These five aircraft are part of [[No. 6 Squadron RNZAF|No. 6 Squadron]] of the RNZAF. The squadron is based at [[RNZAF Base Auckland|Whenuapai Air Base]] in Auckland, and helicopters are assigned to the ships as they are sent on deployments across the globe. The roles of the helicopters include:
* surface warfare missions and surveillance operations
* under water warfare
* helicopter delivery services/logistics
* search and rescue
* medical evacuation
* training
* assistance to other [[New Zealand Government|Government]] agencies<ref>[http://www.airforce.mil.nz/about-us/squadrons/6-squadron/default.htm "RNZAF - 6 Squadron"]. <U>RNZAF Official Website</U>. Accessed [[17 April]] [[2006]].</ref>
=== Role ===
====As part of the New Zealand Defence Force====
{{see also|New Zealand Defence Force}}
In its Statement of Intent, the NZDF states its primary mission as:
:''to secure New Zealand from external threat, to protect our sovereign interests, including in the [[Exclusive Economic Zone]] (EEZ) and to be able to take action to meet likely contingencies in our strategic area of interest.''<ref>[http://www.nzdf.mil.nz/nr/rdonlyres/e0170242-9fc5-40c3-b0a9-d89218a51665/0/nzdfsoi2005.pdf "NZDF Statement of Intent"]. <U>NZDF Official Website</U>. Accessed [[28 April]] [[2006]].</ref>
The intermediate outcomes of the NZDF are listed as:
# Secure New Zealand, including its people, land, [[territorial waters]], exclusive economic zone, natural resources and critical infrastructure.
# Reduced risks to New Zealand from regional and global insecurity.
# New Zealand values and interests advanced through participation in regional and international security systems.
# New Zealand is able to meet future national security challenges.<ref>[http://www.nzdf.mil.nz/at-a-glance/outcomes-and-objectives.htm "NZDF Outcomes and Objectives"]. <U>NZDF Official Website</U>. Accessed [[28 April]] [[2006]].</ref>
The role of the navy is to fulfil the maritime elements of the missions of the NZDF.
====International participation ====
The RNZN has a role to help prevent any unrest occurring in New Zealand. This can be done by having a presence in overseas waters and assisting redevelopment in troubled countries. For example, any unrest in the [[Pacific Islands]] has the potential to spill over into New Zealand because of the large Pacific Island population. If the RNZN can help stabilise the situation in the islands, it will make New Zealand a safer place. The navy has participated in peace-keeping and peace-making in
[[East Timor]], [[Bougainville Province|Bougainville]] and the [[Solomon Islands]].
====Civilian roles====
The 2002 Maritime Forces Review identified a number of roles that other government agencies required the RNZN to undertake. Approximately 1,400 days at sea are required to fulfil these roles annually.
Roles include patrolling the [[Exclusive Economic Zone]], transport to offshore islands, and support for the [[New Zealand Customs Service]].
The RNZN produces hydrographic information for [[Land Information New Zealand]] under a commercial contract arrangement.
===Current deployments===
Since 2001, both ANZAC frigates have participated in the [[United States]]' [[Operation Enduring Freedom|Operation ''Enduring Freedom'']] in the [[Persian Gulf]] and have conducted maritime patrol operations in support of American and allied efforts in [[Afghanistan]].
On [[21 June]] [[2006]] Te Mana was in [[South East Asia]], and Te Kaha was in New Zealand waters, to be deployed to South East Asia in the second half of 2006.
===Current personnel===
As at [[1 July]] [[2007]] the RNZN had a total of 2,034 Regular Force personnel, 237 Naval Reserve personnel and 378 civilian employees, totalling 2,699.<ref>[http://www.nzdf.mil.nz/downloads/pdf/public-docs/2007/nzdf-annual-report-2007.pdf NZDF Annual Report 2006-2007], Page 40. Accessed 2008-03-10.</ref> Around 1800 of that total are based at the Devonport Naval base in Auckland.<ref>''Ibid''., Page 22.</ref>
====Reserves====
The primary reserve component of the RNZN is the [[Royal New Zealand Naval Volunteer Reserve]] (RNZNVR), which is organised into four units based in Auckland (with a satellite unit at Tauranga), Wellington, Christchurch, and Dunedin:
* HMNZS ''Ngapona'': Naval Reserve, Auckland [http://www.navy.mil.nz/naval-reserve/how-reserve-organised/ngapona/default.htm]
* HMNZS ''Olphert'': Naval Reserve, Wellington [http://www.navy.mil.nz/naval-reserve/how-reserve-organised/olphert/default.htm]
* HMNZS ''Pegasus'': Naval Reserve, Christchurch [http://www.navy.mil.nz/naval-reserve/how-reserve-organised/pegasus/default.htm]
* HMNZS ''Toroa'': Naval Reserve, Dunedin [http://www.navy.mil.nz/naval-reserve/how-reserve-organised/toroa/default.htm]
At present civilians can join the RNZNVR in one of three branches: Administration, Sea Service (for service on IPVs), and Maritime Trade Organisation (formerly Naval Control of Shipping). In addition ex regular force personnel can now join the RNZNVR in their former branch, and depending on time out of the service, rank. The need to attend compulsory training one night a week has recently been removed. As of [[1 July]] [[2007]] there were 237 reserve personnel.
===Training===
The Royal New Zealand Navy particpates in many training missions in New Zealand and abroad.
===Finance===
'''Routine funding'''
The RNZN is funded through a "vote" of the [[New Zealand Parliament]]. The New Zealand Defence Force funds personnel, operating and finance costs. Funding is then allocated to specific "Output Classes", which are aligned to policy objectives.
Funding allocation in each Output Class includes consumables, personnel, depreciation and a 'Capital Charge'. The Capital Charge is a budgetary mechanism to reflect the cost of Crown capital and averages approximately 10% of the value of the asset it is charged against.
'''Large Projects'''
The [[Ministry of Defence (New Zealand)]] is responsible for the acquisition of significant items of military equipment needed to meet New Zealand Defence Force capability requirements. Funding for the Ministry of Defence is appropriated separately.
===Onshore establishments===
====The Royal New Zealand Naval Museum====
The Museum, adjacent to HMNZS Philomel, the RNZN Naval Base in Devonport (Auckland), contains important collections of naval artefacts, and extensive records. Supporters may join the '''Friends of the Royal New Zealand Naval Museum''' [http://www.navymuseum.mil.nz/]
====Naval Communications Facility ''Irirangi''====
[[HMNZS Irirangi]] was a Naval Communication Station at [[Waiouru]]
==Future fleet==
[[Image:Some Of New Zealand Navy's Newest.jpg|thumb|right|Two of the fleet's newest vessels, the ''Te Kaha'' frigate and the ''Canterbury'' multi-role vessel.]]
{{main|Royal New Zealand Navy Future Plans}}
The shape of the future fleet was detailed by a New Zealand Government report, the ''2002 Maritime Forces Review''. The review determined that the current fleet structure was inadequate to support ongoing patrol and response requirements within New Zealand's Exclusive Economic Zone. Project Protector was commissioned to address some of these shortcomings.
Future fleet (projected for 2008):
* 2 x ANZAC Frigates
* 1 x Multi-role vessel
* 2 x Offshore Patrol vessels
* 4 x Inshore Patrol vessels
* 1 x Replenishing ship
* 1 x Dive Support vessel
* 1 x Hydrographic Survey vessel
===Project Protector===
The Ministry of Defence acquisition project to acquire one multi-role vessel, two offshore and four inshore patrol vessels, to be operated by the RNZN to conduct tasks for and with New Zealand Customs, the Department of Conservation, Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Ministry of Fisheries, Maritime New Zealand & the New Zealand Police.
==See also==
* [[History of New Zealand]]
* [[Military History of New Zealand]]
* [[New Zealand military ranks]]
* [[New Zealand Sea Cadet Corps]]
==References==
====Notes====
{{Reflist}}
====Further reading====
* Rear-Admiral Jack Welch, "New Zealand's navy seeks 'credible minimum,'" International Defence Review 9/1995, Vol. 28 No. 9, pages 75-77
==External links==
* [http://www.navy.mil.nz/ Royal New Zealand Navy homepage]
* [http://www.nzdf.mil.nz/ The New Zealand Defence Force Website]
* [http://www.rnzna.org.nz/ Royal New Zealand Naval Association website]
* [http://www.nzetc.org/tm/scholarly/tei-WH2Navy.html ''The Royal New Zealand Navy'' in WWII, Official History (online), by S D Waters]
* [http://www.nzetc.org/tm/scholarly/tei-WH2Navy-a1.html#n522 The First New Zealand Navy in the Maori Wars (Appendix to WWII History above)]
{{NZ Military}}
[[Category:Royal New Zealand Navy]]
[[Category:Military history of New Zealand]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1941]]
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