Rudy Giuliani
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<!-- [[Order of the British Empire| KBE]] Per [[MoS:BIO#Postnominal initials]], "Postnominal letters should be included when they are issued by a country or organization the subject has been closely associated with. Honors issued by other entities may be mentioned in the article, but generally should be omitted from the lead." -->{{Infobox Mayor
| name = Rudolph W. Giuliani
| image = Rudy Giuliani.jpg
| caption =
| office = 107<sup>th</sup> [[Mayors of New York City|Mayor of New York City]]
| term_start = [[January 1]], [[1994]]
| term_end = [[December 31]], [[2001]]
| predecessor = [[David N. Dinkins]]
| successor = [[Michael R. Bloomberg]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1944|05|28}}
| birth_place = [[Brooklyn, New York|Brooklyn]], [[New York]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| nationality =
| party = [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]
| spouse = [[Regina Peruggi]] (m. 1968, div. 1982)<br />[[Donna Hanover]] (m. 1984, div. 2002)<br />[[Judith Nathan]] (m. 2003)
| relations =
| children =
| residence =
| alma_mater = [[Manhattan College]]<br />[[New York University Law School]]
| occupation =
| profession = [[Lawyer]], [[Politician]]
| religion = [[Roman Catholic]]
| signature =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}{{GiulianiTop}}{{RudyGiulianiSegmentsUnderInfoBox}}'''Rudolph William Louis "Rudy" Giuliani''' [[KBE]] ({{pronEng|ˈruːdi ˌdʒuːliːˈɑːni}};<ref>See [http://inogolo.com/pronunciation/d1444/Rudy_Giuliani inogolo: pronunciation of Rudy Giuliani].</ref> born [[May 28]], [[1944]]) is an [[United States of America|American]] [[lawyer]], [[businessman]], and [[politician]] from the [[U.S. state|state]] of [[New York]] who was [[Mayor of New York City]] from 1994 to 2001.
A [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrat]] and [[Independent (politician)|Independent]] in the 1970s, and a [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] from the 1980s to the present, Giuliani served in the [[United States District Court for the Southern District of New York|United States Attorney's Office for the Southern District of New York]], eventually becoming [[United States Attorney|U.S. Attorney]]. He prosecuted a number of high-profile cases, including ones against [[organized crime]] and [[Wall Street]] [[financier]]s.
Giuliani served two terms as Mayor of New York City, and was credited with initiating improvements in the city's quality of life and with a reduction in crime. He ran for the [[United States Senate]] in 2000 but withdrew due to being diagnosed with [[prostate cancer]] and to revelations about his personal life. Giuliani gained international attention during and after the [[September 11, 2001 attacks]] on the [[World Trade Center]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.economist.com/books/displaystory.cfm?story_id=4221390|title=Rudolph Giuliani — America's Mayor: Review of ''The Prince of the City: Giuliani, New York and the Genius of American Life'' By Fred Siegel |publisher=''The Economist'' | date=2005-07-28|accessdate=2006-11-15}} [subscription site]</ref> In 2001, [[Time (magazine)|''Time'']] magazine named him "[[Person of the Year]]"<ref name="POY2001">{{cite news | url=http://www.time.com/time/poy2001/poyprofile.html | title=Mayor of the world | author=Eric Pooley | publisher=Time magazine | date=2001-12-31 |accessdate=2007-10-05}}</ref> and he received an [[Orders, decorations, and medals of the United Kingdom|honorary knighthood]] from [[Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom|Queen Elizabeth II]] in 2002.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/europe/02/13/knighthoods/|title=Giuliani joins a distinguished club|publisher=CNN.com|work=Renolds, Dylan CNN.com WORLD| date=2002-02-13|accessdate=2007-11-06}}</ref>
After leaving office as mayor, Giuliani founded [[Giuliani Partners]], a security consulting business; acquired Giuliani Capital Advisors (later sold), an [[investment banking]] firm; and joined the [[Bracewell & Giuliani]] [[law firm]], which changed its name when he became a partner. Giuliani ran for the Republican Party nomination in the [[United States presidential election, 2008|2008 United States presidential election]]. After leading in national polls for much of 2007, his candidacy faltered late in that year and he did poorly in the early caucuses and primaries in 2008. After finishing in 3rd place in the [[Florida Republican primary, 2008|Florida primary]], he withdrew from the race on [[January 30]], [[2008]] and endorsed [[John McCain]].
==Early life and education==
Rudolph Giuliani was born in the [[New York City]] borough of [[Brooklyn, New York|Brooklyn]], the only child of [[working-class]] parents Harold Angelo Giuliani, and Helen C. D'Avanzo, both children of [[Italian people|Italian]] [[Immigration to the United States|immigrants]].<ref name="usa020707">{{cite news| first = Danielle| last = Burton| title = 10 Things You Didn't Know About Rudy Giuliani| url = http://www.usnews.com/usnews/news/articles/070207/7giulianifacts.htm| publisher = U.S. News| date = [[2007-02-07]]| accessdate = 2007-06-21}}</ref> The family was [[Roman Catholic]] and its extended members included police officers and firefighters. Harold Giuliani had trouble holding a job and had been convicted of [[felony]] [[assault]] and [[robbery]] and served time in [[Sing Sing]];<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.mondaymemo.net/020218feature.htm|title = Rudy Giuliani: The Long View of Leadership |accessdate = 2007-10-26 |last = Bock|first = Wally |date = |year = |month = |work = |publisher =Wally Bock's Monday Memo}}</ref> after his release he served as a [[Mafia]] [[enforcer]] for his brother-in-law Leo D'Avanzo, who ran an [[organized crime]] operation involved in [[loan shark]]ing and [[gambling]] at a restaurant in Brooklyn.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.villagevoice.com/news/0027,barrett,16192,1.html|title = Thug Life: The Shocking Secret History of Harold Giuliani, the Mayor’s Ex-Convict Dad|accessdate = 2007-04-06|last = Barrett|first = Wayne |authorlink = Wayne Barrett|year = 2000|month = July|publisher = [[The Village Voice]]}}</ref>
In 1951, when Rudy Giuliani was seven, his family moved from Brooklyn to [[Garden City South, New York|Garden City South]] on [[Long Island]]. There he attended a local [[Catholic school]], St. Anne's.<ref name="America'sMayor">{{cite web|url = http://www.cigaraficionado.com/Cigar/CA_Profiles/People_Profile/0,2540,162,00.html|title = Rudy Giuliani: America's Mayor|accessdate = 2007-10-26|last = Mott |first = Gordon |publisher=Cigar Aficionado Online}}</ref> Later, he commuted back to Brooklyn to attend [[Bishop Loughlin Memorial High School]], graduating in 1961 with an 85 percent average.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.villagevoice.com/news/0028,barrett,16371,1.html|title =A Readers' Guide to the Good Stuff From Rudy!|accessdate = 2007-10-26|last = Barrett|first = Wayne|authorlink = |year =2000 |month = July|work = |publisher =The Village Voice}}</ref>
Giuliani went on to [[Manhattan College]] in [[Riverdale, Bronx]], where he majored in [[political science]] with a minor in [[philosophy]].<ref name="Raceforcityhall">{{Citation| last=Bearak| first=Barry |last2=Fisher| first=Ian| publication-date=1997-10-19| title=A Mercurial Mayor's Confident Journey| periodical=New York Times| pages=| url= http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9402E4D61E3FF93AA25753C1A961958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all
|accessdate=2007-06-10}}</ref> There he considered becoming a [[Holy Orders|priest]].<ref name="Raceforcityhall"/> Giuliani has stated that this was due in part to having studied [[theology]] for four years in college,<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/08/us/politics/08repubs.html?_r=3&adxnnl=1&oref=slogin&ref=politics&adxnnlx=1197666210-yZWYeUYaefolrbs5pUz/DA In a Surprise, Pat Robertson Backs Giuliani] NY Times, November 8, 2007</ref> though nine credits (three semesters) of religious studies courses is the minimum graduation requirement at [[Manhattan College]],<ref>[http://www.manhattan.edu/academics/arts/gen/index.shtml General Studies Program - School of Arts - Manhattan College<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> which is affiliated with the [[Roman Catholic]] church.
He was elected president of his class in his sophomore year, but was not re-elected in his junior year.<ref name="Raceforcityhall"/> He joined the Phi Rho Pi [[Fraternities and sororities|fraternity]], and was active in shaping its direction.<ref name="Raceforcityhall"/> He graduated in 1965.
Giuliani eventually decided to forego the priesthood,<ref name="Raceforcityhall"/> instead attending [[New York University School of Law]] in [[Manhattan]], where he made [[NYU Law Review|law review]]<ref name="Raceforcityhall"/> and graduated ''[[Latin honors|cum laude]]'' with a [[Juris Doctor]] in 1968.<ref name="bio">{{cite web|url= http://www.nyc.gov/html/records/rwg/html/bio.html| title = A BIOGRAPHY OF MAYOR RUDOLPH W. GIULIANI|accessdate = 2006-11-18 |date = |year = |month = |publisher = NYC.gov |pages =}}</ref>
Giuliani started his political life as a [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrat]]. He has said that he admired the [[Kennedy family]],<ref name="usa020707"/> and volunteered for [[Robert F. Kennedy]]'s presidential campaign in 1968. He also worked as a Democratic party committeeman on Long Island in the mid-1960s,<ref>[http://www.democrats.org/a/2006/11/dnc_statement_o_9.php The Democratic Party | DNC Statement on Giuliani's Potential Presidential Bid<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref name="nationrudy"/> and voted for [[George McGovern]] for president in 1972.<ref>[http://www.salon.com/opinion/feature/2007/03/13/swiftboat_rudy/ What an anti-Giuliani ad should say | Salon<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
==Legal career==
Upon graduation, Giuliani [[law clerk|clerked]] for Judge Lloyd MacMahon, United States District Judge for the Southern District of New York.<ref>{{cite book|author=Giuliani, Rudy|year=2002| title=Leadership|publisher=Hyperion| id=ISBN 0-78-6868-414}}</ref>
Giuliani did not serve in the military during the [[Vietnam War]]. He received a [[Conscription in the United States|student deferment]] while at Manhattan College and another while at NYU Law. Upon graduation from NYU Law in 1968, he was [[Selective Service System|classified]] as 1-A, available for military service. He applied for a deferment but was rejected. In 1969, MacMahon wrote a letter to Giuliani's draft board, asking that he be reclassified as 2-A, civilian occupation deferment, because Giuliani, who was a law clerk for MacMahon, was an essential employee. The deferment was granted. In 1970, Giuliani received a high draft lottery number; he was not called up for service although by then he had been reclassified 1-A.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.thesmokinggun.com/archive/years/2007/0212072giuliani18.html | title=Rudolf W. Giuliani Vulnerability Study | publisher=smokinggun.com |date=1993-04-08 |accessdate=2007-02-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Sunshine Patriots |url=http://www.villagevoice.com/news/0434,robbins,56166,1.html| publisher=Village Voice | date=2004-08-24 | accessdate=2007-02-07}}</ref>
In 1970, Giuliani joined the [[United States District Court for the Southern District of New York|United States Attorney's Office for the Southern District of New York]].<ref>[http://www.worldnetdaily.com/news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=58733 Is Giuliani a dime-store Dewey?] WorldNetDaily, November 17, 2007</ref>
In 1973, he was named Chief of the Narcotics Unit and was eventually appointed [[United States Attorney]]. In 1975, Giuliani switched his party registration from Democratic to Independent<ref name="nationrudy"/> as he was recruited to [[Washington, D.C.]] during the [[Ford administration]], where he was named Associate Deputy Attorney General and [[Chief of staff (politics)|chief of staff]] to [[United States Deputy Attorney General|Deputy Attorney General]] Harold "Ace" Tyler.<ref name="nationrudy">Jack Newfield, [http://www.thenation.com/doc/20020617/newfield/4 "The Full Rudy: The Man, the Mayor, the Myth"], [[The Nation]], May 30, 2002. Accessed June 2, 2007.</ref> His first high-profile prosecution was of [[United States House of Representatives|U.S. Representative]] [[Bertram L. Podell]] ([[New York's 13th congressional district|NY-13]]), who was convicted of corruption. {{Fact|date=December 2007}}
From 1977 to 1981, during the [[Carter Administration]], Giuliani practiced law at the Patterson, Belknap, Webb and Tyler [[law firm]], as chief of staff to his previous DC boss, Ace Tyler. Tyler later became critical of Giuliani's turn as a prosecutor, calling his tactics "overkill".<ref name="nationrudy"/>
On [[December 8]], [[1980]], one month after [[United States presidential election, 1980|the election of Ronald Reagan]] brought Republicans back to power in Washington, he switched his party affiliation from Independent to Republican.<ref name="nationrudy"/> Giuliani later said the switches were because he found Democratic policies "naïve", and that "by the time I moved to Washington, the Republicans had come to make more sense to me."<ref name="usa020707"/> Others suggested that the switches were made in order to get positions in the Justice Department.<ref name="nationrudy"/> Giuliani's mother maintained in 1988 that, "He only became a Republican after he began to get all these jobs from them. He's definitely not a conservative Republican. He thinks he is, but he isn't. He still feels very sorry for the poor."<ref name="nationrudy"/>
In 1981, Giuliani was named [[United States Associate Attorney General|Associate Attorney General]] in the [[Reagan administration]],<ref>[http://article.nationalreview.com/print/?q=M2NlNmM5MjRhMDYwMDdiMjM5NDFlYzYzNmYxNTg1ZWY= Doing Rudy Justice] National Review, November 7, 2007</ref> the third-highest position in the [[United States Department of Justice|Department of Justice]]. As Associate Attorney General, Giuliani supervised the U.S. Attorney Offices' federal law enforcement agencies, the [[Department of Corrections]], the [[Drug Enforcement Administration]], and the [[United States Marshals Service]].
In a well-publicized 1982 case, Giuliani testified in defense of the [[Federal government of the United States|federal government's]] "detention posture" regarding the internment of over 2,000 [[Haiti]]an [[asylum seeker]]s who had entered the country illegally. The U.S. government disputed the assertion that most of the detainees had fled their country due to political persecution, alleging instead that they were "economic migrants." In defense of the government's position, Giuliani stated at one point that [[political repression]] under [[President of Haiti|President]] [[Jean-Claude Duvalier]] (the infamous "Baby Doc") no longer existed.<ref>[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9400E7D61539F930A35757C0A964948260 Around the World; U.S. Official Finds No Repression in Haiti - New York Times<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> After meeting personally with Duvalier, Giuliani testified that "political repression, at least in general, does not exist" in Haiti under Duvalier's regime.<ref name="Raceforcityhall"/>
In 1983, Giuliani was appointed [[United States District Court for the Southern District of New York|U.S. Attorney for the Southern District of New York]]. It was in this position that he first gained national prominence by prosecuting numerous high-profile cases, resulting in the convictions of [[Wall Street]] figures [[Ivan Boesky]] and [[Michael Milken]] for [[insider trading]]. He also focused on prosecuting drug dealers, [[organized crime]], and corruption in government.<ref>[http://www.nyc.gov/html/records/rwg/html/bio.html A Biography of Mayor Rudy Giuliani] NYC.gov</ref> He amassed a record of 4,152 convictions and 25 reversals. As a federal prosecutor, Giuliani was credited with bringing the "[[perp walk]]," parading of suspects in front of the previously alerted media, into common use as a prosecutorial tool.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.law.com/jsp/ihc/PubArticleIHC.jsp?id=1142862090121 | title = How to Avoid Letting a 'Perp Walk' Turn Into a Parade | author =William Mitchelson Jr. | work = National Law Journal | date= 2006-03-21 | accessdate = 2007-06-01}}</ref> After Giuliani "patented the perp walk", the tool was used by increasing numbers of prosecutors nationwide.<ref>{{cite web|title=Breaking Down the “Perp Walk”|url=http://blogs.wsj.com/law/2006/03/22/breaking-down-the-perp-walk/ | publisher=Wall Street Journal | 2006-03-22 | accessdate=2007-06-01}}</ref>
Critics of Giuliani claim he arranged public arrests of people, then dropped charges for lack of evidence on high-profile cases rather than going to trial. In a few cases, his public arrests of alleged white-collar criminals at their workplaces, with charges later dropped or lessened, irreparably damaged their reputations.<ref>{{cite web | title=No more ‘perp walks’ | url=http://www.stroock.com/SiteFiles/Pub123.pdf | publisher=National Law Journal | date=2002-08-05 | accessdate=2007-06-01|format=PDF}}</ref> He claimed that veteran stock trader Richard Wigton, of [[Kidder, Peabody & Co.]] was guilty of [[insider trading]]; in February 1987 he had officers handcuff Wigton and march him through the company's trading floor, with Wigton in tears. Giuliani had his agents arrest Tim Tabor, a young arbitrageur and former colleague of Wigton, so late that he had to stay overnight in jail before posting bond.<ref>Peter J. Boyer, "Mayberry Man," "The New Yorker, August 20, 2007, p. 49</ref><ref name = "Collins-cnr02">Heidi Collins, Allan Chernoff, Crystal McCrary Anthony, http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0705/23/cnr.02.html</ref><ref>"Rudy Giuliani:America's Mayor or America's Fraud" http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TfCnMKycHaY&mode=related&search=</ref> However, in three months, charges were dropped against both Wigton and Tabor; Giuliani said, "We're not going to go to trial. We're just the tip of the iceberg," but no further charges were forthcoming and the investigation did not end until Giuliani's successor was in place.<ref name = "Collins-cnr02"/>
Giuliani's high-profile raid of the Princeton/Newport firm ended with the defendants having their cases overturned on appeal on the grounds that what they had been convicted of were not crimes.<ref>{{Citation| last=Nocera| first=Joseph| publication-date=1995-08-06| title=Junk Bondage| periodical= New York Times| pages=| url= http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=990CE0D81130F935A3575BC0A963958260&n=Top%2FNews%2FBusiness%2FColumns%2FJoseph%20Nocera
|accessdate=2007-06-08}}</ref>
=== Mafia Commission trial ===
In the [[Mafia Commission Trial]] ([[February 25]], [[1985]]–[[November 19]], [[1986]]), Giuliani indicted eleven [[organized crime]] figures, including the heads of New York's so-called "[[Five Families]]", under the [[RICO|RICO Act]] on charges including extortion, labor racketeering, and murder for hire. ''Time'' magazine called this "Case of Cases" possibly "the most significant assault on the infrastructure of organized crime since the high command of the Chicago Mafia was swept away in 1943", and quoted Giuliani's stated intention: "Our approach...is to wipe out the five families."<ref name="passionate">{{cite web|url= http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1101860210-143096,00.html |title=The Passionate Prosecutor|accessdate=2006-11-15| last=Stengel| first=Richard|date =[[2001-06-24]]|publisher =Time Magazine online}}</ref> Eight defendants were found guilty on all counts and subsequently sentenced on [[January 13]], [[1987]] to hundreds of years of prison time.
=== Boesky, Milken trials ===
[[Ivan Boesky]] was a [[Wall Street]] arbitrageur who had amassed a fortune of about US $200 million by betting on corporate takeovers. He was investigated by the [[U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission]] for making investments based on tips received from corporate insiders. These stock acquisitions were sometimes brazen, with massive purchases occurring only a few days before a corporation announced a takeover.
Although insider trading of this kind was illegal, laws prohibiting it were rarely enforced until Boesky was prosecuted. Boesky cooperated with the SEC and informed on several of his insiders, including junk bond trader [[Michael Milken]]:<blockquote>"Boesky admitted to numerous offenses and then turned state's evidence, primarily against Milken. He received a 3 1/2 year prison sentence and $100 million fine after admitting to the charges and reached a plea bargain with Rudy Giuliani...[who would] draw criticism because Ivan was allowed to unload his holdings before his indictment was officially announced, realizing profits from it before being convicted. Others considered the sentence and fine as being too light. But Giuliani and company was [''sic''] after a much bigger fish, namely Milken."<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.buyandhold.com/bh/en/education/history/2000/boesky.html |title="Ivan Boesky"|accessdate= 2006-11-15 |last = Trumbore|first =Brian|publisher = BUYandHOLD}}</ref></blockquote>
In 1989, Giuliani charged Milken under the [[Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act|RICO Act]] with 98 counts of [[racketeering]] and [[fraud]]. In a highly-publicized case, Milken was [[indicted]] by a federal [[grand jury]], and after a [[plea bargain]], pled guilty to six lesser securities and reporting violations. He paid a total of $900 million in fines and settlements relating primarily to civil lawsuits and was banned for life from the securities industry.
== Mayoral campaigns, 1989, 1993, 1997 ==
Giuliani was U.S. Attorney until [[January 1989]], resigning as the [[Reagan administration]] ended. He garnered criticism until he left office for his handling of cases, and was accused of prosecuting cases to further his political ambitions.<ref name="Raceforcityhall" /> He joined the law firm White & Case in New York City as a partner. He remained with White & Case until [[May 1990]], when he joined the law firm Anderson Kill Olick & Oshinsky, also in New York City.<ref>[http://www.bracewellgiuliani.com/index.cfm/fa/lawyer.profile/attorney/f4d1303d-9dce-43d1-b132-1f858ee82613/Rudolph_W_Giuliani.cfm Rudolph W. Giuliani] Bracewell & Giuliani</ref>
===1989 campaign and defeat===
Giuliani first ran for [[Election results for mayor of New York|New York City Mayor]] in 1989, attempting to unseat three-term incumbent [[Ed Koch]]. He won the [[September 1989]] Republican Party [[primary election]] against business magnate [[Ronald Lauder]], in a campaign marked by claims that Giuliani was not a true Republican and by an acrimonious debate.<ref name="nyt050307">Katharine Q. Seeley, [http://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/03/us/politics/03giuliani.html " In G.O.P. Debate Today, Which Tack for Giuliani?"], ''[[The New York Times]]'', May 3, 2007. Accessed March 31, 2008.</ref> In the Democratic primary, Koch was upset by Manhattan Borough President [[David Dinkins]].
In the [[general election]], Giuliani ran as the [[electoral fusion|fusion]] candidate of both the Republican and [[Liberal Party of New York|Liberal]] Parties. The [[Conservative Party of New York|Conservative Party]], which had often co-lined the Republican party candidate, withheld support from Giuliani and ran Lauder instead.<ref>Frank Lynn, [http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=950DE4DC153AF932A15754C0A96F948260 "Giuliani Files 2 Challenges To Take Lauder off Ballot"], ''[[The New York Times]]'', July 21, 1989. Accessed March 30, 2007.</ref> Conservative Party leaders were unhappy with Giuliani on ideological grounds. They cited the Liberal Party's endorsement statement that Giuliani "agreed with the Liberal Party's views on [[affirmative action]], [[gay rights]], [[gun control]], [[school prayer]] and tuition [[tax credit]]s."<ref>"Election 2008: Giuliani Quotes Disturb N.Y. Conservative," "National Federation of Republican Assemblies," http://www.gopwing.com/articles.aspx?article=760</ref>
During two televised debates, Giuliani framed himself as an agent of change, saying that "I'm the reformer,"<ref name="nyt110589">Sam Roberts, [http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=950DE1DC113BF936A35752C1A96F948260 " IN THEIR FIRST DEBATE, DINKINS AND GIULIANI GO AT IT, GENTLY"], ''[[The New York Times]]'', November 5, 2007. Accessed June 24, 2007.</ref> that "If we keep going merrily along, this city's going down," and that electing Dinkins would represent "more of the same, more of the rotten politics that have been dragging us down."<ref name="nyt050307"/> Giuliani also accused Dinkins of not having paid his taxes for many years and of several other ethical missteps, in particular a stock transfer to his son.<ref name="nyt110589"/> Dinkins said the tax matter had been fully paid off, denied other wrongdoing, and said that "what we need is a mayor, not a prosecutor," and that Giuliani refused to say "the R-word - he doesn't like to admit he's a Republican."<ref name="nyt110589"/> Dinkins won the endorsements of three of the four daily New York newspapers, while Giuliani won approval from the ''[[New York Post]]''.<ref>[http://www.blackpressusa.com/history/archive_essay.asp?NewsID=1538&Week=45 David Dinkins Elected First Black Mayor of New York] AfroTimes, November 11, 1989</ref>
In the end, Giuliani lost to Dinkins by [[Election results for mayor of New York|47,080 votes]] out of 1,899,845 votes cast, in the closest election in city history.<ref name="bio"/>
===1993 campaign and election===
In 1993, Giuliani again ran for mayor. Once again, Giuliani also ran on the Liberal Party line but not the Conservative Party line, which ran activist George Marlin.<ref name="nysun032107">[http://www.latestpolitics.com/article/17 "Q&A: George Marlin"], ''[[The New York Sun]]'', March 21, 2007. Accessed June 24, 2007.</ref> The principal issues of the election of 1993 were crime and taxes. Giuliani also declared that expansion of the city's budget was going unchecked, and that incumbent David Dinkins was incompetent.
In addition, the city was suffering from a spike in [[unemployment]] associated with the nationwide [[recession]], with local unemployment rates going from 6.7 percent in 1989 to 11.1 percent in 1992.<ref>New York State Department of Labor statistics, {{cite web|url=http://www.labor.state.ny.us/workforceindustrydata/apps.asp?reg=nys&app=laus|title=Workforce industry data.|accessdate=2006-11-18}}</ref> There was also a public perception that crime was increasing, although in fact the crime rate in most categories had decreased during the Dinkins administration; for example, the per capita murder rate had peaked and then begun to decline under Dinkins, and [[rape]]s decreased in each year of his term.<ref>[http://samoa.istat.it/Eventi/sicurezza/relazioni/Langan_rel.pdf New York City Crime Rate]</ref>
Giuliani promised to focus the police department on shutting down petty crimes and nuisances as a way of restoring the quality of life: "It's the street tax paid to drunk and drug-ridden panhandlers. It's the squeegee men shaking down the motorist waiting at a light. It's the trash storms, the swirling mass of garbage left by peddlers and panhandlers, and open-air drug bazaars on unclean streets."<ref>[http://www.bcheights.com/media/storage/paper144/news/2005/11/03/Opinions/Nyc-Crime.Rate.Cut.With.Penalties-1044319.shtml?norewrite200604260245&sourcedomain=www.bcheights.com NYC crime rate cut with penalties] BCHeights.com November 3, 2005</ref>
Dinkins and Giuliani never debated during the campaign, because they were never able to agree on how to approach a debate.<ref name="nyt050307"/><ref name="nysun032107"/> Dinkins was endorsed by ''[[The New York Times]]'' and ''[[Newsday]]'',<ref>[http://www.mitchellmoss.com/oped/93-11-04-nynewsday.html Why Dinkins Lost] Newsday, November 4, 1993</ref> while Giuliani was endorsed by the ''[[New York Post]]'' and, in a key switch from 1989, the ''[[New York Daily News]]''.<ref>[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F0CE2DF143EF932A35752C1A965958260 In an Endorsement, a Search for Signals] NY Times, November 1, 1993</ref>
In the end Giuliani won by a margin of [[Election results for mayor of New York#1993|53,367]] votes, with 49.25 percent of the electorate to the incumbent's 46.42 percent. He became the first Republican elected Mayor of New York City since [[John Lindsay]] in 1965.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.nyc.gov/html/nyc100/html/classroom/hist_info/mayors.html|title=Elected Mayors of New York City |accessdate=2007-10-26|publisher = NYC.gov}}</ref>
===1997 campaign and re-election===
{{main|New York City mayoral election, 1997}}
Giuliani's opponent in 1997 was Democratic [[Manhattan Borough President]] [[Ruth Messinger]], who had beaten [[Al Sharpton]] in the [[September 9]], [[1997]] Democratic primary.<ref name="cnn110497">[http://www.cnn.com/ALLPOLITICS/1997/11/04/mayor/ "Giuliani Wins With Ease"], [[CNN.com]], November 4, 2007.</ref> In the general election, Giuliani once again had the Liberal Party and not the Conservative Party listing. Giuliani ran an aggressive campaign, parlaying his image as a tough leader who had cleaned up the city. Giuliani's popularity was at its highest point to date, with a late [[October 1997]] [[Quinnipiac University]] poll showing him as having a 68 percent approval rating; 70 percent of New Yorkers were satisfied with life in the city and 64 percent said things were better in the city compared to four years previously.<ref name="qu102997">[http://www.quinnipiac.edu/x1302.xml?ReleaseID=808 "Giuliani Approval, Satisfaction With City Hit New Highs, Quinnipiac College Poll Finds; Mayor's Lead Over Messinger Nears 2–1"], [[Quinnipiac University]], October 29, 1997. Accessed June 24, 2007.</ref>
Throughout the campaign he was well ahead in the polls and had a strong fund-raising advantage over Messinger. On her part, Messinger lost the support of several usually Democratic constituencies, including [[LGBT|gay]] organizations and large [[labor union]]s.<ref>[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,987322,00.html The Last Of The Liberals - Time<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> All four daily New York newspapers—''[[The New York Times]]'', ''[[New York Daily News]]'', ''[[New York Post]]'', and ''[[Newsday]]''—endorsed Giuliani over Messinger.<ref name="nyt102797">[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A0DE1D81731F934A15753C1A961958260 "Giuliani Goes After Voters In Messinger's Stronghold"], ''[[The New York Times]]'', October 27, 1997. Accessed June 24, 2007.</ref>
In the end, Giuliani won 59 percent of the vote to Messinger's 41 percent, and became the first Republican to win a second term as mayor since [[Fiorello H. La Guardia]] in 1941.<ref name="cnn110497"/> Voter turnout was the lowest in 12 years, with 38 percent of registered voters casting ballots.<ref name="nyt110597">[[Adam Nagourney]], [http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F05EED91130F936A35752C1A961958260 "Giuliani Sweeps to Second Term as Mayor"], ''[[The New York Times]]'', November 5, 1997. Accessed June 24, 2007.</ref> The margin of victory included gains<ref name="nyt110697">David Firestone, [http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=980CEFDA1F30F935A35752C1A961958260 "Big Victory, but Gains For Mayor Are Modest"], ''[[The New York Times]]'', November 6, 1997. Accessed June 24, 2007.</ref> in his share of the [[African American]] vote (20 percent compared to 5 percent in 1993) and the [[Hispanic]] vote (43 percent from 37 percent) while maintaining his base of white and [[Jewish]] voters from 1993.<ref name="nyt110697"/>
==Mayoralty==
{{main|Mayoralty of Rudy Giuliani}}
Giuliani served as mayor of New York City from 1994 through 2001.
===Law enforcement===
In his first term as mayor, Giuliani, in conjunction with [[New York City Police Department]] Commissioner [[Bill Bratton]], adopted an aggressive enforcement-deterrent strategy based on [[James Q. Wilson]]'s "[[Broken Windows]]" approach. This involved crackdowns on relatively minor offenses such as [[graffiti]], turnstile jumping, and aggressive "squeegeemen", on the theory that this would send a message that order would be maintained. Giuliani and Bratton also instituted [[CompStat]], a comparative statistical approach to mapping crime geographically and in terms of emerging criminal patterns, as well as charting officer performance by quantifying criminal apprehensions. Critics of the system assert that it creates an environment in which police officials are encouraged to underreport or otherwise manipulate crime data.<ref name=study>Patrick A. Langan and Matthew R. Durose, [[Bureau of Justice Statistics]], http://samoa.istat.it/Eventi/sicurezza/relazioni/Langan_rel.pdf ''"The Remarkable Drop in Crime in New York City"'', [[October 21]], [[2004]]. Retrieved December 5, 2006.</ref> The CompStat initiative won the 1996 Innovations in Government Award from the [[Kennedy School of Government]].<ref>[http://www.joinrudy2008.com/biography/default.aspx JoinRudy2008 :: Missing Controller<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
[[Image:Giuliani crime rate.png|thumb|300px|left|National, New York City, and other major city crime rates (1990–2002).]]
During Giuliani's administration, crime rates dropped in New York City,<ref name=study/> which Giuliani's presidential campaign website has credited to his leadership.<ref>
{{cite web| title ="Rudy Giuliani"| publisher =JoinRudy2008.com| url =http://www.joinrudy2008.com/issues/| accessdate =2007-07-15}}</ref> The extent to which his policies deserve the credit is disputed, however. A small nationwide drop in crime preceded Giuliani's election, and critics say that he may have been the beneficiary of a trend already in progress. Additional contributing factors to the overall decline in crime during the 1990s were federal funding of an additional 7,000 police officers and an overall improvement in the national economy. Changing demographics were a key factor contributing to crime rate reductions, which were similar across the country during this time.<ref> Greene ''Crime Delinquency'' .1999; 45: 171–87[http://cad.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/45/2/171 ''"Zero Tolerance: A Case Study of Police Policies and Practices in New York City"'']. Retrieved December 5, 2006.</ref> Because the crime index is based on that of the [[FBI]], which is self-reported by police departments, some have alleged that crimes were shifted into categories that the FBI doesn't collect.<ref>"Rudy! An Investigative Biography of Rudolph Giuliani" by Wayne Barrett</ref>
Giuliani's supporters cite studies concluding that New York's drop in crime rate in the '90s and '00s exceeds all national figures and therefore should be linked with a local dynamic that was not present as such anywhere else in the country: what [[University of California]] [[sociologist]] Frank Zimring calls "the most focused form of policing in history". In his book ''The Great American Crime Decline'', Zimring claims that "up to half of New York’s crime drop in the 1990s, and virtually 100 percent of its continuing crime decline since 2000, has resulted from policing."<ref>Heather Mac Donald, [http://www.city-journal.org/html/16_3_ny_cops.html New York Cops: Still the Finest] CityJournal.org</ref><ref>{{cite book
| last = Zimring
| first = Franklin E.
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = The Great American Crime Decline (Studies in Crime and Public Policy)
| publisher = Oxford University Press
| date = [[November 3]], [[2006]]
| location =
| pages = 272
| url =
| doi =
| id =
| isbn = 0195181158}}</ref>
Bratton was featured on the cover of ''[[Time Magazine|Time]]'' in 1996.<ref>Time Magazine, [http://www.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,19960115,00.html ''"Finally, We're Winning The War Against Crime. Here's Why."''], [[January 15]], [[1996]]. Retrieved March 6, 2007.</ref> Giuliani forced Bratton out of his position after two years, in what was generally seen as a battle of two large [[ego]]s in which Giuliani was not tolerant of Bratton's celebrity.<ref>Richard Pérez-Peña, [http://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/09/us/politics/09rudy.html?_r=1&oref=slogin "Giuliani Courts Former Partner and Antagonist"], ''[[The New York Times]]'', March 9, 2007. Accessed March 14, 2007.</ref>
Giuliani's term also saw allegations of [[civil rights]] abuses and other police misconduct. There were police shootings of unarmed suspects,<ref>Saxakali, [http://www.saxakali.com/CommunityLinkups/NYC%20Police%20Killings%201999.htm ''"NYC POLICE SHOOTINGS 1999"''], [[July 9]], [[2000]]. Retrieved December 5, 2006.</ref> and the scandals surrounding the sexual [[torture]] of [[Abner Louima]] and the killings of [[Amadou Diallo]] and [[Patrick Dorismond]]. Giuliani supported the [[New York Police Department]], for example by releasing what he called Dorismond's "extensive criminal record" to the public, including a sealed juvenile file.<ref>[[CNN]], [http://transcripts.cnn.com/2000/US/03/18/nypd.protest/ ''"Giuliani, New York police under fire after shooting of unarmed man"''], [[March 19]], [[2000]]. Retrieved December 5, 2006.</ref>
===City services===
The Giuliani administration advocated the privatization of failing public schools and increasing school choice through a voucher-based system.<ref>[http://www.ontheissues.org/2008/Rudy_Giuliani_Education.htm Rudy Giuliani on Education] [[OnTheIssues.org]]</ref>
Giuliani supported protection for [[illegal immigration|illegal immigrants]]. He continued a policy of preventing city employees from contacting the [[Immigration and Naturalization Service]] about immigration violations, on the grounds that illegal aliens should be able to take actions such as sending their children to school or reporting crimes to the police without fear of [[deportation]].<ref>[http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2007-12-05-immigrants-nyc_N.htm Officials: Let illegal immigrants report crimes] USA Today, December 5, 2007</ref>
During his mayoralty, gay and [[lesbian]] New Yorkers received [[domestic partner]]ship rights. Giuliani induced the city's Democratic-controlled New York City Council, which had avoided the issue for years, to pass legislation providing broad protection for [[same-sex partner]]s. In 1998, he codified local law by granting all city employees equal benefits for their domestic partners.<ref>[http://www.isebrand.com/article_Rudy's_gay_friends.htm What will Rudy say to his gay friends?] Salon.com, February 26, 2004</ref>
===Appointees as defendants===
Several of Giuliani's appointees to head City agencies became defendants in criminal proceedings.
In 2000, Giuliani appointed 34-year-old [[Russell Harding]], the son of [[Liberal Party of New York]] leader and longtime Giuliani mentor Raymond Harding, to head the New York City Housing Development Corporation, although Harding had neither a college degree nor relevant experience. In 2005, Harding pleaded guilty to [[fraud|defrauding]] the Housing Development Corporation and to possession of [[child pornography]]. He was sentenced to five years in prison.<ref>Patricia Hurtado, [http://www.armchairsubversive.com/Russell_Harding.htm "Disgraced ex-Giuliani official claims mental illness, judge prescribes prison"], ''[[New York Newsday]]'', July 22, 2005. Accessed March 9, 2007.</ref> In a related matter, Richard Roberts, appointed by Giuliani as Housing Commissioner and as chairman of the [[New York City Health and Hospitals Corporation|Health and Hospitals Corporation]], pleaded guilty to [[perjury]] after lying to a [[grand jury]] about a car that Harding bought for him with City funds.<ref>{{cite news | last =Robbins| first =Tom | title =A Going-Away Gift From Russell Harding| publisher =''[[The Village Voice]]''| date= [[September 7]], [[2004]]| url =http://www.villagevoice.com/news/0436,robbins2,56554,5.html| accessdate = 2007-07-20 }}</ref>
{{main|Rudy Giuliani promotions of Bernard Kerik}}
Giuliani was a longtime backer of [[Bernard Kerik]], who started out as a NYPD detective driving for Giuliani's campaign. Giuliani appointed him as the Commissioner of the [[New York City Department of Correction|Department of Correction]] and then as the [[New York City Police Commissioner|Police Commissioner]]. After Giuliani left office, Kerik pleaded guilty to state corruption charges dating from his Corrections days.<ref> William K. Rashbaum, [http://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/01/nyregion/01kerik.html Former Police Commissioner Pleads Guilty to Taking Gift] NY Times, July 1, 2006</ref> Kerik is currently awaiting trial on related federal charges of [[Conspiracy (crime)|conspiracy]], [[tax fraud]] and [[obstruction of justice]].<ref>[http://www.thesmokinggun.com/archive/years/2007/1109071kerik1.html Bernard Kerik Indicted] TheSmokingGun.com</ref> Giuliani has not been implicated in any of the Kerik scandals.
==Run for United States Senate, 2000==
{{main|United States Senate election in New York, 2000}}
Due to [[term limits]], Giuliani could not run in 2001 for a third term as Mayor. In November 1998, long-serving Democratic New York Senator [[Daniel Patrick Moynihan]] retired and Giuliani immediately indicated an interest in running in the 2000 election for the now-open seat. Due to his high profile and visibility Giuliani was supported by the state Republican Party, even though he had irritated many by endorsing incumbent Democrat Governor [[Mario Cuomo]] over Republican [[George Pataki]] in 1994.<ref>{{cite web|title=1994 Ad|url=http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1282/is_n22_v46/ai_15999869|publisher=National Review|date=[[November 21]], [[1994]]}}</ref> Giuliani's entrance led Democratic Congressman [[Charles Rangel]] and others to recruit then-[[First Lady of the United States|U.S. First Lady]] [[Hillary Rodham Clinton]] to run for Moynihan's seat, hoping she might combat his star power.
An early, January 1999 poll showed Giuliani trailing Clinton by 10 points.<ref name="nyt013100">{{cite news | url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A05E3DB113CF932A05752C0A9669C8B63 | title=Losing the Women | author=Lee M. Miringoff | publisher=[[The New York Times]] | date=[[2000-01-31]] | accessdate=2007-09-27}}</ref> In April 1999, Giuliani formed an exploratory committee in connection with the Senate run. By January 2000, Giuliani had reversed the polls situation, pulling 9 points ahead after taking advantage of several campaign stumbles by Clinton.<ref name="nyt013100"/> Nevertheless, the Giuliani campaign was showing some structural weaknesses; so closely identified with New York City, he had somewhat limited appeal to naturally Republican voters in [[Upstate New York]].<ref name="nyt110699">{{cite news | url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E06E0DD163AF935A35752C1A96F958260 | title= Looking for the Senator From All of New York | author=George Gates | publisher=[[The New York Times]] | date=[[1999-11-06]] | accessdate=2007-09-27}}</ref> The [[New York Police Department]]'s fatal shooting of [[Patrick Dorismond]] in March 2000 inflamed Giuliani's already strained relations with the city's minority communities,<ref name="gvn-211">{{cite book |last=Gerth |first=Jeff |authorlink=Jeff Gerth |coauthors=[[Don Van Natta, Jr.]] |title=Her Way: The Hopes and Ambitions of Hillary Rodham Clinton |year=2007 |publisher=[[Little, Brown and Company]] |location=New York |isbn=0-316-01742-6 }}, pp. 211.</ref> and Clinton seized on it as a major campaign issue.<ref name="gvn-211"/> By April 2000, reports showed Clinton gaining upstate and generally outworking Giuliani, who stated that his duties as mayor prevented him from campaigning more.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=980DE4DB1E3FF93BA35757C0A9669C8B63 | title= Despite Polls, Giuliani Says That He Won't Alter His Campaign Style | author=[[Adam Nagourney]] | publisher=[[The New York Times]] | date=[[2000-04-08]] | accessdate=2007-09-27}}</ref> Clinton was now 8 to 10 points ahead of Giuliani in the polls.<ref name="gvn-211"/>
Then followed [[United States Senate election in New York, 2000#A tumultuous four weeks|four tumultuous weeks]], in which Giuliani's medical life, romantic life, marital life, and political life all collided at once in a most visible fashion. Giuliani discovered that he had [[prostate cancer]] and needed treatment; his extramarital relationship with [[Judith Nathan]] became public and the subject of a media frenzy; he announced a separation from his wife [[Donna Hanover]]; and, after much indecision, on [[May 19]], [[2000]] he announced his withdrawal from the senate race.
==September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks==
{{main|Rudy Giuliani during the September 11, 2001 attacks}}
[[Image:Rumsfeld and Giuliani at Ground Zero.jpg|thumb|250px|right|[[Donald Rumsfeld]] and Rudy Giuliani at the site of the World Trade Center, on [[November 14]], [[2001]].]]
===Response to attacks===
Giuliani was prominent in the aftermath of the [[September 11, 2001 attacks]] on the [[World Trade Center]]. He made frequent appearances on radio and television on [[September 11]] and afterwards—for example, to indicate that tunnels would be closed as a precautionary measure, and that there was no reason to believe that the dispersion of [[chemical weapon|chemical]] or [[biological weapon]]ry into the air was a factor in the attack. In his public statements, Giuliani said "Tomorrow New York is going to be here. And we're going to rebuild, and we're going to be stronger than we were before...I want the people of New York to be an example to the rest of the country, and the rest of the world, that terrorism can't stop us."<ref name="POY2001"/>
The 9/11 attack occurred on the scheduled date of the mayoral primary to select the Democratic and Republican candidates to succeed Giuliani. The primary was immediately delayed two weeks to September 25. During this period, Giuliani sought an unprecedented three-month emergency extension of his term from January 1 to April 1 under the [[New York State Constitution]] (Article 3 Section 25),<ref>{{cite web | title=Content Removed | url=http://assembly.state.ny.us/leg/?co=5 | accessmonthday=November 15 | accessyear=2005 }}</ref> but the State Assembly and Senate did not approve it. The request was backed by the threat of a run for a third mayoral term as a Conservative Party candidate, requiring a legal challenge to the law imposing term limits on elected [[New York City]] officials.<ref>{{cite web|title=Conservative Party and Courts May Hold Key to NYC Mayor's Race — [[1 October]] [[2001]] | url=http://www.cnsnews.com/Politics/archive/200110/POL20011001c.html | accessmonthday=November 15 | accessyear=2005 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.cnsnews.com/Politics/archive/200110/POL20011001c.html Conservative Party and Courts May Hold Key to NYC Mayor's Race - 10/01/2001<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
Giuliani claimed to have been at the [[Ground Zero]] site "as often, if not more, than most workers.... I was there working with them. I was exposed to exactly the same things they were exposed to. So in that sense, I'm one of them." Some 9/11 workers have objected to those claims.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/2007/08/10/2007-08-10_911_workers_outraged_by_new_rudy_claim.html|title=9/11 workers outraged by new Rudy claim | author=Celeste Katz | publisher=''New York Daily News'' | date=2007-08-10 | accessdate=2007-10-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.news.com.au/heraldsun/story/0,21985,22227731-663,00.html | title=
Giuliani in firing line | author=Libby Quaid | publisher=Sunday Herald Sun (Australia) | date=2007-08-12 | accessdate=2007-10-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Giuliani's 'I'm one of them' remark angers 9-11 workers|author=Dan Sewell|first=Dan|last=Sewell|work=[[The Cincinnati Post]] ([[Associated Press]])|publisher=[[E. W. Scripps Company]]|date=2007-08-10|page=A1|quote=Battalion Chief John McDonnell, head of the Uniformed Fire Officers Association in New York, said: 'I have a real problem with that statement. I think he's really grasping and trying to justify his previous attempts to portray himself as the hero of 9-11.'|url=http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:NewsBank:CNPB&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=11B01CFAB5D41EF0&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated5&req_dat=0D0CB579A3BDA420}}<!-- http://news.kypost.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20070810/NEWS01/708100372/1014/NEWS02 --></ref> While his appointment logs were unavailable for the six days immediately following the attacks, after that Giuliani spent a total of 29 hours over three months at the site. This contrasted with recovery workers at the site who spent this much time at the site in two to three days.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/17/us/politics/17giuliani.html | author=Russ Buettner | title=For Giuliani, Ground Zero as Linchpin and Thorn | publisher=New York Times | date=2007-08-17 | accessdate=2007-10-05}}</ref>
When [[Saudi]] Prince [[Alwaleed bin Talal]] suggested that the attacks were an indication that the United States "should re-examine its policies in the [[Middle East]] and adopt a more balanced stand toward the [[Palestinian]] cause", Giuliani asserted, "There is no moral equivalent for this act. There is no justification for it... And one of the reasons I think this happened is because people were engaged in moral equivalency in not understanding the difference between [[liberal democracy|liberal democracies]] like the United States, like [[Israel]], and [[terrorist]] states and those who condone terrorism. So I think not only are those statements wrong, they're part of the problem." Giuliani subsequently rejected the prince's $10 million donation to disaster relief in the aftermath of the attack.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://archives.cnn.com/2001/US/10/11/rec.giuliani.prince/ | title=Giuliani rejects $10 million from Saudi prince | publisher=CNN | date=2001-10-12 | accessdate=2007-10-05}} </ref>
===Preparedness===
{{main|September 11, 2001 radio communications}}
Giuliani has been widely criticized for his decision to locate the Office of Emergency Management headquarters on the 23rd floor inside the [[7 World Trade Center]] building. Those opposing the decision perceived the office as a target for a terrorist attack in light of the previous [[World Trade Center bombing|terrorist attack against the World Trade Center in 1993]].<ref>{{cite web | title=World Trade Center: Profile | url=http://www.cooperativeresearch.org/entity.jsp?entity=world_trade_center | accessmonthday=June 12 | accessyear=2007 }}</ref><ref>"Rudy Giuliani's 5 Big Lies About 9/11: On the Stump, Rudy Can't Help Spreading Smoke and Ashes About His Dubious Record," ''[[Village Voice]]'' August 8–14, 2007, p. 22–36. [http://www.villagevoice.com/generic/show_print.php?id=77463&page=&issue=0732&printcde=MzU1OTc4NzM2NA==&refpage=L2FkbWluL2VkaXQvZWRpdC5waHA/JmNhc2U9dXBkYXRlJnNlY3Rpb249JmlkPTc3NDYzJmlzc3VlPTA3MzImbXNnPQ==]</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Rudy's Grand Illusion | url=http://www.villagevoice.com/news/0635%2Cbarrett%2C74322%2C6.html | author=[[Wayne Barrett]] and [[Dan Collins]] | publisher=[[The Village Voice]] | title=The Grand Illusion: The untold story of Rudy Giuliani and 9/11 | date=2006-09| accessdate=2006-09-06}}</ref> The office was unable to coordinate efforts between police and firefighters properly while evacuating its headquarters.<ref>{{cite web | title=Open and Shut | url=http://www.villagevoice.com/news/0549,murphy,70685,6.html | accessmonthday=June 12 | accessyear=2007 }}</ref> Large tanks of diesel fuel were placed in 7 World Trade to power the command center, and this fuel was later deemed responsible for the intense fire that caused that building to collapse hours after the Twin Towers.<ref>{{cite web | title=Replying to Giuliani | url=http://www.newsmax.com/archives/articles/2004/5/23/204909.shtml | accessmonthday=June 12 | accessyear=2007 }}</ref> In [[May 2007]], Giuliani put responsibility for selecting the location on [[Jerome M. Hauer]], who had served under Giuliani from 1996 to 2000 before being appointed by him as New York City’s first Director of Emergency Management. Hauer has taken exception to that account in interviews and provided [[Fox News]] and ''[[New York Magazine]]'' with a memo demonstrating that he recommended a location in [[Brooklyn]] but was overruled by Giuliani. Television journalist [[Chris Wallace (journalist)|Chris Wallace]] interviewed Giuliani on [[May 13]], [[2007]], about his 1997 decision to locate the command center at the World Trade Center. Giuliani laughed during Wallace's questions and said that Hauer recommended the World Trade Center site and claimed that Hauer said that the WTC site was the best location. Wallace presented Giuliani a photocopy of Hauer directive letter. The letter urged Giuliani to locate the command center in Brooklyn, instead of lower Manhattan.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,271917,00.html | title=Transcript: Rudy Giuliani on Fox News Sunday | date=2007-05-14 | accessdate=2007-09-29 | quote=Then why did he say the building — he said it's not — the place in Brooklyn is not as visible a target as buildings in Lower Manhattan |}}</ref><ref>audio and video from interview available on Robert Greenwald's "The REAL Rudy: Command Center" </ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Onetime Giuliani Insider Is Now a Critic | url=http://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/22/us/politics/22giuliani.html?_r=1&pagewanted=2&oref=slogin | accessmonthday=June 12 | accessyear=2007 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Angry Giuliani Aide Lashes Back | url=http://empirezone.blogs.nytimes.com/2007/05/15/angry-giuliani-aide-lashes-back/ | accessmonthday=June 12 | accessyear=2007 }}</ref><ref>Wayne Barrett and Dan Collins, "The Real Rudy: From the September print issue: The image of Rudy Giuliani as the hero of September 11 has never been seriously challenged. That changes now," "[[The American Prospect]] online," September 11, 2006 http://www.prospect.org/cs/articles?articleId=11973</ref> The February 1996 memo read, "The [Brooklyn] building is secure and not as visible a target as buildings in Lower Manhattan."<ref>{{cite web | title=Giuliani Blames Aide for Poor Emergency Planning | url=http://nymag.com/daily/intel/2007/05/guiliani_blames_aide_for_poor_emergency_planning.html | accessmonthday=June 12 | accessyear=2007 }}</ref>
In [[January 2008]], an eight-page memo was revealed which detailed the New York City Police Department's opposition in 1998 to location of the city's emergency command center at the Trade Center site. The Giuliani administration overrode these concerns.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/26/us/politics/26emergency.html |title=Memo Details Objections to Command Center Site |accessdate=2008-01-27 |last=Rashbaum |first=William K. |date=[[2008-01-26]] |work=Politics |publisher=The New York Times }}</ref>
The [[9/11 Commission]] noted in its [[9/11 Commission Report|report]] that lack of preparedness could have led to the deaths of first responders at the scene of the attacks. The Commission noted that the radios in use by the fire department were the same radios which had been criticized for their ineffectiveness following the 1993 World Trade Center bombings. Family members of 9/11 victims have said that these radios were a complaint of emergency services responders for years.<ref name="survivorsprotest">{{cite web | title= Rudy gets earful at stop here: Some FDNY survivors rally against him | url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/2007/04/24/2007-04-24_rudy_gets_earful_at_stop_here.html | accessmonthday=June 12 | accessyear=2007 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nypost.com/seven/12282006/news/regionalnews/rudys_9_11_snag_regionalnews_maggie_haberman.htm | title="Rudy's 9/11 Snag: Dissent WTC Kin: We'll Bare the Ugly Truth for '08"}}</ref> The radios were not working when Fire Department chiefs ordered the 343 firefighters inside the towers to evacuate, and they remained in the towers as the towers collapsed.<ref>''Urban Legend video,'' http://abcnews.go.com/Video/playerIndex?id=3367678</ref><ref>"NY Firefighters attack Giuliani," BBC News, July 12, 2007 http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/6294198.stm</ref> However, when Giuliani testified before the 9/11 Commission he said that the firefighters ignored the evacuation order out of an effort to save lives.<ref>Kevin Baker, "A Fate Worse than Bush: Rudy Giuliani and the Politics of Personality," ''Harpers,'' August 2007, p. 37, citing Jim Dwyer and Kevin Flynn, ''102 Minutes'' (Times Books, 2002) </ref><ref>Jon Weiner, "Rudy: Worse than Bush?"thenation.com, August 1, 2007 http://www.alternet.org/story/58480/</ref> Giuliani testified to the Commission, where some family members of responders who had died in the attacks appeared to protest his statements.<ref>{{cite web | title=Giuliani Faces 9/11 Questions | url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/worldlatest/story/0,,-6519758,00.html | accessmonthday=June 12 | accessyear=2007 }}</ref> A 1994 mayoral office study of the radios indicated that they were faulty. Replacement radios were purchased in a $33 million [[no-bid contract]] with [[Motorola]], and implemented in early 2001. However, the radios were recalled in [[March 2001]] after a Probationary Firefighter's calls for help at a house fire could not be picked up by others at the scene, leaving firemen with the old [[Analog transmission|analog]] radios from 1993.<ref>[http://abcnews.go.com/Video/playerIndex?id=3367678 ABC News<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thechief-leader.com/news/2007/0608/Razzle_Dazzle/|title=Razzle Dazzle: Rudy Ducking and Running}}</ref> A book later published by Commission members [[Thomas Kean]] and [[Lee Hamilton]], ''Without Precedent: The Inside Story of the 9/11 Commission,'' argued that the Commission had not pursued a tough enough line of questioning with Giuliani.<ref name="easyongiuliani">{{cite web | title=9/11 Commissioners Say They Went Easy on Giuliani to Avoid Public’s Anger | url=http://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/06/nyregion/06book.html?ex=1181793600&en=34ed468bbb4932a8&ei=5070 | accessmonthday=June 12 | accessyear=2007 }}</ref>
An [[October 2001]] study by the National Institute of Environmental Safety and Health said that cleanup workers lacked adequate protective gear.<ref>[http://www.democracynow.org/article.pl?sid=06/09/08/1349248 Democracy Now! | New Yorkers Tell Federal Officials To Stop Ignoring 9/11's Health Effects<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Wayne Barrett | title=Rudy Giuliani's 5 Big Lies About 9/11: On the Stump, Rudy Can't Help Spreading Smoke and Ashes About His Dubious Record| publisher=''[[Village Voice]]'' | date=2007-08-08 | page=35–36 | url= http://www.villagevoice.com/generic/show_print.php?id=77463&page=&issue=0732&printcde=MzU1OTc4NzM2NA==&refpage=L2FkbWluL2VkaXQvZWRpdC5waHA/JmNhc2U9dXBkYXRlJnNlY3Rpb249JmlkPTc3NDYzJmlzc3VlPTA3MzImbXNnPQ==}}</ref>
===Public reaction===
In the wake of the attacks, Giuliani was hailed by many for his leadership during the crisis. When polled just six weeks after the attack Giuliani received a 79 percent approval rating among New York City voters, a dramatic increase over the 36 percent rating he had received a year earlier — average at the end of a two-term mayorship.<ref>[http://www.quinnipiac.edu/x1302.xml?ReleaseID=547 Quinnipiac University Poll], published [[October 24]], [[2001]]. Accessed [[March 4]], [[2007]].</ref><ref>[http://www.quinnipiac.edu/x1318.xml?ReleaseID=603 Quinnipiac University Poll], published [[March 2]], [[2000]]. Accessed [[November 30]], [[2007]].</ref> [[Oprah Winfrey]] called him "America's Mayor" at a 9/11 memorial service held at [[Yankee Stadium]] on [[September 23]], [[2001]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Giuliani rejects $10 million from Saudi prince |url=http://archives.cnn.com/2001/US/10/11/rec.giuliani.prince/0 |work=War Against Terror |publisher=CNN |date=[[2001-10-12]] |accessdate=2007-12-01 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.interfaithalliance.org/site/apps/nl/content2.asp?c=8dJIIWMCE&b=172143&ct=147383|accessdate=2006-11-15|title="City Mourns at Stadium Prayer Service."}}</ref> a term now in common use by his supporters. Other voices denied it was the mayor who had pulled the city together. "You didn't bring us together, our pain brought us together and our decency brought us together. We would have come together if [[Bozo the Clown|Bozo]] was the mayor", said civil rights activist [[Al Sharpton]], in a statement largely supported by [[Fernando Ferrer]], one of three main candidates for the mayoralty at the end of 2001. "He was a power-hungry person", Sharpton also said.<ref>{{cite web | title=REVEREND AL SHARPTON IN NEW SLAM AT RUDY GIULIANI | url=http://www.papillonsartpalace.com/reverend.htm | accessmonthday=November 15 | accessyear=2005 }}</ref> Many New Yorkers were impressed with Giuliani's response to the attacks, precisely because his calm and soothing demeanor seemed markedly out of character, after seven years in which he had gained a reputation as a divisive mayor.
====Time person of the year====
[[Image:1101011231 400.jpg|thumb|right|Rudy Giuliani, 2001 ''Time'' [[Person of the Year]].]]
On [[December 24]], [[2001]],<ref>[http://edition.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0112/24/ltm.03.html CNN.com - Transcripts<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> [[Time Magazine|''Time'']] magazine named Giuliani its [[Person of the Year]] for 2001.<ref name="POY2001" /> ''Time'' observed that, prior to 9/11, the public image of Giuliani had been that of a rigid, self-righteous, ambitious politician. After 9/11, and perhaps owing also to his bout with prostate cancer, his public image had been reformed to that of a man who could be counted on to unite a city in the midst of its greatest crisis. Thus historian Vincent J. Cannato concluded in September 2006, "With time, Giuliani's legacy will be based on more than just 9/11. He left a city immeasurably better off — safer, more prosperous, more confident — than the one he had inherited eight years earlier, even with the smoldering ruins of the World Trade Center at its heart. Debates about his accomplishments will continue, but the significance of his mayoralty is hard to deny."<ref>''Washington Post Book World'' September 3, 2006[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/08/31/AR2006083101160.html]</ref>
Giuliani was praised by some for his close involvement with the rescue and recovery efforts, but others, including some firefighters, police, rescue workers, and families of WTC victims argue that "Giuliani has exaggerated the role he played after the terrorist attacks, casting himself as a hero for political gain."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/17/us/politics/17firefighters.html |title=Among Firefighters in New York, Mixed Views on Giuliani |accessdate=2007-12-01 |last=Wilson |first=Michael |coauthors=Kate Hammer, Trymaine Lee and Matthew Sweeney |date=[[2007-06-17]] |work=Politics |publisher=The New York Times }}</ref> Giuliani has collected $11.4 million from speaking fees in a single year (his demand increasing after the attacks).<ref>[http://cbs2chicago.com/national/topstories_story_138032337.html cbs2chicago.com - Many Wonder, Did Giuliani Profit From 9/11?<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Before September 11, Giuliani's assets were estimated to be somewhat less than $2 million, but his net worth could now be as high as 30 times that amount.<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/17/us/politics/17candidates.html?hp Wealth Is a Common Factor Among GOP Hopefuls] NY Times, May 17, 2007</ref>
===Aftermath===
Giuliani initially downplayed the [[health effects arising from the September 11, 2001 attacks]] in the [[Financial District, Manhattan|Financial District]] and lower Manhattan areas in the vicinity of the [[World Trade Center site]].<ref name="smith">Ben Smith, "Rudy's Black Cloud", ''New York Daily News'', [[September 18]], [[2006]], p. 14</ref> He moved quickly to reopen [[Wall Street]], and it was reopened on September 17. In the first month after the attacks, he said "The air quality is safe and acceptable."<ref>Anita Gates, "Buildings Rise from Rubble while Health Crumbles," "New York Times," [[September 11]] [[2006]], reporting on the documentary, "Dust to Dust: The Health Effects of 9/11"</ref> However, in the weeks after the attacks, the [[United States Geological Survey]] identified hundreds of [[asbestos]] ''hot spots'' of debris dust that remained on buildings. By the end of the month the USGS reported that the toxicity of the debris was akin to that of drain cleaner.<ref name="alternet">[http://www.alternet.org/911oneyearlater AlterNet: Special Coverage: 9/11: One Year Later<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> It would eventually be determined that a wide swath of lower Manhattan and Brooklyn had been heavily contaminated by highly caustic and toxic materials.<ref name="alternet">[http://www.alternet.org/911oneyearlater AlterNet: Special Coverage: 9/11: One Year Later<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://pubs.acs.org/cen/NCW/8142aerosols.html C&En: Cover Story - Chemical Analysis Of A Disaster<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> The city's health agencies, such as the [[Department of Environmental Protection]], did not supervise or issue guidelines for the testing and cleanup of private buildings. Instead, the city left this responsibility to building owners.<ref name="alternet"/>
Giuliani took control away from agencies such as the [[Federal Emergency Management Agency]], the [[Army Corps of Engineers]] and the [[Occupational Safety and Health Administration]], leaving the "largely unknown" city Department of Design and Construction in charge of recovery and cleanup. Documents indicate that the Giuliani administration never enforced federal requirements requiring the wearing of [[respirators]]. Concurrently, the administration threatened companies with dismissal if cleanup work slowed.<ref>Anthony DePalma, [http://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/14/nyregion/14giuliani.html?hp "Ground Zero Illness Clouding Giuliani's Legacy,"] "New York Times," May 14, 2007 or </ref><ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/22/opinion/22tue1.html?ex=1181534400&en=b54c78a3a378b5b1&ei=5070 Macho Mistakes at Ground Zero] NY Times, May 22, 2007</ref> In [[June 2007]], [[Christie Todd Whitman]], former Republican Governor of [[New Jersey]] and director of the [[Environmental Protection Agency]], reportedly stated that the EPA had pushed for workers at the WTC site to wear respirators but that she had been blocked by Giuliani. She stated that she believed that the subsequent [[lung disease]] and deaths suffered by WTC responders were a result of these actions.<ref>[http://www.nydailynews.com/news/2007/06/23/2007-06-23_christie_blasts_rudy_on_wtc_air-1.html Christie blasts Rudy on WTC air<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> However, former deputy mayor Joe Lhota, now with the Giuliani campaign, replied, "All workers at Ground Zero were instructed repeatedly to wear their respirators." A safety professional who worked at Ground Zero added, "I was absolutely aghast at the refusal of the workers at ground zero to wear the personal protective equipment. All of my efforts to convince these guys to wear the masks was for naught."<ref>{{cite web | last =Murray | first =Mark | title =Pushing Back Against Whitman | date= 2007-06-25 | url =http://firstread.msnbc.msn.com/archive/2007/06/25/234621.aspx | accessdate = 2007-07-09}}</ref>
Giuliani asked the city's Congressional delegation to limit the city's [[liability]] for Ground Zero illnesses be limited to a total of $350 million. Two years after Giuliani finished his term, FEMA appropriated $1 billion to a special insurance fund to protect the city against 9/11 lawsuits.<ref>Anthony DePalma, [http://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/14/nyregion/14giuliani.html?pagewanted=3&ei=5070&en=649d398b3ba5c8d4&ex=1180411200 "Ground Zero Illness Clouding Giuliani's Legacy,"] "New York Times," May 14, 2007 or </ref>
In [[February 2007]], the [[International Association of Fire Fighters]] issued a letter asserting that Giuliani rushed to conclude the recovery effort once [[gold]] and [[silver]] had been recovered from World Trade Center vaults and thereby prevented the remains of many victims from being recovered: "Mayor Giuliani's actions meant that fire fighters and citizens who perished would either remain buried at Ground Zero forever, with no [[closure]] for families, or be removed like garbage and deposited at the [[Fresh Kills Landfill]]," it said, adding: "Hundreds remained entombed in Ground Zero when Giuliani gave up on them."<ref>http://www.cnn.com/2007/POLITICS/03/09/giuliani.firefighters.ap/index.html</ref> Lawyers for the International Association of Fire Fighters seek to interview Giuliani under oath as part of a federal legal action alleging that New York City negligently dumped body parts and other human remains in the Fresh Kills Landfill.<ref>[http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/nation/la-na-giuliani8apr08,0,2321840,print.story?coll=la-home-headlines]</ref>
==Post-mayoralty==
===Politics===
Since leaving office as Mayor, Giuliani has remained politically active by campaigning for Republican candidates for political offices at all levels. He was a speaker at the [[2004 Republican National Convention]], where he endorsed [[George W. Bush]] for re-election by recalling that immediately after the World Trade Center towers fell, "Without really thinking, based on just emotion, spontaneous, I grabbed the arm of then-Police Commissioner Bernard Kerik, and I said to him, 'Bernie, thank God George Bush is our president.'"<ref>http://www.alazhari.unv.net/2004/ALLPOLITICS/08/30/giuliani.transcript/index.html</ref>
Similarly, in June 2006, Giuliani started a website called [[Solutions America]] to help elect Republicans candidates across the nation.
After campaigning on behalf of President Bush in the [[U.S. presidential election, 2004|2004 election]], he was reportedly the top choice for [[United States Secretary of Homeland Security|Secretary of Homeland Security]] after the resignation of [[Tom Ridge]]. When suggestions were made that Giuliani's confirmation hearings would be marred by details of his past affairs and scandals, he turned down the offer and instead recommended his friend and former New York Police Commissioner [[Bernard Kerik]]. Kerik in his pre-announcement interviews with the White House failed to disclose facts in his past that were certain to disqualify him. After the formal announcement of Kerik's nomination, information known for years to local reporters, but unreported, became widely known (most notably, that Kerik had ties to organized crime, but also that he had been sued for [[sexual harassment]] and had employed an undocumented alien as a domestic servant). The political fallout was damaging to the perception of competence in the White House [[vetting]] process and [[Rudy Giuliani promotions of Bernard Kerik|doubts as to Giuliani's ethics and political judgment in recommending Kerik in the first place]].
[[Image:Rudy Giuliani ribbon-cutting ceremony.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Giuliani cutting the ribbon of the new [[Drug Enforcement Agency]] mobile museum in [[Dallas, Texas|Dallas]], [[Texas]] in September 2003]]
A [[May 14]], [[2007]] ''[[New York Daily News]]'' poll indicates that 56 percent of polled New Yorkers believe that [[Michael Bloomberg]] has done a better job as mayor, and that 29 percent believed that Giuliani had been a better mayor.<ref>[http://www.nydailynews.com/news/2007/05/14/2007-05-14_bloomy_tops_rudy_in_battle_of_the_titans-2.html Daily News poll shows overwhelming support for billionaire<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> 46 percent of those polled also indicated they would choose Bloomberg over Giuliani as President; Giuliani received the support of only 29 percent of New Yorkers.<ref>[http://www.allheadlinenews.com/articles/7007342110 Article not found | February 3, 2008 | AHN<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
===Iraq Study Group===
On [[March 15]], [[2006]], Congress formed the [[Iraq Study Group]] (ISG). This 10-person [[bipartisan]] panel, of which Giuliani was one of the members, was charged with assessing the [[Iraq War]] and making recommendations. They would eventually unanimously conclude that contrary to [[Bush administration]] assertions, "The situation in [[Iraq]] is grave and deteriorating" and called for "changes in the primary mission" that would allow "the United States to begin to move its forces out of Iraq".<ref>[http://www.usip.org/isg/iraq_study_group_report/report/1206/iraq_study_group_report.pdf Iraq Study Group Report<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
On [[May 24]], [[2006]], after missing all of the group's meetings,<ref name = "newsday-Rudy">[http://www.newsday.com/news/local/longisland/ny-usrudy0619,0,2577021,print.story "Rudy missing in action for Iraq panel"] CRAIG GORDON June 18, 2007, 11:41 PM EDT ''[[Newsday]]''</ref> including a briefing from General [[David Petraeus]], former [[Secretary of State]] [[Colin Powell]] and former [[Army Chief of Staff]] [[Eric Shinseki]],<ref>Amanda Ripley, "Mr. Tough Talk," ''[[Time Magazine]]'' September 3, 2007, p. 31 http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,1655262,00.html</ref> Giuliani resigned from the panel, citing his "previous time commitments".<ref>{{cite press release|title=Edwin Meese Replaces Rudolph Giuliani on Iraq Study Group
|publisher=United States Institute of Peace|url=http://www.usip.org/isg/news_releases/meese.html|date=[[May 31]], [[2006]]|accessdate=2007-03-04}}
</ref> It later was discovered that it was Giuliani's fundraising schedule which had kept him from participating in the panel, a schedule which raised $11.4 million in [[speaking fee]]s over fourteen months,<ref name = "newsday-Rudy"/> and that Giuliani had been forced to resign after being given "an ultimatum to either show up for meetings or leave the group" by group leader [[James Baker]].<ref>Marc Santora, [http://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/20/washington/20repubs.html "Giuliani Left Group on Iraq After Warning, Article Says"], ''New York Times'', June 20, 2007</ref> Giuliani subsequently said that he had started thinking about running for President, and being on the panel might give it a political spin. But [[Slate magazine|''Slate'']] noted that Giuliani had "been set to run for months, if not years" before he accepted appointment to the study group.<ref>Fred Kaplan, [http://www.slate.com/id/2168858 The Man Who Knows Too Little: What Rudy Giuliani's Greedy Decision to Quit the Iraq Study Group Reveals about his Candidacy"], ''Slate'', June 21, 2007</ref>
Giuliani was described by ''[[Newsweek]]'' in [[January 2007]] as "one of the most consistent cheerleaders for the president’s handling of the war in Iraq"<ref>[http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/16458783/site/newsweek/page/2/ More Campaign Troubles for Giuliani - Newsweek Politics - MSNBC.com<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> and as of [[June 2007]] remained one of the few candidates for president to unequivocally support both the basis for the invasion and the execution of the war.<ref>[http://politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com/2007/06/05/giuliani-iraq-war-absolutely-the-right-thing-to-do/ CNN Political Ticker: All politics, all the time Blog Archive - Giuliani: Iraq war ‘absolutely the right thing to do’ « - Blogs from CNN.com<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
===Giuliani Partners===
{{main|Giuliani Partners}}
After leaving the mayor's office, Giuliani founded a security consulting business, Giuliani Partners LLC,<ref>[http://www.giulianipartners.com Giuliani Partners web site]</ref> in 2002, a firm that has been categorized by various media outlets as a lobbying entity capitalizing on Giuliani's name recognition,<ref> http://www.nydailynews.com/01-07-2007/news/story/486423p-409552c.html</ref><ref>[http://nymag.com/news/articles/wtc/1year/giuliani3.htm American Idol<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> and which has been the subject of allegations surrounding staff hired by Giuliani and due to the firm's chosen client base.<ref>[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/05/12/AR2007051201270_pf.html In Private Sector, Giuliani Parlayed Fame Into Wealth - washingtonpost.com<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Over five years, Giuliani Partners has earned more than $100 million.<ref name="gpartners">{{cite news | url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/05/12/AR2007051201270_pf.html | title=In Private Sector, Giuliani Parlayed Fame Into Wealth | author=John Solomon and Matthew Mosk | publisher=Washington Post | date=2007-05-13 | accessdate=2007-06-08}}</ref>
In June 2007 he stepped down as CEO and Chairman of Giuliani Partners,<ref name="nd120507">{{cite news | url=http://www.newsday.com/news/nationworld/ny-usrudy055488144dec05,0,6737667.story | title=Rudy no CEO,POLITICS,CANDIDATE,CAIMPAIGN,PRESIDENTlonger firm CEO | author=Tom Brune | publisher=[[Newsday]] | date=[[2007-12-05]] | accessdate=2007-12-06}}</ref> although this action was not made public until [[December 4]], [[2007]];<ref>{{cite news |author=Associated Press |authorlink=Associated Press |title=Giuliani resigns as head of firm, calls his work there 'totally legal' |url=http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2007/12/05/giuliani_resigns_as_head_of_firm_calls_his_work_there_totally_legal/ |work=The Boston Globe |publisher=The New York Times Company |date=[[2007-12-05]] |accessdate=2007-12-06 }}</ref> he maintained his equity interest in the firm.<ref name="nd120507"/>
===Bracewell & Giuliani===
{{main|Bracewell & Giuliani}}
On [[March 31]], [[2005]], it was announced that Giuliani would join the law firm of Bracewell & Patterson LLP (renamed [[Bracewell & Giuliani]] LLP) as a name partner and symbolic head of the expanding firm's new New York office. When he joined the [[Texas]]-based firm he brought Marc Mukasey, the son of [[United States Attorney General|Attorney General]] [[Michael Mukasey]], into the firm. Despite a busy schedule the former mayor is known to be highly active in the day-to-day business of the law firm, which is described by the ''[[New York Times]]'' as "perhaps the nation’s most aggressive lobbyist for coal-fired power plants, heavy emitters of air pollutants and carbon dioxide, a gas associated with global warming."<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/02/us/politics/02giuliani.html Giuliani’s Tie to Texas Law Firm May Pose Risk - New York Times<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Giuliani advocates [[Political positions of Rudy Giuliani#Global warming|increased reliance on coal-burning power plants]] as one means of addressing the issue of [[global warming]].
While there was early speculation that the firm would merge with Giuliani Partners, this is a legal impossibility because as a matter of ethics, lawyers cannot share legal fees with non-lawyers. However, while the firm is completely independent of the consulting business, the two entities maintain a close strategic partnership.
On [[May 15]], [[2007]] the [[Associated Press]] reported that Giuliani "has profited from his firm's work representing corporate clients before nearly every Cabinet department, exposing himself to a wide range of potential ethical entanglements." It was further reported that Giuliani's efforts on behalf of clients such as the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and the chewing tobacco manufacturer [[UST Inc.]] [''nee'' United States Tobacco] had "contributed toward his personal net worth of millions of dollars."<ref>[http://www.theeagle.com/stories/051507/politics_20070515025.php Bryan/College Station Eagle - Error Page<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
Bracewell & Giuliani has also been tied to the [[Trans-Texas Corridor]], as the firm represents Cintra Concesiones de Infraestructuras de Transporte, S.A, one of the investment firms involved in the financing of the project.<ref>[http://buchanan.org/blog/?p=754 Rudy Giuliani Tied to 'Superhighways'; Law Firm Represents Consortia Funding NAFTA-Related Routes ::: Patrick J. Buchanan - Official Website<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
In 2006, Giuliani acted as the "lead counsel and lead spokesmen" for Bracewell & Giuliani client [[Purdue Pharma]], the makers of [[Oxycontin]], during their negotiations with federal prosecutors over charges that the pharmaceutical company misled the public about Oxycontin's addictive properties; the agreement reached resulted in Purdue Pharma and some of its executives paying $634.5 million in fines.<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/19/business/19drug.html?ex=1184040000&en=7b7b434eb778cab0&ei=5070 Big Part of OxyContin Profit Was Consumed by Penalties]</ref>
On [[June 7]], [[2007]], [[Fidelis America]], a Catholic political advocacy group, reported that Bracewell & Giuliani has lobbied for [[stem cell research]] on behalf of [[Johns Hopkins University]].<ref>[http://thehill.com/leading-the-news/lobbying-by-rudys-firm-draws-fire-2007-06-07.html TheHill.com - Lobbying by Rudy's firm draws fire<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
==2008 United States Presidential campaign==
{{main|Rudy Giuliani presidential campaign, 2008}}
[[Image:Rudy08.png|right|thumb|Presidential campaign logo]]
A draft movement began in late 2005 to get Giuliani to run for [[United States presidential election, 2008|President of the United States in 2008]]. Throughout 2006, rumors circulated regarding a possible Giuliani campaign, abetted by hints from the former Mayor himself. In November 2006 Giuliani announced the formation of an [[exploratory committee]]. In February 2007 he filed a "statement of candidacy" and confirmed on the television program ''[[Larry King Live]]'' that he was indeed running.<ref>[http://www.cnn.com/2007/POLITICS/02/14/giuliani.lkl/index.html Giuliani 'not confident' war will turn around - CNN.com<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
Early polls showed him with one of the highest levels of name recognition and support and the front-runner in the [[Opinion polling for the Republican Party (United States) presidential primaries, 2008|opinion polls for the Republican nomination]].<ref>http://news.yahoo.com/s/nm/20070303/pl_nm/usa_republicans_poll_dc</ref>
As of September 2007, most polls showed Giuliani to have more support than any of the other declared Republican candidates, with only Senator [[Fred Thompson]] and Governor [[Mitt Romney]] showing greater support in some state polls.<ref>[http://pollingreport.com/wh08rep.htm WH2008: Republicans<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
On [[November 7]], [[2007]], Giuliani's campaign received an endorsement from [[Evangelicalism|evangelist]], [[Christian Broadcasting Network]] founder, and past presidential candidate [[Pat Robertson]].<ref>{{cite news |first=Paul |last=Steinhauser |title=Giuliani, McCain pick up key Christian conservative backing |url=http://www.cnn.com/2007/POLITICS/11/07/conservatives.endorsements/index.html#cnnSTCText |publisher=[[CNN]] |date=[[2007-11-07]] |accessdate=2007-11-08 }}</ref> This was viewed by political observers as a possibly key development in the race, as it gave credence that evangelicals and other social conservatives could support Giuliani despite some of Giuliani's positions on social issues such as abortion and gay rights.<ref name="msnbc110707">{{cite news | url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/21669328/ | title=Pat Robertson endorses Giuliani | publisher=[[NBC news]] | date=[[2007-11-07]] | accessdate=2007-11-07}}</ref>
Giuliani's campaign hit a difficult stretch during November and [[December 2007]], in which [[Bernard Kerik]], whom Giuliani had appointed to or recommended for several top positions, was indicted on 16 counts of [[tax fraud]] and other federal charges;<ref name="nyt111007">{{cite news | url=http://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/10/nyregion/10kerik.html | title=A Defiant Kerik Vows to Battle U.S. Indictment | author=RUSS BUETTNER and WILLIAM K. RASHBAUM | publisher=[[The New York Times]] | date=[[2007-11-10]] | accessdate=2007-11-10}}</ref> the media reported that while Mayor of New York, Giuliani had billed to obscure city agencies several tens of thousands of dollars of mayoral security expenses incurred while visiting [[Judith Nathan]], with whom he was having an extramarital affair<ref name="pol113007">{{cite news | url=http://dyn.politico.com/printstory.cfm?uuid=878D4480-3048-5C12-005317F667D990C6 | title=Giuliani billed obscure agencies for trips | author=Ben Smith | publisher=[[The Politico]] | date=[[2007-11-30]] | accessdate=2007-12-06}}</ref> (later analysis showed the billing to likely be unrelated to hiding Nathan<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.nytimes.com/imagepages/2007/12/20/us/politics/20071221_GIULIANI_GRAPHIC.html | title=Giuliani's shifted money around? Yes. To hide Hamptons trips? Unlikely. | publisher=[[The New York Times]] | date=[[2007-12-20]] | accessdate=2007-12-26}}</ref>); and several stories were published in the press regarding clients of [[Giuliani Partners]] and [[Bracewell & Giuliani]] being in opposition to goals of American foreign policy.<ref name="nd120507">{{cite news | url=http://www.newsday.com/news/nationworld/ny-usrudy055488144dec05,0,6737667.story | title=Rudy no CEO,POLITICS,CANDIDATE,CAIMPAIGN,PRESIDENTlonger firm CEO | author=Tom Brune | publisher=[[Newsday]] | date=[[2007-12-05]] | accessdate=2007-12-06}}</ref> Giuliani's national poll numbers began steadily slipping and his unusual strategy of focusing more on later, multi-primary big states rather than the smaller, first-voting states was seen at risk.<ref name="afp122007">{{cite news | url=http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5jazNRPA-PoarmKc-rOqLU6Hlu51Q | title=Hospital health scare latest of Giuliani's woes | publisher=[[Agence France-Press]] | date=[[2007-12-20]] | accessdate=2007-12-21}}</ref><ref name="cbs012908"/>
Despite his strategy, Giuliani did compete to a substantial extent<ref name="abc010808">{{cite news | url=http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/Vote2008/story?id=4105498&page=1 | author=[[Jake Tapper]], Karen Travers | title=Rudy Focused on N.H., Despite Claims | publisher=[[ABC News]] | date=[[2008-01-08]] | accessdate=2008-01-09}}</ref> in the [[January 8]], [[2008]] [[New Hampshire primary]], but finished a distant fourth with 9 percent of the vote.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.cnn.com/ELECTION/2008/primaries/results/state/#NH | title=Election Center 2008: Primary Results for New Hampshire | publisher=[[CNN]] | date=[[2008-01-09]] | accessdate=2008-01-09}}</ref> Similar poor results continued in other early contests, as Giuliani's staff went without pay in order to focus all efforts on the crucial late January [[Florida Republican primary, 2008|Florida Republican primary]].<ref>[http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5i_SVjKSmN7LAHssYmQeRzogjggvwD8U3TLJG0 Giuliani Staffers Forgo Paychecks] Associated Press, January 11, 2008</ref> The shift of the electorate's focus from [[national security]] to the state of the economy also hurt Giuliani,<ref name="cbs012908">{{cite news
| url = http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2008/01/29/politics/main3768035.shtml?source=mostpop_story
| title = For Giuliani, A Disappointing Fade To Exit
| publisher = [[CBS News]] via CBS Interactive Inc.
| first = Brian
| last = Montopoli
| date = 2008-01-29
| accessdate = 2008-01-30
}}
</ref> as did the resurgence of Senator [[John McCain]]'s similarly-themed campaign. On [[January 29]], [[2008]], Giuliani finished a distant third in the [[Florida]] result with 15 percent of the vote, trailing McCain and Romney.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/01/29/fl.primary/index.html | title= McCain wins Florida, Giuliani expected to drop out | publisher=[[CNN]] | date=2008-01-30 | accessdate=2008-03-03}}</ref> Facing declining polls and lost leads in the upcoming large [[Super Tuesday (2008)|Super Tuesday]] states,<ref>[http://rasmussenreports.com/public_content/politics/election_20082/2008_presidential_election/california/election_2008_california_republican_presidential_primary Rasmussen Reports: The most comprehensive public opinion coverage ever provided for a mid-term election<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://rasmussenreports.com/public_content/politics/election_20082/2008_presidential_election/new_jersey/new_jersey_republican_presidential_primary Rasmussen Reports: The most comprehensive public opinion coverage ever provided for a mid-term election<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> including that of his home New York,<ref>Elisabeth Bumiller, [http://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/21/us/politics/22cnd-repubs.html?hp G.O.P. Rivals Open Final Assault in Florida] NY Times, January 20, 2008</ref> Giuliani withdrew from the race on [[January 30]], endorsing McCain.<ref>{{cite news
| url = http://www.reuters.com/article/newsOne/idUSN2964765820080131/
| title = Giuliani, Edwards quit White House Race
| date = 2008-01-30
| accessdate = 2008-01-30
| publisher = [[Reuters]]
| first = Steve
| last = Holland
}}</ref>
Giuliani's campaign ended up $3.6 million in arrears,<ref name="nyt061408"/> and in June 2008 Giuliani sought to retire the debt by proposing to appear at Republican fundraisers during the 2008 general election, and have part of the proceeds go towards his campaign.<ref name="nyt061408">{{cite news | url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/14/nyregion/14giuliani.html | title=Giuliani Plans to Aid Hopefuls, for His Share | author=Raymond Hernandez | publisher=''[[The New York Times]]'' | date=2008-06-17}}</ref>
==Political positions==
{{main|Political positions of Rudy Giuliani}}
Giuliani was originally a [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrat]], and supported both [[John F. Kennedy]]<ref>[http://www.usnews.com/usnews/news/articles/070207/7giulianifacts.htm Inside Washington: 10 Things You Didn't Know About Rudy Giuliani - US News and World Report<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> and [[George McGovern]]<ref>[http://www.weeklystandard.com/Content/Public/Articles/000/000/014/371rhqnv.asp?pg=1 Rudy Giuliani, Disciplinarian] Weekly Standard, Nov. 26, 2007</ref> in their presidential bids. He switched to the Republican Party in 1980 after a short stint as an [[Independent (politician)|Independent]].
==Personal life==
=== Marriages and family ===
[[Image:Nancy Reagan Rudy Giuliani Vito Fossella.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Giuliani with Congressman [[Vito Fossella]] and former First Lady [[Nancy Reagan]], 2002]]
Giuliani has been married three times. On [[October 26]], [[1968]], soon after he graduated from law school, he married his [[second cousin]], educator [[Regina Peruggi]], whom Giuliani had known since childhood. In the mid-70s the marriage was in trouble and in 1975 they agreed to a trial separation.<ref name="newsday102289">[http://www.thesmokinggun.com/archive/years/2007/0212072giuliani12.html Rudy Giuliani's Vulnerabilities - February 12, 2007<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Peruggi did not accompany him to Washington when he accepted the job in the [[United States Attorney General|Attorney General]]'s Office.<ref name="nyt101997">{{cite news | url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9402E4D61E3FF93AA25753C1A961958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=6 | title=RACE FOR CITY HALL: The Republican Candidate; A Mercurial Mayor's Confident Journey | author=Barry Bearak and Ian Fisher | publisher=The New York Times | date=1997-10-19 | accessdate=2007-05-16}}</ref> Giuliani met local [[television personality]] [[Donna Hanover]] sometime in 1982, and they began dating when she was working in [[Miami]]. Giuliani filed for [[legal separation]] from Peruggi on [[August 12]], [[1982]].<ref name="newsday102289"/> Giuliani and Hanover started living together later that year in [[Washington, D.C.]]{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
The Giuliani-Peruggi marriage was ended in two ways: a civil [[divorce]] was issued by the end of 1982,<ref name="nyt050401">Lynda Richardson, [http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9402E2DA1338F937A35756C0A9679C8B63 "A Scholarly Fund-Raiser's Stroll to the Park"], ''[[The New York Times]]'', May 4, 2001. Accessed March 31, 2008.</ref> while a [[Roman Catholic Church]] annulment of the Giuliani-Peruggi marriage was granted at the end of 1983,<ref name="newsday102289"/> according to Giuliani, because he discovered after 14 years of marriage that he and his wife were [[cousin|second cousins]],<ref>Powell, Michael and Goldfarb, Zachary A. {{cite web|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/03/07/AR2006030701768.html|title=On 'Feeling Thermometer', Giuliani is the Hottest.'|accessdate=2006-11-15}} ''Washington Post'', [[March 8]], [[2006]], p. A04.</ref> rather than third cousins,<ref name="nyt101997">Barry Bearak/Ian Fisher, [http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9402E4D61E3FF93AA25753C1A961958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=6 "RACE FOR CITY HALL: The Republican Candidate; A Mercurial Mayor's Confident Journey"], ''[[The New York Times]]'', October 19, 1997. Accessed May 16, 2007.</ref> and they did not have the Church dispensation thus needed.<ref>[http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2003/04/25/national/main551053.shtml Giuliani To Wed At Gracie Mansion, Former NY Mayor And Judith Nathan Set Date For Nuptials - CBS News<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>Giuliani biographer [[Wayne Barrett]] reports that Peruggi's brother believes that Giuliani knew at the time of the marriage that they were second cousins. [[Alan Placa]], Giuliani's best man, later became a priest and helped get the annulment through proper channels. Recollections differ on whether Placa told Giuliani's mother at the time of the marriage that the couple's familial relationship would not be a problem. See Barrett, ''Rudy!: An Investigative Biography of Rudolph Giuliani'', pp. 143–144.</ref> Giuliani and Peruggi did not have any children.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.cnn.com/2007/POLITICS/03/05/giuliani.family/index.html | title= All not in the family for GOP hopeful Giuliani | publisher=[[CNN.com]] | date=[[2007-03-06]] | accessdate=2007-12-12}}</ref>
Giuliani and Hanover then married in a Catholic ceremony at St. Monica's Church in New York on [[April 15]], [[1984]].<ref>[http://nymag.com/nymetro/news/people/features/3262/index1.html Donna's Riskiest Role<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref name="newsday102289"/> They had two children, son Andrew Harold (born [[January 30]], [[1986]] in [[New York]]) and daughter Caroline (born 1989). Andrew first became a familiar sight by misbehaving at Giuliani's first mayoral inauguration, then with his father at [[New York Yankees]] games, of which Rudy Giuliani is an enthusiastic fan; Andrew also was an accomplished [[golf|junior golfer]].
Beginning in 1996, Giuliani and Hanover's public relationship became distant, with Hanover appearing at few public events.<ref>[[Margaret Carlson]], [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,27945,00.html "In Rudy's Playground"], ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'', July 11, 1999. Accessed February 15, 2007.</ref> In 1997, a ''[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]'' article reported that Giuliani had a romantic relationship with [[Cristyne Lategano]], the mayor's communications director.<ref>http://www.cbsnews.com/stories[/2000/05/11/politics/main194350.shtml</ref> The mayor and Lategano denied the allegations. On Father's Day, 1995 Giuliani had told reporters that he was returning to Gracie Mansion to play ball with Andrew. However, he instead went to City Hall, to a basement suite with his press secretary. Three hours later, Hanover, angered, appeared at City Hall; yet a mayoral aide prevented her from entering the suite.<ref>Wayne Barrett, [http://www.villagevoice.com/news/0733,barrett,77518,2.html Public Displays of Disaffection] [[Village Voice]], August 15, 2007</ref>
Giuliani met [[Judith Nathan]], a sales manager for a pharmaceutical company, in May 1999 at Club Macanudo, an [[Upper East Side]] [[cigar bar]];<ref name="nyt080507">Eric Konigsberg, [http://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/05/us/politics/05judith.html "Drawing Fire, Judith Giuliani Gives Her Side"], ''[[The New York Times]]'', August 5, 2007. Accessed August 14, 2007.</ref> he took the initiative in forming an ongoing relationship<ref name="nyt080507"/> that was kept secret for almost a year.<ref name="nydn042907">Heidi Evans, [http://www.nydailynews.com/gossip/2007/04/29/2007-04-29_eager_judi_left_coal_town_in_dust.html " Eager Judi left coal town in dust"], ''[[New York Daily News]]'', April 29, 2007. Accessed May 6, 2007.</ref> Beginning in summer 1999, costs for his New York Police Department security detail during weekend visits to her in [[Southhampton, New York]] were charged to obscure city agencies.<ref name="pol113007">{{cite news | url=http://dyn.politico.com/printstory.cfm?uuid=878D4480-3048-5C12-005317F667D990C6 | title=Giuliani billed obscure agencies for trips | author=Ben Smith | publisher=[[The Politico]] | date=[[2007-11-30]] | accessdate=2007-12-06}}</ref><ref name="nydn120707"/> In early 2000, Nathan began getting city-provided chauffeur services from the police department.<ref name="nydn120707">{{cite news | author=Michael Saul, Heidi Evans, and David Saltonstall | title=Mayor's Gal Got Security Earlier than We Knew | url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/politics/2007/12/07/2007-12-07_judith_nathan_got_security_earlier.html | publisher=[[New York Daily News]] | date=[[December 7]], [[2007]] | accessdate=2007-12-07}}</ref> By March 2000, Giuliani had stopped wearing his wedding ring,<ref name="nyt050400"/> and his and Nathan's appearances together at functions and events became publicly visible<ref name="nyt050400">{{cite news | url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E03E4D61E39F937A35756C0A9669C8B63 | title= Mayor Acknowledges 'Very Good Friend' | author=[[Elisabeth Bumiller]] | publisher=[[The New York Times]] | date=[[2000-05-04]] | accessdate=2007-12-07}}</ref><ref>New York Times, [[May 8]], [[2000]], by [[Joyce Purnick]], {{cite web|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B01E4DF1338F93BA35756C0A9669C8B63 |title=Metro Matters; 'Good Friend,' A Marriage, And Voters|accessdate=2008-03-31}}</ref> but not mentioned in the press.<ref name="salon050400">{{cite news | url=http://archive.salon.com/politics2000/feature/2000/05/04/giuliani/index.html | title=Rudy's "very good friend" | author=Jesse Drucker | publisher=[[Salon (magazine)|Salon]] | date=[[2000-05-04]] | accessdate=2007-12-18}}</ref> In early May 2000, the ''[[New York Daily News]]'' and then the ''[[New York Post]]'' broke news of Giuliani's relationship with Nathan.<ref name="salon050400"/> Giuliani first publicly acknowledged her on [[May 3]], [[2000]], stating that Nathan was his "very good friend."<ref name="nyt050400"/>
On [[May 10]], [[2000]], Giuliani called a press conference to announce that he intended to separate from Hanover.<ref>New York Times, [[May 11]], [[2000]], unsigned, {{cite web|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9806E5DB163BF932A25756C0A9669C8B63|title=THE MAYOR'S SEPARATION; Excerpts From the Mayor's News Conference Concerning His Marriage|accessdate=2008-03-31}}</ref><ref>New York Times, [[July 14]], [[2002]], by Joyce Wadler, {{cite web|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9907E6D71F30F937A25754C0A9649C8B63|title=Pronounced Ex- and Ex-|accessdate=2007-01-05}}</ref> Hanover, however, had not been told about his plans before his press conference,<ref>New York Times, [[May 11]], [[2000]], by Elisabeth Bumiller, {{cite web|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?sec=health&res=9E04E7D8163BF932A25756C0A9669C8B63|title=THE MAYOR'S SEPARATION: THE OVERVIEW; Giuliani and His Wife of 16 Years Are Separating|accessdate=2007-01-05}}</ref> an omission for which Giuliani was widely criticized.<ref> The Softer, Gentler Rudy Giuliani {{cite web|url=http://media.wiley.com/product_data/excerpt/52/04717383/0471738352.pdf|title=The Softer, Gentler Rudy Giuliani|format=PDF}}</ref> Giuliani now went on to praise Nathan as a "very, very fine woman", and said about his marriage with Hanover, that "over the course of some period of time in many ways, we've grown to live independent and separate lives." Hours later Hanover said, "I had hoped that we could keep this marriage together. For several years, it was difficult to participate in Rudy's public life because of his relationship with one staff member," a reference to Lategano. Giuliani, Hanover and Nathan appeared on the cover of ''[[People magazine|People]]'' in the aftermath.<ref name="judynymag">Lloyd Grove, [http://nymag.com/news/features/31812/ "The Thunderbolt"], ''[[New York (magazine)|New York Magazine]]''. Accessed June 12, 2007.</ref>
Giuliani then moved out of [[Gracie Mansion]] and into an apartment belonging to two gay friends.<ref>[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/article1290219.ece Giuliani fears ex-wife will hit presidential bid - Times Online<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Giuliani filed for divorce from Hanover in October 2000,<ref>[http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2002/07/10/national/main514784.shtml Giuliani Divorce Settlement Reached, Hanover To Get More Than $7 Million - CBS News<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> and a public battle broke out between their representatives.<ref>[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,127260,00.html No Grace At Gracie Mansion - TIME<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Nathan was barred by court order from entering Gracie Mansion (where Hanover still lived) or meeting his children before the divorce was final.<ref>[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/03/05/AR2007030501187.html?nav=rss_opinion/columns "Hizzoner the Curmudgeon", Washington Post, March 6, 2007]</ref> In May 2001, in an effort to mitigate the bad publicity from the proceedings, Giuliani's attorney revealed (with the mayor's approval) that Giuliani was [[impotence|impotent]] due to his [[prostate cancer]] treatments and had not had sex with Nathan for the preceding year. "You don't get through treatment for cancer and [[radiation]] all by yourself," Giuliani said. "You need people to help you and care for you and support you. And I'm very fortunate I had a lot of people who did that, but nobody did more to help me than Judith Nathan."<ref name="admitjudy">Elisabeth Bumiller, [http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?sec=health&res=9507E3D7113AF93BA25756C0A9679C8B63 "Giuliani Breaks Silence, Citing 'Adult' and 'Mature' Relationship"], ''[[New York Times]]''. Accessed June 12, 2007.</ref> Giuliani argued in a court case that he aimed to introduce Nathan to his children on Father's Day, 2001, and that Hanover had prevented this visit.<ref>Wayne Barrett, "Public Displays of Disaffection," "village voice," August 15, 2007 p. 12 http://www.villagevoice.com/news/0733,barrett,77518,2.html</ref>
Giuliani and Hanover finally settled their acrimonious divorce case in [[July 2002]], after his mayoralty had ended, with Giuliani paying Hanover a $6.8 million [[legal settlement|settlement]] and granting her custody of their children.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/2119009.stm BBC NEWS | Americas | Giuliani settles divorce out of court<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
Giuliani subsequently married Nathan on [[May 24]], [[2003]], and thus gained a stepdaughter, Whitney. It was also Nathan's third marriage after two prior divorces.<ref name="judynymag"/>
By [[March 2007]], ''[[The New York Times]]'' and the ''[[New York Daily News]]'' reported that Giuliani had become estranged from both his son Andrew and his daughter Caroline, missing major events in their lives, such as graduations, and sometimes going long stretches without talking to them, and that neither of them was taking part in his presidential campaign.<ref name="nytimeschildren">Russ Buettner/Richard Perez-Pena, [http://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/03/us/politics/03rudy.html?_r=1&oref=slogin "Noticeably Absent From the Giuliani Campaign: His Children"], ''[[New York Times]]''. Accessed June 12, 2007.</ref><ref>Daniel Saltonstall, "Wife Makes Strive: Judi cause of tension with Dad — Rudy's son," ''New York Daily News,'' March 3, 2007</ref> Caroline uses her mother's surname, Hanover, rather than Giuliani's, and according to reports, she did not inform Giuliani when she was accepted to [[Harvard]].<ref name="judynymag"/> Caroline apparently linked her personal [[Facebook]] page to a page related to the campaign of Democratic presidential candidate Senator [[Barack Obama]].<ref>Lucy Morrow Caldwell, "Rudy Giuliani's Daughter is Supporting Barack Obama http://www.slate.com/id/2171730</ref><ref>http://news.yahoo.com/s/nm/20070823/ts_nm/usa_politics_facebook_dc</ref> After a [[slate.com]] contributor reported this link, Caroline removed it from her Facebook page.<ref>Carl Campanile and Maggie Haberman, "Rudy Kid Stabbed Daddy in the Back: Caroline Joined Obama'a Web Fan Club," "New York Post," August 7, 2007, 3</ref>
Giuliani is the godfather to former New York City police commissioner [[Bernard Kerik]]'s two youngest children.<ref>CNN December 11, 2004 http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0412/11/cst.01.html</ref>
===Religion===
Giuliani has declined to comment publicly on his religious practice and beliefs, although he identifies religion as an important part of his life. When asked if he is a practicing Catholic, Giuliani answered, "My religious affiliation, my religious practices and the degree to which I am a good or not-so-good Catholic, I prefer to leave to the priests."<ref>Fox News October 3, 2007 http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,299205,00.html</ref>
==Awards and honors==
* In 1998, Mayor Giuliani received [[The Hundred Year Association of New York]]'s Gold Medal Award "in recognition of outstanding contributions to the City of New York."<ref>[http://www.100yearassociation.com/awards.html 100 Year Association of New York<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
* For his leadership on and after [[9/11|September 11]], Giuliani was given an honorary [[knighthood]] ([[Order of the British Empire|KBE]]) by [[Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom|Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II]] on [[February 13]], [[2002]].<ref>[http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0202/13/ltm.02.html CNN.com - Transcripts<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
* In 2002, the [[Episcopal Diocese of New York]] gave Giuliani the Fiorello LaGuardia Public Service Award for Valor and Leadership in the Time of Global Crisis.<ref>[http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-85930571.html NY Episcopal Diocese Honors Former Mayor Giuliani With The Fiorello LaGuardia Public Service Award At St. Paul's Chapel For September 11 Leadership. - PR Newswire - HighBeam Research<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
*Also in 2002, Former [[First Ladies of the United States|First Lady]] [[Nancy Reagan]] awarded the Mayor the [[Ronald Reagan Freedom Award]].<ref>[http://www.reaganfoundation.org/programs/cpa/awards.asp Ronald Reagan Presidential Foundation & Library<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
* In 2004, construction began on the Rudolph W. Giuliani Trauma Center at [[St. Vincent's Hospital]] in New York.<ref>[http://www.catholicnews.com/data/stories/cns/0405003.htm CNS STORY: Naming center at Catholic hospital for Giuliani raises questions<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
* In 2005, Giuliani received honorary degrees from [[Loyola College in Maryland|Loyola College]] in [[Maryland]]<ref>[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/05/19/AR2005051901733.html Cardinal Denounces Honor for Giuliani<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> and [[Middlebury College]] in [[Middlebury, Vermont|Middlebury]], [[Vermont]].<ref>{{cite news |author=Associated Press |title=Giuliani Speaks at College After Controversy |url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,157318,00.html |publisher=[[Fox News]] |date=[[2005-05-22]] |accessdate=2007-11-08 }}</ref> In 2007, Giuliani received an honorary Doctorate in Public Administration from [[The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina|The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina, Charleston, SC]].
* In 2006, Rudy and Judith Giuliani were honored by the [[American Heart Association]] at its annual Heart of the Hamptons benefit in [[Water Mill, New York|Water Mill]], [[New York]].
==Electoral history==
{{main|Electoral history of Rudy Giuliani}}
==Books==
*[[Wayne Barrett|Barrett, Wayne]], (2000). ''Rudy!: An Investigative Biography of Rudolph Giuliani''. Basic Books, ISBN 0-7567-6114-X (Reprint by Diane Publishing Co.)
*{{cite book|author=Barrett, Wayne & Collins, Dan|year=2006| title=Grand Illusion: The Untold Story of Rudy Giuliani and 9/11|publisher=Harper Collins|id=ISBN 0-06-053660-8}}
*[[Christopher X. Brodeur|Brodeur, Christopher X.]], (2002). "Perverted Little Creep; Mayor Giuliani vs Mayor Brodeur". ExtremeNY books, ISBN 0-9741593-0-1.
*{{cite book|author=Giuliani, Rudolph W., Kurson, Ken|year=2002| title=[[Leadership (book)|Leadership]]|publisher=Miramax Books |id=ISBN 0-7868-6841-4}}
*[[Juan Gonzalez (journalist)|Gonzalez, Juan]], (2002). ''Fallout: The Environmental Consequences of the World Trade Center Collapse''. New Press, ISBN 1565847547
*{{cite book|author=Kirtzman, Andrew|year=2001| title=Rudy Giuliani: Emperor of the City|publisher=Harper Collins|id=ISBN 0-06-009389-7}}
* [[Ed Koch|Koch, Edward I.]] (1999). ''Giuliani: Nasty Man.'' Barricade Books. ISBN 1-56980-155-X. Reissued, 2007.<ref>David Seifman, "Railing at Rudy," "New York Post," May 13, 2007, 9</ref>
*[[Evan Mandery|Mandery, Evan]], (1999). ''The Campaign: Rudy Giuliani, Ruth Messinger, Al Sharpton, and the Race to Be Mayor of New York City''. Westview Press, ISBN -10: 0813366984.
*[[Jack Newfield|Newfield, Jack]], (2003). ''The Full Rudy: The Man, the Myth, the Mania''. Thunder's Mouth Press, ISBN 1-56025-482-3
*Polner, Robert, (2005). ''America's Mayor: The Hidden History of Rudy Giuliani's New York''. Soft Skull Press, ISBN 1-932360-58-1
*Polner, Robert, (2007). ''America's Mayor, America's President? The Strange Career of Rudy Giuliani''. [Preface by [[Jimmy Breslin]]] Soft Skull Press, ISBN 1-933368-72-1
*{{cite book|author=Siegel, Fred|year=2005|title=[[The Prince of the City: Giuliani, New York, and the Genius of American Life]]|publisher=Encounter Books|id=ISBN 1-59403-084-7}}
==Films==
*Biographical drama ''[[Rudy: The Rudy Giuliani Story]]'', in which he is played by [[James Woods]] (2003).
*Kevin Keating's Documentary ''[[Giuliani Time]]'' (2006).
*Giuliani appeared in a cameo role in [[Adam Sandler]]'s 2003 film ''[[Anger Management]]''. In it, he uses [[Rob Schneider]]'s [[catch phrase]], "You can do it!"
==See also==
{{wikiquote}}
{{commonscat|Rudy Giuliani}}
*[[Mayoralty of Rudy Giuliani]]
*[[Political positions of Rudy Giuliani]]
*[[Rudy Giuliani promotions of Bernard Kerik]]
*[[September 11, 2001 attacks]]
*[[Bracewell & Giuliani]]
{{Rudy Giuliani}}
==External links==
;Official sites
*[http://www.joinrudy2008.com/ Join Rudy 2008] Giuliani For President Exploratory Committee.
;Documentaries, topic pages and databases
*[http://herndon1.sdrdc.com/cgi-bin/can_detail/P00003251 Federal Election Commission — Rudolph W Giuliani] Presidential campaign finance reports and data
* [http://www.pbs.org/newshour/vote2008/primaries/candidates/giuliani.html NewsHour with Jim Lehrer - Vote 2008: Rudy Giuliani]
*[http://www.gedview.com/giuliani/ Genealogy of Rudy Giuliani]
*[http://senate.ontheissues.org/Rudy_Giuliani.htm On the Issues — Rudy Giuliani] issue positions and quotes
*[http://www.opensecrets.org/pres08/summary.asp?id=N00009908&cycle=2008 OpenSecrets.org — Rudy Giuliani] campaign contributions
*[http://www.vote-smart.org/bio.php?can_id=15784 Project Vote Smart - Rudy Giuliani] voter information
*[http://www.stockpickr.com/port/Giuliani-Partners-Stocks/ Giuliani Partners at Stockpikr] public companies Giuliani Partners has done business with
*[http://www.thesmokinggun.com/archive/years/2007/0212072giuliani1.html Rudolph W. Giuliani Vulnerability Study] study prepared for his 1993 Mayoral Campaign
*{{dmoz|Regional/North_America/United_States/Society_and_Culture/Politics/Candidates_and_Campaigns/Presidential/2008/Candidates/Giuliani,_Rudy}}
;Media coverage
*[http://city-journal.org/2008/18_1_homeland_security.html Giuliani article on homeland security, ''City Journal,'' Winter 2008]
*"America on Offense: An Interview with Rudy Giuliani" by Maggie Goodlander http://thepolitic.org/content/view/56/38/
*[http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/g/rudolph_w_giuliani/index.html The New York Times — Rudolph W. Giuliani News] news stories and commentary
*[http://www.rudy-giuliani.org Rudy Giuliani in the News] articles from media around the world
*[http://prorev.com/rudy.htm Giuliani at Large] news items from mainstream media sources
*[http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=4562174015744067079&q=pete+wilson Mayor Rudy Giuliani press conference with Governor Pete Wilson of California] [[March 29]], [[1995]] as Wilson campaigns as a Presidential candidate
*[http://www.rollingstone.com/politics/story/14952564/giuliani_worse_than_bush ''Rolling Stone'' magazine] comparison with Pres. Bush
*[http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1655262,00.html Time Magazine - "Behind Giuliani's Tough Talk"]
*[http://www.motherjones.com/commentary/columns/2007/05/message_to_you_rudy.html "A Message to You, Rudy"], ''Mother Jones'', May/June 2007.
;Grassroots campaigns
*[http://www.draftrudygiuliani.com Draft Rudy Giuliani for President] federal committee organized to "Draft Rudy Giuliani" in 2008.
*[http://giulianiblog.blogspot.com Unofficial Giuliani Blog]
;Links critical of Giuliani
*[http://www.rudy-urbanlegend.com Giuliani - Urban Legend]
*[http://graphics8.nytimes.com/images/2007/08/17/us/politics/giulianilarge.jpg How much time Giuliani really spent at Ground Zero]
*[http://www.jonesreport.com/articles/310507_giuliani_blocked_families.html Giuliani Closed Off Streets to Avoid 9/11 Victims' Families]
*[http://www2.washingtonmonthly.com/features/2007/0711.morris.html Rudy Awakening - As president, Giuliani would grab even more executive power than Bush and Cheney]
*[http://www.paulvids.com/ron_paul_videos_1.php Rudy Giuliani VS. Ron Paul & David Cross]
*[http://www.paulvids.com/ron_paul_videos_2.php Exposing Fox news, Wolf Blitzer and who they fight for - Rudy Giuliani]
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=[[David N. Dinkins]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Mayor of New York City]]|years=1994 – 2001}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Michael R. Bloomberg]]}}
{{s-awards}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Billy Graham (evangelist)|Billy Graham]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Ronald Reagan Freedom Award|The Ronald Reagan Freedom Award]]|years=2002}}
{{s-aft|after=[[George H.W. Bush]]|}}
{{end}}
{{United States presidential election, 2008}}
{{NYCMayors}}
{{ISG}}
{{Time Persons of the Year 2001-2025}}
{{Persondata
|NAME = Giuliani, Rudolph William Louis
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
|SHORT DESCRIPTION = American businessman, politician
|DATE OF BIRTH = [[May 28]], [[1944]]
|PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Brooklyn, New York]], [[United States]]
|DATE OF DEATH =
|PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Giuliani, Rudy}}
[[Category:1944 births]]
[[Category:American businesspeople]]
[[Category:American lawyers]]
[[Category:American Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:Brooklyn politicians]]
[[Category:Future election candidates]]
[[Category:Recipients of Honorary British Knighthoods]]
[[Category:Italian-American politicians]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Manhattan College alumni]]
[[Category:Mayors of New York City]]
[[Category:Mob-busters]]
[[Category:New York lawyers]]
[[Category:New York Republicans]]
[[Category:New York University School of Law alumni]]
[[Category:Rudy Giuliani]]
[[Category:September 11, 2001 attacks]]
[[Category:Time magazine Persons of the Year]]
[[Category:United States Attorneys for the Southern District of New York]]
[[Category:United States presidential candidates, 2008]]
[[ar:رودي جولياني]]
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[[tr:Rudy Giuliani]]
[[uk:Джуліані Рудольф]]
[[yi:רודאלף זשוליאני]]
[[zh:魯迪·朱利安尼]]