Rutgers University 80135 224515298 2008-07-09T05:19:48Z 96.242.41.224 /* Residential life */ {{infobox University |name=Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey |image_name = Rutgers_TSUNJ_1000x1000x3c.png |motto = ''Sol Iustitiae et Occidentem Illustra'' |mottoeng = Sun of righteousness, shine upon the West also |established = [[November 10]], [[1766]] |endowment = [[United States dollar|US $]]654.184 [[million]] <ref> [http://www.nacubo.org/Images/All%20Institutions%20Listed%20by%20FY%202007%20Market%20Value%20of%20Endowment%20Assets_2007%20NES.pdf National Association of College and University Business Officers] 2007 NACUBO Endowment Study, accessed 22 February 2008.</ref> |type = [[Public university|Public]], [[research university]] |calendar = Semester |president=[[Richard L. McCormick]] |campus = [[Urban area|Urban]] |city = [[New Brunswick, New Jersey|New Brunswick]]/[[Piscataway, New Jersey|Piscataway]]<br/>[[Camden, New Jersey|Camden]]<br/>[[Newark, New Jersey|Newark]] |state = [[New Jersey]] |country = [[United States|USA]] |undergrad = 36,888<ref name="factbook">{{cite web | url = http://oirap.rutgers.edu/instchar/factbook.html | title = 2006–2007 Factbook | publisher = Rutgers University | accessdate = 2007-08-23}}</ref> |postgrad = 12,872<ref name="factbook" /> |faculty= 2,636<ref name="factbook" /> |nickname = [[Old Queens|Old Queen's]] |affiliations = [[Association of American Universities]],<br />[[Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools]],<br />[[Big East Conference]] |colors = Scarlet <span style="background-color:red;width:50px;border:1px solid #000000">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> |mascot = [[Rutgers Scarlet Knights|Scarlet Knights]] (New Brunswick)<br/>[[Rutgers-Camden|Scarlet Raptors]] (Camden)<br/>[[Rutgers-Newark|Scarlet Raiders]] (Newark) |free_label = Alma Mater |free = ''[[On the Banks of the Old Raritan]]'' |fightsong = ''[[The Bells Must Ring]]'' |sports = 27 sports teams |website = http://www.Rutgers.edu/ |logo = }} {{redirect|Rutgers}} '''Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey''' (also known as '''Rutgers University'''), is the largest institution for higher education in the [[U.S. state|state]] of [[New Jersey]]. It was originally chartered as ''Queen's College'' in [[1766]] and is the [[Colonial colleges|eighth-oldest college]] in the [[United States]]. Rutgers was originally a [[private university]] affiliated with the [[Dutch Reformed Church]] and admitting only male students, but evolved into and is presently a [[nonsectarian]], [[coeducation]]al [[public university|public]] [[research university]] that makes no religious demands of its students. Rutgers is one of only two [[colonial colleges]] that later became public universities. (The other is the [[College of William and Mary]].) <ref>Note: Of the nine colonial colleges, seven (Harvard, Yale, Pennsylvania, Princeton, Columbia, Brown and Dartmouth) remained private, and of the two remaining, William and Mary was taken over by the Commonwealth of Virginia and reincorporated as a public institution in 1888, and Rutgers became the State University of New Jersey by acts of the state legislature in 1945 (Public Law 1945, chapter 49, page 115) and 1956 (Public Law, chapter 61) now enshrined as New Jersey Statute 18A:65-1 et seq.</ref> Rutgers was designated The State University of New Jersey by acts of the [[New Jersey Legislature]] in 1945 and 1956.<ref name="1956law"/> The campuses of Rutgers University are located in [[New Brunswick, New Jersey|New Brunswick]], [[Piscataway, New Jersey|Piscataway]], [[Newark, New Jersey|Newark]] and [[Camden, New Jersey|Camden]]. The [[Rutgers-Newark|Newark campus]] was formerly the ''University of Newark'', which merged into the Rutgers system in 1946, and the [[Rutgers-Camden|Camden campus]] was created in 1950 from the ''College of South Jersey''.{{fact|date=May 2008}} Rutgers is the leading university within New Jersey's [[state university]] system, and it was ranked 46th in the world academically in a [[Academic Ranking of World Universities|2006 survey]] conducted by the Institute of Higher Education at [[Shanghai Jiao Tong University]].<ref>[http://ed.sjtu.edu.cn/rank/2006/ARWU2006TOP500list.htm Top 500 World Universities (2006)] Institute of Higher Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University. Accessed [[31 December]] [[2006]].</ref> The university offers more than 100 distinct [[Bachelor degree|bachelor]], 100 [[Masters degree|master]], and 80 [[Doctoral degree|doctoral]] and [[professional degree]] programs across 175 academic departments, 29 degree-granting schools and colleges, 16 of which offer graduate programs of study.<ref name="GettingToKnow">[http://admissions.rutgers.edu/1501.asp Getting to Know Rutgers] from the Office of Undergraduate Admissions website, published by Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey (no further authorship information available), accessed [[25 January]] [[2007]].</ref> ==History== {{main|History of Rutgers University}} Shortly after the [[Princeton University|College of New Jersey]] (Princeton College) was established in 1766, ministers of the [[Dutch Reformed Church]], seeking autonomy in ecclesiastical affairs in the American colonies sought to establish a college to train those who wanted to become [[Clergy|ministers]] within the church.<ref name="andthen">[http://www.dailytargum.com/media/storage/paper168/news/2002/11/08/News/And-Then.There.Was.Rutgers-318671.shtml?norewrite200608120133&sourcedomain=www.dailytargum.com And then there was Rutgers...] in ''The Daily Targum'' [[8 November]] [[2002]], accessed [[12 August]] [[2006]].</ref><ref name="sketch">[http://www.libraries.rutgers.edu/rul/libs/scua/university_archives/ru_historical_sketch.shtml A Historical Sketch of Rutgers University] by Thomas J. Frusciano, University Archivist, accessed 12 August 2006.</ref> Through several years of effort by Rev. [[Theodorus Jacobus Frelinghuysen]] (1691&ndash;1747) and Rev. [[Jacob Rutsen Hardenbergh]] (1736&ndash;1790), later the college's first president, ''Queen's College'' was chartered on [[10 November]] [[1766]].<ref name="andthen" /> Established as ''the trustees of Queen's College, in New-Jersey'' in honor of [[George III of the United Kingdom|King George III]]'s Queen-consort, [[Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz]] (1744&ndash;1818).<ref name="sketch" /> The charter was signed and the young college was supported by [[William Franklin]] (1730&ndash;1813), the last Royal Governor of [[New Jersey]] and illegitimate son of [[Benjamin Franklin]]. The original charter specified the establishment both of the college, and of an institution called the Queen's College Grammar School, intended to be a [[University-preparatory school|preparatory school]] affiliated and governed by the college.<ref name="sketch" /> This institution, today the [[Rutgers Preparatory School]], was a part of the college community until 1959.<ref name="sketch" /><ref name="years">[http://ruweb.rutgers.edu/timeline/ Rutgers Through the Years Timeline] at Rutgers University, accessed 12 August 2006.</ref> [[Image:OldQueensRutgers.jpg|thumb|right|Early nineteenth century drawing of Old Queen's (1809), the oldest building on the Rutgers University campus in New Brunswick, New Jersey.]] The original purpose of Queen's College was to "''educate the youth in language, liberal, the divinity, and useful arts and sciences''" and for the training of future ministers for the Dutch Reformed Church<ref>''A Charter for Queen's College in New Jersey'' (1770) in Special Collections and University Archives, Archibald S. Alexander Library, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey.</ref><ref name="sketch" /><ref name="years" /> The college admitted its first students in 1771&mdash;a single sophomore and a handful of first-year students taught by a lone instructor&mdash;and granted its first degree in 1774, to [[Matthew Leydt]].<ref name="sketch" /><ref name="years" /> Despite the religious nature of the early college, the first classes were held at a [[tavern]] called the ''Sign of the Red Lion.''<ref>[http://www2.scc.rutgers.edu/bogart/r1.htm Rutgers College and the American Revolution], accessed [[July 12]], [[2006]]</ref> When the Revolutionary War broke out and taverns were suspected by the British as being hotbeds of rebel activity, the college abandoned the tavern and held classes in private homes.<ref name="sketch" /><ref name="years" /> In its early years, due to a lack of funds, Queen's College was closed for two extended periods. Early trustees considered merging the college with the College of New Jersey, in Princeton (the measure failed by one vote) and later considered relocating to [[New York City]].<ref name="sketch" /><ref name="years" /> In 1808, after raising $12,000, the college was temporarily reopened and broke ground on a building of its own, affectionately called "[[Old Queens]]" designed by architect [[John McComb, Jr.]]<ref name="paths">[http://www.libraries.rutgers.edu/rul/libs/scua/university_archives/historic_ru_paths.shtml Paths to Historic Rutgers: A Self-Guided Tour], at Rutgers University, accessed 9 August 2006.</ref> The college's third president, the Rev. [[Ira Condict]], laid the cornerstone on [[April 27]], [[1809]]. Shortly after, the [[New Brunswick Theological Seminary]], founded in 1784, relocated from [[Brooklyn, New York]], to New Brunswick, and shared facilities with Queen's College (and the [[Rutgers Preparatory School|Queen's College Grammar School]], as all three institutions were then overseen by the [[Reformed Church in America]]).<ref name="sketch" /><ref name="years" /> During those formative years, all three institutions fit into Old Queens. In 1830, the Queen's College Grammar School moved across the street, and in 1856, the Seminary relocated to a seven-acre (28,000&nbsp;m²) tract less than one-half mile (800&nbsp;m) away.<ref name="sketch" /><ref name="years" /> [[Image:Colonel Henry Rutgers.jpg|thumb|left|Revolutionary war hero and philanthropist, Colonel [[Henry Rutgers]] (1745&ndash;1830), early benefactor and namesake of Rutgers University.]] After several years of closure resulting from an economic depression after the [[War of 1812]], Queen's College reopened in 1825 and was renamed ''Rutgers College'' in honor of [[American Revolutionary War]] hero Colonel [[Henry Rutgers]] (1745&ndash;1830). According to the Board of Trustees, Colonel Rutgers was honored because he epitomized Christian values, although it should be noted the Colonel was a wealthy bachelor known for his philanthropy. A year after the school was renamed, it received 2 donations from its namesake: a $200 bell still hanging from the cupola of Old Queen's and a $5,000 bond which placed the college on sound financial footing.<ref name="sketch" /><ref name="years" /> Rutgers College became the land-grant college of New Jersey in 1864 under the [[Morrill Land-Grant Colleges Act|Morrill Act of 1862]], resulting in the establishment of the Rutgers Scientific School, featuring departments of [[agriculture]], [[engineering]], and [[chemistry]].<ref name="sketch" /><ref name="years" /> The Rutgers Scientific School would expand over the years to grow into the New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station (1880) and divide into the [[School of Engineering (Rutgers University)|College of Engineering]] (1914) and the [[School of Environmental and Biological Sciences (Rutgers University)|College of Agriculture]] (1921).<ref name="sketch" /><ref name="years" /> Shortly after, Rutgers created several new divisions, the [[Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy (Rutgers University)|College of Pharmacy]] (1892), [[Douglass College (Rutgers University)|New Jersey College for Women]] (1918), and the School of Education (1924).<ref name="sketch" /><ref name="years" /> With the development of graduate education, and the continued expansion of the institution, Rutgers College was renamed Rutgers University in 1924.<ref name="years" /> Later, [[School of Arts and Sciences (Rutgers University)|University College]] (1945), founded to serve part-time, commuting students and [[School of Arts and Sciences (Rutgers University)|Livingston College]] (1969), emphasizing the urban experience, were created.<ref name="sketch" /><ref name="years" /> Rutgers was designated the State University of New Jersey by acts of the [[New Jersey Legislature]] in 1945 and 1956.<ref name="1956law">[http://lis.njleg.state.nj.us/cgi-bin/om_isapi.dll?clientID=4049436&depth=2&expandheadings=off&headingswithhits=on&infobase=statutes.nfo&softpage=TOC_Frame_Pg42 N.J.S.A.] 18A:65-1 et seq. (Public Law 1956, chapter 61) repealing and succeeding P.L. 1945, c.49, p.115. accessed [[8 August]] [[2006]].</ref> Shortly after, the ''University of Newark'' (1935) was merged with Rutgers in 1946, as was the ''College of South Jersey'' in 1950, and these two institutions were transformed into Rutgers University's campuses in [[Rutgers-Newark|Newark]] and [[Rutgers-Camden|Camden]]. In light of the civil rights and women's movements of the 1960s, Rutgers, along with many of the older American institutions (including [[Princeton University|Princeton]] and [[Yale University|Yale]]) became co-educational. On [[September 10]], [[1970]], after much debate, the Board of Governors voted to admit women into the previously all-male [[Rutgers College]].<ref name="sketch" /><ref name="years" /> Prior to 1982, the faculties at Rutgers were split among separate [[residential college]]s and departments, which posed significant disparaties between programs at the undergraduate level. In 1982, under president [[Edward J. Bloustein]], the faculties were centralized. The last aspects of this will be finalized in fall 2007, when the several of the undergraduate liberal arts colleges are scheduled to be merged into a ''[[School of Arts and Sciences (Rutgers University)|School of Arts and Sciences]]'' which will allow Rutgers to drive forward with one set of admissions criteria, curriculum and graduation requirements where previously there were several disparate, confusing and often contrary standards. Currently, New Jersey Governor [[Jon Corzine]] has expressed interest in reviving a plan to merge Rutgers University with [[New Jersey Institute of Technology]] (NJIT) and the [[University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey]] (UMDNJ), a plan which has received support from Rutgers University president [[Richard L. McCormick]]. ==Organization== ===Campuses=== [[Image:College Ave Student Center.JPG|thumb|The College Avenue Student Center at Rutgers New Brunswick campus.]] [[Image:Rutgers-Newark.JPG|thumb|right|The ''University of Newark'' was established in 1935 in Newark, New Jersey and later merged with Rutgers University in 1946.]] [[Image:Bloustein School.jpg|thumb|right|The Bloustein School in New Brunswick]] {{seealso|Rutgers-New Brunswick| Rutgers-Newark| Rutgers-Camden}} Rutgers University has three campuses across the state of [[New Jersey]], with its flagship campus located mainly in the cities of [[New Brunswick, New Jersey|New Brunswick]] and [[Piscataway, New Jersey|Piscataway]], and two smaller campuses in the cities of [[Newark, New Jersey|Newark]] and [[Camden, New Jersey|Camden]]. These campuses comprise 27 degree-granting schools and colleges, offering undergraduate, graduate and professional levels of study. The university is centrally administered from New Brunswick, although [[Provost (education)|Provost]]s at the [[Rutgers-Newark|Newark]] and [[Rutgers-Camden|Camden]] campuses hold significant autonomy for some academic issues. [http://ur.rutgers.edu/styleguide/pnames.shtml#acronyms Rutgers Fact Book] The ''New Brunswick-Piscataway Campus'' (or [[Rutgers-New Brunswick]]) is the largest campus of Rutgers; it is the flagship campus, due to its history as the site of the original Rutgers College. It is spread across six municipalities in [[Middlesex County, New Jersey]], chiefly located in the City of New Brunswick and Piscataway Township. It is actually composed of five smaller campuses: the original and historic ''College Avenue'' campus is adjacent to downtown New Brunswick, and includes the seat of the University, Old Queens; ''Douglass Campus'' and ''Cook Campus'' are adjacent and intertwined with each other so much so that they are normally referred to as the ''Cook/Douglass Campus'' and is treated as one campus, Cook has extensive farms and woods that extend into North Brunswick and East Brunswick Townships; separated by the Raritan river are ''Busch Campus'', in Piscataway; and ''Livingston Campus'', also mainly in Piscataway but includes remote lands extending into Edison Township and the Borough of Highland Park. As of the Fall 2007 semester, the New Brunwick-Piscataway campuses include 19 undergraduate, graduate and professional schools, including the [[School of Arts and Sciences (Rutgers University)|School of Arts and Sciences]], the School of Communication, Information and Library Studies, the Edward J. Bloustein School of Planning and Public Policy, the School of Engineering, the [[School of Environmental and Biological Sciences (Rutgers University)|School of Environmental and Biological Sciences]], the Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, the Graduate School, the Graduate School of Applied and Professional Psychology, the Graduate School of Education, the School of Management and Labor Relations, the Mason Gross School of the Arts, the College of Nursing, the [[Rutgers Business School]] and the School of Social Work. As of 2007, 26,691 undergraduates and 7,701 graduate students (total 34,392) are enrolled at the New Brunswick-Piscataway campus.<ref name="factbook" /> The ''Newark Campus'' (or [[Rutgers-Newark]]), consists of 8 undergraduate, graduate and professional schools, including: Newark College of Arts and Sciences, University College, School of Criminal Justice, Graduate School, College of Nursing, [http://spaa.newark.rutgers.edu School of Public Affairs and Administration,] [[Rutgers Business School]] and [[Rutgers School of Law - Newark]]. As of 2007, 6,503 undergraduates and 3,700 graduate students (total 10,203) are enrolled at the Newark campus.<ref name="factbook" /> <br> [[Image:Old Queens Rutgers.jpg|thumb|left|Winter at Old Queens, the oldest building at Rutgers University in New Brunswick, New Jersey, built between 1808–1825. Old Queens currently houses much of the Rutgers University administration.]]The ''Camden Campus'' (or [[Rutgers-Camden]]) consists of five undergraduate, graduate and professional schools, including: Camden College of Arts and Sciences, University College, Graduate School, [[Rutgers School of Business - Camden]] and [[Rutgers School of Law - Camden]]. As of 2006, 3,696 undergraduates and 1,471 graduate students (total 5,165) are enrolled at the Camden campus.<ref name="factbook" /> ===Governance=== Governance at Rutgers University rests with a ''Board of Trustees'' consisting currently of 59 members and a ''Board of Governors'' consisting of 11 members: six appointed by the [[Governor of New Jersey]] and five chosen by the Board of Trustees.<ref name="Targeted">[http://www.state.nj.us/health/hset/chapter6.htm Commission on Health Science, Education and Training: Rutgers Targeted Assesment] accessed [[15 August]] [[2006]].</ref><ref>[http://ruweb.rutgers.edu/governance/BOTmembers.shtml Rutgers: Members of the Board of Trustees] accessed [[15 August]] [[2006]].</ref><ref>[http://ruweb.rutgers.edu/governance/BOGmembers.shtml Rutgers:Members of the Board of Governors] accessed [[15 August]] [[2006]].</ref> The trustees constitute chiefly an advisory body to the Board of Governors and are the fiduciary overseers of the property and assets of the University that existed before the institution became the State University of New Jersey in 1945. The initial reluctance of the trustees (still acting as a private corporate body) to cede control of certain business affairs to the state government for direction and oversight caused the state to establish the Board of Governors in 1956.<ref>[http://ur.rutgers.edu/magazine/article/View%20from%20the%20Inside/38/ "A View from the Inside"] (an interview with Dr. Richard P. McCormick) by Thomas J. Frusciano in ''Rutgers Magazine" (Winter 2006), accessed [[16 August]] [[2006]].</ref> Today, the Board of Governors maintains much of the corporate control of the University. The members of the Board of Trustees are voted upon by different constituencies or appointed. "Two faculty and two students are elected by the University Senate as nonvoting representatives. The 59 voting members are chosen in the following way as mandated by state law: 28 charter members (of whom at least three shall be women), 20 alumni members nominated by the Nominating Committee of the Board of Trustees, and five public members appointed by the governor of the state with confirmation by the New Jersey State Senate. The six members of the Board of Governors appointed by the governor also serve as members of the Board of Trustees. Of the 28 charter seats, three are reserved for students with full voting rights."<ref>[http://ruweb.rutgers.edu/governance/ Rutgers:Governing Boards of the University] accessed [[15 August]] [[2006]].</ref> The [[president of Rutgers University]], chosen by and answerable to the Trustees and Governors, sits as an [[ex-officio]] member of both governing boards. He, as the chief administrator of the university, is charged with its day-to-day operations. Since 2002, the president of Rutgers University is [[Richard L. McCormick|Richard Levis McCormick]] (born 1947). ==Academics== ===Profile=== Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey is a leading national research university and is unique as the only university in the nation that is a [[Colonial colleges|colonial chartered college]] (1766), a [[land grant college|land-grant institution]] (1864), and a [[state university]] (1945/1956).<ref>Note: Rutgers is the only one of the original nine [[colonial colleges]] to satisfy all three categories. Seven of the colonial colleges remained private institutions. Of the two that became state institutions, Rutgers and [[College of William and Mary]], only Rutgers was named a land-grant college.</ref> Rutgers is accredited by the [[Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools#Commission on Higher Education|Commission on Higher Education]] of the [[Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools]] (1921), and in 1989, became a member of the [[Association of American Universities]], an organization of the 62 leading research universities in [[North America]].<ref>[http://www.aau.edu/aau/members.html Association of American Universities], AAU, Retrieved on 2006-08-06 </ref> A [[Public Ivy]], Rutgers University was ranked 39th worldwide and 43rd within the United States in the 2005 ''[[Academic Ranking of World Universities]]'' by the Institute of Higher Education at [[Shanghai Jiao Tong University]].<ref>[http://ed.sjtu.edu.cn/rank/2005/ARWU2005_Top100.htm Top 500 World Universities]. ''[[Shanghai Jiao Tong University]].'' Accessed on [[15 August]] [[2006]].</ref> According to the [[Washington Monthly]]'s 2006 rankings, Rutgers ranks 53rd in the United States.<ref> [http://www.washingtonmonthly.com/features/2006/0609.national.html Washington Monthly 2006 American College Rankings]</ref> ''The Top American Research Universities'' an annual statistical report by The Center at the [[University of Florida]] ranks Rutgers 39th.<ref>[http://thecenter.ufl.edu/research.html The Top American Research Universities] accessed 21 October 2006.</ref> In the 2007 ''[[U.S. News & World Report]]'' ranking of American national universities, Rutgers is ranked as the third best public university in the [[Northeastern United States]] and 59th in the ranking's "National Universities" category.<ref>[http://www.usnews.com/usnews/edu/college/rankings/brief/t1natudoc_brief.php America's Best Colleges 2006], [[U.S. News & World Report]], accessed [[May 4]], [[2006]]</ref> Eleven of Rutgers' graduate departments are ranked by the National Research Council in the top 25 among all universities: [[Philosophy]] (2nd), [[Geology]] Ranked 9th Nationally based on [[National Science Foundation|NSF]] funding 9th ,[[Geography]] (13th), [[Statistics]] (17th), [[English studies|English]] (17th), [[Mathematics]] (19th), [[Art History]] (20th), [[Physics]] (20th), [[History]] (20th) [[Comparative Literature]] (22nd), [[French language|French]] (22nd), and [[Materials Science|Materials Science Engineering]] (25th).<ref>National Research Council: ''1995 National Research Council ranking of Graduate Research Programs''. (most recent edition)</ref><ref>http://www.english.ucsb.edu/undergrad/aftermajor/gradrankings.asp UCSB website] citing 2001 U.S. News & World Report Data, accessed [[15 August]] [[2006]].</ref><ref>[http://www.virginia.edu/insideuva/2005/07/rankings.html UVA website] citing [[April 1]] [[2005]] U.S. News & World Report data and rankings, accessed [[15 August]] [[2006]].</ref><ref>[http://www.stolaf.edu/people/humke/gradschool-rankings.html St. Olaf College webpage] citing 1998 U.S. News & World Report data and rankings, accessed [[15 August]] [[2006]].</ref><ref>[http://www.physics.sunysb.edu/Physics/rankings.htm SUNY Stony Brook webpage] citing Nov./Dec. 1998 issue of ''Science Watch'' and other data, accessed [[15 August]] [[2006]].</ref> Both [[Rutgers School of Law - Newark]] and [[Rutgers School of Law - Camden]] are ranked as Top 100 Law Schools by U.S. News and World Report.<ref>[http://grad-schools.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/usnews/edu/grad/rankings/law/brief/lawrank_brief.php Law Rankings] Accessed 27 July 2007.</ref> The [[Rutgers Business School]] is ranked 39th in the ''[[Wall Street Journal]]'s'' Regional Ranking of Top Business Schools.<ref>[http://business.rutgers.edu/newsDetail.aspx?id=54 Rutgers Business School News] Accessed 12 November 2006.</ref> The Philosophy Department ranked first in 2002–04 tied with [[New York University]] and Princeton University, and second in 2004–06 (NYU was first, Princeton 3rd, Oxford 4th) in the [[Philosophical Gourmet]]'s biennial report on [[Philosophy]] programs in the English-speaking world.<ref>[http://www.philosophicalgourmet.com/ The Philosophical Gourmet Report] accessed [[15 August]] [[2006]].</ref><ref>[http://ur.rutgers.edu/focus/article/Philosophy%20department%20rated%20number%20one/1019/ "Philosophy Department rated number one"] by Steve Manas, article from [[18 November]] [[2002]], accessed [[15 August]] [[2006]].</ref> According to U.S. News & World Report, in the top 25 among all universities: Food Science (2nd)[[Library Science]] (6th), [[Drama]]/[[Theater]] (12th), [[Mathematics]] (16th), [[English studies|English]] (18th), [[History]] (19th, with the subspecialty of African-American History ranked 4th and Women’s History ranked 1st), [[Applied Mathematics]] (21st) and [[Physics]] (24th).<ref name="Targeted" /> Also in the 2006 U.S. News & World Report ranking of Computer Science Ph.D. programs, Rutgers was ranked 29th.<ref>[http://cs.gmu.edu/news/cs_rankings-2006.pdf#search=%22computer%20science%20US%20News%20and%20World%20Report%20rankings%202006%20%2Brutgers%22 George Mason University webpage]</ref> ===Admissions and financial aid=== ''[[U.S. News & World Report]]'' considers the New Brunswick-Piscataway campus of Rutgers University to be a "more selective" school in terms of the rigour of its admissions processes.<ref>[http://www.usnews.com/usnews/edu/college/directory/brief/drglance_6964_brief.php America's Best Colleges 2007] from ''U.S. News and World Report'', accessed 18 November 2008.</ref> 56% of undergraduate applicants are accepted. In comparison, 62% of applicants to nearby [[Pennsylvania State University]] (for the University Park campus) and 47% of applicants to the [[University of Delaware]] are accepted. Average scores for the [[SAT|Scholastic Aptitude Test]] (SAT) scores of enrolling students at Rutgers range from 530–630 on the critical reading section, 560–670 for the mathematics section, and 530-640 for the writing section. Admitted applicants to nearby Pennsylvania State University average scores between from 530–640 on the verbal section and 570–680 on the math section; the University of Delaware's student body averages between 550–640 verbal and 560–660 math.<ref>[http://apps.collegeboard.com/search/compare_schools.jsp? CollegeBoard.com college comparison], accessed 22 October 2006.</ref> As a state university, Rutgers charges two separate rates for tuition and fees depending on whether an enrolled student is a resident of the [[U.S. State|State]] of [[New Jersey]] (in-state) or not (out-of-state). The ''Office of Institutional Research and Academic Planning'' estimates that costs in-state student of attending Rutgers would amount to $18,899 for an undergraduate living on-campus and $22,395 for a graduate student. For an out-of-state student, the costs rise to $26,497 and $27,476 respectively.<ref name="factbook" /> Undergraduate students at Rutgers, though a combination of federal (50%), state (22%), university (22%), and private (6%) scholarship, loans, and grants, received $291,956,597 of [[financial aid]] in the 2004–2005 academic year. Of 37,429 undergraduate students at Rutgers, 30,398 (or 81.2%) receive financial aid. During the same period, 73.2%, or 9,604 graduate students out of a population of 13,124, received assistance in the total of $121,269,211 in financial aid sourced chiefly from federal (33%) and university (65%) funds.<ref name="factbook" /> ===Faculty=== {{main|List of Rutgers University people#Faculty|l1=List of Rutgers University people}} For the August 2005 to May 2006 academic year. Rutgers University had 2,261 full-time and part-time academic faculty members.<ref name="factbook" /> Among Rutgers notable former professors are [[John Ciardi]], [[George Hammell Cook]], [[Michael Curtis]], [[Ralph Ellison]], [[Paul Fussell]], [[Robert Trivers]], [[Francis Fergusson]], [[Ruth Bader Ginsburg]], [[Mason W. Gross]], [[Leonid Khachiyan]], [[David Levering Lewis]], [[Roy Lichtenstein]], [[George Segal (artist)|George Segal]] and [[Selman Waksman]]. During his 20 year tenure at Rutgers, [[David Levering Lewis]] (born 1936), a professor in the Department of History was twice awarded the [[Pulitzer Prize|Pultizer Prize for Biography or Autobiography]] (1994 and 2001) for both volumes of his [[biography]] of [[W.E.B. DuBois]] (1868–1963) and was also the winner of the [[Bancroft Prize|Bancroft]] and [[Parkman Prize|Parkman prizes]]. Five [[Nobel prizes by university affiliation|Nobel laureates]] have been affiliated with Rutgers as either [[faculty (university)|faculty]] or students ([[Milton Friedman]], [[Toni Morrison]], [[David A. Morse]], [[Heinrich Rohrer]] and [[Selman Waksman]]). Many members of the faculty at Rutgers have achieved top honors in their disciplines, including [[Michael R. Douglas]], a prominent [[String theory|string theorist]] and the director of the New High Energy Theory Center and winner of the [[Sackler Prize]] in theoretical physics in 2000. [[Jerry Fodor]], [[Zenon Pylyshyn]] and [[Stephen Stich]] were awarded the [[Jean Nicod Prize]] in [[philosophy]] and [[cognitive science]]. Rutgers is also home to Melville scholar [[H. Bruce Franklin]], whose academic tenure was revoked by [[Stanford University]] for actions that were arguably the exercise of his [[First Amendment to the United States Constitution|First Amendment]] right to [[free speech]]. Franklin was a visiting professor at [[Wesleyan University|Wesleyan]] and [[Yale]] for a few years, then was offered a tenured post by Rutgers. He now holds an [[endowed chair]] at Rutgers. Furthermore, Rutgers ranks among the top three public AAU institutions in the overall percentage of women faculty.<ref>http://oirap.rutgers.edu/msa/Documents/gender_summary.pdf</ref> ===Libraries and museums=== The Rutgers University library system consists of 26 libraries and centers located on the University's three campuses, housing a collection of over 10.5 million holdings, including 3,522,359 volumes, 4,517,726 microforms, 2,544,126 documents, and subscriptions to 42,875 periodicals, and ranking among the nation's top research libraries.<ref>[http://www.libraries.rutgers.edu/rul/about/overview.shtml Rutgers University Libraries: Library Facts & Figures] accessed [[8 August]] [[2006]].</ref> The [[American Library Association]] ranks the Rutgers University Library system as the 44th largest library in the United States in terms of volumes held.<ref>[http://www.ala.org/ala/alalibrary/libraryfactsheet/alalibraryfactsheet22.htm ALA:The Nation's Largest Libraries] accessed [[15 August]] [[2006]].</ref> The ''Archibald S. Alexander Library'', in [[New Brunswick, New Jersey|New Brunswick]], is the oldest and the largest library in Rutgers.<ref name="AlexCollection">[http://www.libraries.rutgers.edu/rul/libs/alex_lib/alex_coll_descript.shtml Archibald S. Alexander Library Collection Description] Accessed [[10 January]] [[2007]]</ref> It houses several million volumes focusing on an extensive [[humanities]] and [[social science]] collection. It mainly supports the sort of research done in the School of Arts and Sciences, the Edward J. Bloustein School of Planning & Public Policy, the Graduate School of Education, the Graduate School of Social Work, and the School of Communication, Information, and Library Studies. Alexander Library also maintains a large collection of government document, which contains United States, New Jersey, foreign, and international government publications.<ref name="AlexCollection"/> The ''Library of Science and Medicine'' on the Busch Campus in [[Piscataway, New Jersey|Piscataway]] houses the University's collection in [[behavioral science|behavioral]], [[Biology|biological]], [[Earth science|earth]], and [[pharmaceutical science]]s and [[engineering]]. The LSM also serves as a designated depository library for government publication regarding science, and owns a U.S. patent collection and patent search facility.<ref>[http://www.libraries.rutgers.edu/rul/libs/lsm_lib/lsm_coll_descript.shtml LSM Collection Description] accessed [[10 January]] [[2007]]</ref> It was officially established as the Library of Science and Medicine in July of 1964 although the beginning of the development of a library for science started in 1962. The LSM currently has two administrative structures since it is a joint library serving both Rutgers and the [[University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey]] (UMDNJ). UMDNJ, which was briefly known as ''Rutgers Medical School,'' separated from Rutgers in 1970. The current character of the LSM is a university science library also serving a medical school.<ref name="LSMhistory">[http://www.libraries.rutgers.edu/rul/libs/lsm_lib/lsm_history.shtml LSM History] accessed [[10 January]] [[2007]]</ref> On the New Brunswick-Piscataway campus, in addition to Alexander Library, many individual disciplines have their own libraries, including alcohol studies, [[art history]], [[Chemistry]], [[Math]]ematical studies, [[Music]], and [[Physics]]. ''Special Collections and University Archives'' houses the Sinclair New Jersey Collection, manuscript collection, and rare book collection, as well as the University [[Archives]]. Although located in the Alexander Library building, [[Special Collections]] and University Archives actually comprises a distinct unit unto itself. Located within the Alexander Library is the ''East Asian Library'' which holds a sizable collection of Chinese, Japanese and Korean monographs and periodicals. In [[Rutgers-Newark|Newark]], the ''John Cotton Dana Library'' (which also houses the ''[[Institute of Jazz Studies]]'') and the ''Robeson Library'' in [[Rutgers-Camden|Camden]], serve their respective campuses with a broad collection of volumes. Rutgers oversees several museums and collections that are open to the public, including the ''Jane Voorhees Zimmerli Art Museum'', on the College Avenue Campus in [[New Brunswick, New Jersey|New Brunswick]], maintains a collection of over 50,000 works of art, focusing on [[Russia]]n and [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] art, [[France|French]] 19th-century art and [[United States of America|American]] 19th- and 20th-century art with a concentration on early-20th-century and contemporary prints.<ref>[http://www.zimmerlimuseum.rutgers.edu/collections/ Zimmerli Art Museum: Collections] accessed [[8 August]] [[2006]].</ref> The ''Rutgers University Geology Museum''&mdash;located in Geology Hall next to the Old Queens Building&mdash;features exhibits on [[geology]] and [[anthropology]], with an emphasis on the natural history of [[New Jersey]]. The largest exhibits include a [[dinosaur]] [[fossil trackway|trackway]] from [[Towaco, New Jersey]]; a [[mastodon]] from [[Salem County, New Jersey|Salem County]]; and a [[Ptolomaic]] era [[Egypt]]ian [[mummy]].<ref>[http://geology.rutgers.edu/museum.shtml Rutgers University Geology Museum] accessed [[8 August]] [[2006]].</ref> On the campus of [[School of Environmental and Biological Sciences (Rutgers University)|Cook College]], the ''New Jersey Museum of Agriculture'' houses an extensive collection of agricultural, scientific and household tools that spans 350 years of New Jersey's history. The bulk of the collection rests on the 8,000-item Wabun C. Krueger Collection of Agricultural, Household, and Scientific Artifacts, and over 30,000 glass negatives and historic [[photography|photographs]].<ref>[http://agriculturemuseum.org/collections.html New Jersey Museum of Agriculture] accessed [[14 August]] [[2006]].</ref> Also located on the Cook College campus is ''Rutgers Gardens'', which features 50&nbsp;[[acre]]s (20&nbsp;[[hectare]]s) of horticultural, display, and [[botanical gardens]], as well as [[arboretum]]s.<ref>[http://rutgersgardens.rutgers.edu/director.html Rutgers Gardens: A Message from the Director] accessed 10 September 2006.</ref> ==Research== [[Image:Selman Waksman NYWTS.jpg|thumb|right|Prof. Selman A. Waksman (B.Sc. 1915), who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine for developing 22 antibiotics&mdash;most notably Streptomycin&mdash;in his laboratory at Rutgers University.]] It was at Rutgers that [[Selman Waksman]] (1888–1973) discovered several [[antibiotic]]s, including [[actinomycin]], [[clavacin]], [[streptothricin]], [[grisein]], [[neomycin]], [[fradicin]], [[candicidin]], [[candidin]], and others. Waksman, along with graduate student [[Albert Schatz (scientist)|Albert Schatz]] (1920–2005), discovered [[streptomycin]]&mdash;a versatile antibiotic that was to be the first applied to cure [[tuberculosis]]. For this discovery, Waksman received the [[Nobel Prize for Medicine]] in [[1952]]. Rutgers continues to be on the frontlines of science and innovation, and has given birth to discoveries and inventions such as water-soluble sustained release polymers, Tetraploids, robotic hands, artificial bovine insemination, and development of the ceramic tiles for the heat shield on the [[Space Shuttle]]. In health related field, Rutgers has the Environmental & Occupational Health Science Institute (EOHSI). Rutgers is also home to the RCSB Protein Data bank [http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/home/home.do], 'an information portal to Biological Macromolecular Structures' cohosted with the San Diego Supercomputer center. This database is the authoritative research tool for bioinformaticists using protein primary, secondary and tertiary structures world wide.' Rutgers is home to the Rutgers Cooperative Research & Extension office, which is run by the Agricultural and Experiment Station with the support of local government. The institution provides research & education to the local farming and agro industrial community in 19 of the 21 counties of the state and educational outreach programs offered through the [[New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station Office of Continuing Professional Education]]. ==Student life== ===Residential life=== [[Image:Rutgers University New Flyer D60LF 2014.jpg|thumb|200px|Rutgers Inter-Campus shuttle bus]] Rutgers University offers a variety of housing options. On the [[New Brunswick]]-Piscataway campus, students are given the option of on-campus housing in both traditional [[dorm]]s or apartments. Despite some overcrowding, any student seeking on-campus housing will usually be accommodated with a space. Many Rutgers students opt to rent apartments or houses off-campus within the city of New Brunswick. Similar setups are to be found in Rutgers-Newark and Rutgers-Camden, however a substantial portion of the students on those campuses commute and are enrolled on a part-time basis. Rutgers University's three campuses are located in the culturally-diverse, redeveloping urban areas ([[Newark, New Jersey|Newark]], [[Camden, New Jersey|Camden]], and [[New Brunswick, New Jersey|New Brunswick]]) with convenient access to [[New York City]] and [[Philadelphia]] by either [[automobile]], [[Amtrak]] or [[New Jersey Transit]]. [[US News & World Report]] ranked [[Rutgers-Newark]] the most diverse university campus in the United States.<ref>[http://www.usnews.com/usnews/edu/college/rankings/brief/natudoc/natudoc_campdiv_brief.php] from ''U.S. News & World Report'' accessed 9 September 2006</ref> Because the area of Rutgers' New Brunswick-Piscataway campus&mdash;which is composed of several constituent colleges and professional schools&mdash;is sprawled across six [[Municipality|municipalities]], the individual campuses are connected by an inter-campus [[bus]] system. Rutgers University is ranked by numerous websites as a party school. Rutgers ranks 30 on collegehumor.com, as well as an honorable mention by partyschoolnetwork.com. The New Brunswick police do frequently issue noise violations to home owners which average between 350-500$, but do not usually go after individuals at parties, except when they posses open containers in public (including solo cups). ===Traditions and symbols=== {{main|Traditions at Rutgers University}} The ''[[alma mater]]'' of Rutgers University is the song entitled ''[[On the Banks of the Old Raritan]]'', written by Howard Fullerton (Class of 1874) in 1873.<ref name="years" /> It is often sung at University occasions, including concerts of the [[Rutgers University Glee Club]], at Convocation and Commencement exercises, and especially at the conclusion of athletic events. The university's [[fight song]] is ''[[The Bells Must Ring]]'', which features the school's spirit chant: "R-U Rah Rah, R-U Rah Rah, Hoo-Rah! Hoo-Rah Rutgers Rah! Upstream Red Team, Red Team Upstream, Rah Rah Rutgers Rah!." Notable among a number of songs commonly played and sung at various events such as [[commencement]], [[convocation]], and athletic games are: ''The Bells Must Ring'' the Rutgers University [[fight song]]. [[Scarlet]] was made the official [[school color]] of Rutgers University in 1900. Initially, students sought to make [[orange (colour)|orange]] the school color, citing Rutgers' [[Netherlands|Dutch]] heritage and in reference to the [[Prince of Orange]]. ''[[The Daily Targum]]'' first proposed that [[scarlet]] be adopted in May 1869, claiming that it was a striking color and because scarlet ribbon was easily obtained. During the first intercollegiate football game with [[Princeton University|Princeton]] on [[6 November]] [[1869]], the players from Rutgers wore scarlet-colored [[turban]]s and [[handkerchief]]s to distinguish them as a team from the Princeton players.<ref name="tradition">[http://www.scarletknights.com/tradition/tradition.asp Tradition at www.scarletknights.com] (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University). Accessed 10 September 2006.</ref> The current mascot is the Scarlet Knight. In its early days, Rutgers athletes were known as "Queensmen" in reference to the institution's first name, Queen's College. However, in 1925, the [[mascot]] was changed to [[Chanticleer]], a fighting rooster from the [[Middle Ages|medieval]] [[fable]] ''[[Reynard the Fox]]'' (''Le Roman de Renart'') which was used by [[Geoffrey Chaucer|Geoffrey Chaucer's]] in the ''[[Canterbury Tales]]''. However, this mascot was often the subject of ridicule because of its association with "being [[chicken]]." In 1955, the mascot was changed to the Scarlet Knight after a campus-wide election.<ref name="tradition" /> The names (and mascots) of the athletic teams at Rutgers-Newark and Rutgers-Camden are the "Scarlet Raiders" and the "Scarlet Raptors," respectively. Rutgers' [[motto]], ''Sol iustitiae et occidentem illustra'' (translated as "Sun of righteousness, shine upon the West also") is derived from the motto of the [[Utrecht University|University of Utrecht]] in [[The Netherlands]], which is ''Sol Iustitiae Illustra Nos'' (translated as "Sun of Justice, shine upon us"). It is a reference to the [[Bible|biblical texts]] of ''[[Book of Malachi|Malachi]]'' 4:2 and ''[[Gospel of Matthew|Matthew]]'' 13:43.<ref>[http://www.blueletterbible.org/kjv/Mal/Mal004.html King James Bible, Book of Malachi, Chapter 4] verse 2: "But unto you that fear my name shall the Sun of righteousness arise with healing in his wings; and ye shall go forth, and grow up as calves of the stall." and [http://www.blueletterbible.org/kjv/Mat/Mat013.html King James Bible, Gospel According to St. Matthew, Chapter 13], verse 43: "Then shall the righteous shine forth as the sun in the kingdom of their Father. Who hath ears to hear, let him hear."</ref> This motto appears in the University's [[Seal (device)|seal]] (''pictured above''), which is also derived from that of the University of Utrecht, and depicts a multi-pointed [[sun]].<ref>[http://ruweb.rutgers.edu/inauguration/media-color.html Presidential Inauguration: Inauguration Pageantry and Color] accessed 9 September 2006.</ref> At Commencement exercises in the Spring, tradition leads undergraduates to break [[Pipe smoking|clay pipe]]s over the ''Class of 1877 Cannon'' monument in front of [[Old Queens]], symbolizing the breaking of ties with the college, and leaving behind the good times of one's undergraduate years. This [[Symbolism|symbolic]] gesture dates back to when pipe-smoking was fashionable among undergraduates, and many college memories were of evenings of pipe smoking and revelry with friends. During commencement exercises, graduating seniors walk in [[academic procession]] under the ''Class of 1902 Memorial Gateway'' (erected in 1904) on Hamilton Street leading to the [[Voorhees Mall]] where the ceremonies are held for [[Rutgers College]]. Traditionally, students are warned to avoid walking beneath the gate before commencement over a [[superstition]] that one who does will not graduate. ===Student organizations and activities=== {{main|Rutgers University student organizations|Rutgers University Greek organizations}} Rutgers University has an unusual student government which controls funding to student groups. The student government is made up of campus councils and professional school councils. Those councils then send representatives to the student assembly as well as the university senate. An example of these campus councils is the University College Council, which represents adult, non-traditional, veterans, part-time, transfer, and commuter students. It also represents students who are part of University College, a degree granting college which was part of Rutgers University (just like Livingston, Douglass, and Cook College) which was merger into the new school of arts and sciences. Rutgers hosts over 700 [[student organization]]s, covering a wide range of interests. Among the first student groups was the first [[college newspaper]] in the [[United States of America]]. ''The Political Intelligencer and New Jersey Adviser'' began publication at Queen's College in 1783, and ceased operation in 1785.<ref name="years" /> Continuing this tradition is the university's current college newspaper, ''[[The Daily Targum]]'', established in 1869, which is the second-oldest college newspaper currently published in the United States, after ''[[The Dartmouth]]'' (1843). Both poet [[Joyce Kilmer]] and economist [[Milton Friedman]] served as editors. Also included are the ''[[Rutgers Centurion]]'', a conservative newspaper, the ''[[Rutgers University Glee Club]]'', a male [[choral]] singing group established in [[1872]] (among the oldest in the country), as well as the ''Rutgers University Debate Union''. Governed by the ''Student Activities Council,'' and funded by student fees disbursed through [[student government]] associations, students can organize groups for practically any political ideology or issue, ethnic or religious affiliation, academic subject, activity, or hobby. Rutgers University is home to chapters of many Greek organizations, and a significant percentage of the undergraduate student body is active in Greek life.Several [[fraternities and sororities]] maintain houses for their chapters in the area of Union Street (known familiarly as "Frat Row") in [[New Brunswick, New Jersey|New Brunswick]], within blocks of Rutgers' College Avenue Campus. Chapters of [[Zeta Psi]] and [[Delta Phi]] organized at Rutgers as early as [[1845]]. There are over 50 fraternities and sororities on the New Brunswick-Piscataway campus, ranging from traditional to historically [[African-American]], [[Hispanic]], [[Multiculturalism|Multicultural]], and [[Asian people|Asian]] interest organizations.<ref>[http://ofsa.rutgers.edu/ Office of Fraternity and Sorority Affairs] at Rutgers University, accessed 9 September 2006.</ref> Greek organizations are governed by the ''Office of Fraternity and Sorority Affairs''. Twelve organizations maintain chapters in New Brunswick without sanction by the University's administration.<ref>[http://ofsa.rutgers.edu/chapters/index.html Registered Fraternities and Sororities] Office of Fraternity and Sorority Affairs, Rutgers University, accessed 9 September 2006.</ref> In the late 1800s, the University banned fraternities because of their unusual hazing practices. This caused them to go underground as secret societies. It also sparked the interest of some students to create their own societies. [[Cap and Skull]], [[Order of the Bull's Blood]], and [[Order of the Red Lion]] were all founded at Rutgers before the turn of the century. ==Alumni== <!-- Deleted image removed: [[Image:Milton-hand.jpg|thumb|right|Rutgers alumnus Milton Friedman (A.B. 1932) was awarded the ''[[Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel|Nobel Prize in Economics]]'' in 1976 for his work in the fields of consumption analysis, monetary history and theory and for his demonstration of the complexity of stabilization policy.]] --> {{main|List of Rutgers University people#Alumni|l1=List of Rutgers University people}} Since 1774, when the entire graduating class consisted of one student, [[Matthew Leydt]], there have been over 335,000 graduates, or [[alumni]], of Rutgers University.<ref name="GettingToKnow"/> Many alumni remain active through [[alumni association]]s&mdash;including the Rutgers Alumni Association founded in 1831&mdash;annual Reunions and Homecomings, and other events. Rutgers alumni are often known as "Loyal Sons", a term of affection dating from the days when Rutgers offered admission only to men. This term, since the dawn of coeducation has been extended to include Rutgers' "Loyal Daughters".{{Fact|date=February 2007}} One of Rutgers' most famous alums was [[Paul Robeson]]. Robeson, an African American, won an academic scholarship to Rutgers University. When he went out for the Rutgers University football team, other players beat him up and pulled out his fingernails. He bore the abuse to prove his worth and when he graduated he was a two-time All-American and the school valedictorian, exhorting his classmates to "catch a new vision." Robeson was the third African-American student accepted at Rutgers, and was the only Black student during his time on campus. Robeson was one of three classmates at Rutgers accepted into Phi Beta Kappa. He was valedictorian of his graduating class and one of four students selected in 1919 to Cap and Skull, Rutgers' honor society. A noted athlete, Robeson earned fifteen varsity letters in football, baseball, basketball, and track and field. For his accomplishments as an end in football, he was twice named a first-team All-American in (1917 and 1918). Football coach Walter Camp described him as "the greatest to ever trot the gridiron." Rutgers has graduated three Nobel Laureates, including [[Selman A. Waksman]] (A.B. 1915) in Medicine, [[Milton Friedman]] (A.B. 1932) in Economics,<ref>[http://www.alumni.rutgers.edu/news/hda.php?show=101 "Milton Friedman"] at Alumni News & Events: Rutgers Hall of Distinguished Alumni, published by Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey (no further authorship information available). Accessed [[25 January]] [[2007]].</ref> and [[David A. Morse]] (A.B. 1929), Director-General of the [[International Labour Organization]], who won the Peace Prize in 1969. Several alumni have been awarded the [[Pulitzer Prize]], including [[Michael Shaara]] (A.B. 1951), author of ''[[The Killer Angels]]'' and other [[historical fiction]], in [[Pulitzer Prize for Fiction|Fiction]] (1975), journalist [[Richard Aregood]] (B.A. 1965) in [[Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Writing|editorial writing]] (1985), and [[Roy Franklin Nichols]] (A.B. 1918) in [[Pulitzer Prize for History|history]] (1949). Alumni of Rutgers have had a considerable impact in the arts, including those by two noted modern sculptors, [[George Segal]] (M.A. 1963) and [[Alice Aycock]] (B.A. 1968). Many notable buildings in [[Boston]] (the [[Copley Plaza Hotel]]), and [[New York City]] including the [[The Dakota]], [[Plaza Hotel]], the [[Waldorf-Astoria|Waldorf]] and [[Waldorf-Astoria|Astoria]] Hotels (demolished in 1929 to make way for the [[Empire State Building]]) as well as several of the oldest buildings on the Rutgers University campus in New Brunswick, were designed by architect [[Henry J. Hardenburgh|Henry Janeway Hardenburgh]] (A.B. 1871). Poet [[Joyce Kilmer]] (Class of 1908), attended Rutgers for two years before transferring to [[Columbia University]], was famous for his poem "Trees" and later died in [[World War I]], and [[Robert Pinsky]] (B.A. 1962), was appointed [[Poet Laureate Consultant in Poetry to the Library of Congress]] in 1997. Filmmaker and critic [[Wheeler Winston Dixon]] (Ph.D. 1982) has written more than twenty five books on film history, theory and criticism, and his collected films are housed at [[The Museum of Modern Art]] in New York City. Many Rutgers graduates have gone on to careers in public service, including former [[U.S. Secretary of State]] and [[United States Senator|Senator]] [[Frederick T. Frelinghuysen]] (A.B. 1836), former [[U.S. Secretary of Energy]] [[Hazel O'Leary]] (J.D. 19??), former [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] director [[Louis Freeh]] (B.A. 1971), [[Vice President of the United States]] [[Garret A. Hobart]] (A.B. 1863), and former Representative and Senator [[Clifford P. Case]] (A.B. 1925). Among the first students enrolled at Rutgers (when it was ''Queen's College''), [[Simeon DeWitt]] (A.B. 1776) became the Surveyor-General for the Continental Army (1776–1783) during the [[American Revolutionary War|American Revolution]] and classmate [[James Schureman]] (A.B. 1775), served in the [[Continental Congress]] and as a United States Senator. Seven Rutgers graduates have served as [[Governor of New Jersey]]: [[Charles C. Stratton]] (A.B. 1814), [[William A. Newell]] (A.B. 1836; A.M. 1839), [[George C. Ludlow]] (A.B. 1850, A.M. 1850), [[Foster M. Voorhees]] (A.B. 1876, A.M. 1879), [[A. Harry Moore]] (J.D. 1922), [[Richard Hughes]] (J.D. 1931), and [[James J. Florio]] (J.D. 1967). Alumnus [[Joseph P. Bradley]] (A.B. 1836) was an Associate Justice of the [[Supreme Court of the United States]] (1870–1891) and cast the tie-breaking vote on the bipartisan commission that decided the contested [[1876 U.S. presidential election|American presidential election in 1876]]. Alumni have founded or headed businesses, including Robert Kriendler (A.B. 1936), owner of the [[21 Club]] in New York City, [[Leonor F. Loree]] (A.B. 1877), President of the Pennsylvania Railroad, [[Bernard Marcus]] (B.S. 1951), Founder of the [[Home Depot]], Ernest Mario (B.S. 1961), former Chief Executive Officer of [[GlaxoSmithKline]], [[Duncan McMillan]] (B.S. 1966), co-founder of [[Bloomberg L.P.]], and [[Barry Schuler]] (B.A. 1976), former Chairman and CEO of [[AOL|AmericaOnline (AOL)]]. Graduates of Rutgers have gone on to make advances in medicine, mathematics and science, most notably Nobel Laureate [[Selman A. Waksman]] (B.Sc. 1915), but also including Peter C. Schultz (B.S. 1967), co-inventor of [[fiber optics]], geneticist [[Stanley N. Cohen]] (B.Sc. 1956) who pioneered in the field of [[gene splicing]], [[Louis Gluck]] (B.S. 1930) the "father of [[neonatology]]," computer pioneer [[Nathan M. Newmark]] (B.S. 1948) who won the [[National Medal of Science]], and Matthew Golombek (B.S. 1976) who was the project scientist in charge of NASA's Pathfinder mission to [[Mars (planet)|Mars]]. Rutgers alumni have entertained Americans on the silver screen as well as the small screen, including most notably [[James Gandolfini]] (B.A. 1983), known for his role on ''[[The Sopranos]]'', and [[Ozzie Nelson|Oswald "Ozzie" Nelson]] (B.A. 1927), fondly remembered for ''[[The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet]]''. Film star [[Asia Carrera]] (B.A. 1996) became the most famous adult actress of her generation. The Food Network has rocketed Chef and Restaurateur [[Mario Batali]] (B.A. 1982) into America's homes. Other notable thespian alumni include [[Avery Brooks]] (B.A. 1973) (''[[Star Trek: Deep Space Nine]]''), Alan Semok (B.A. 1975) (''[[Shining Time Station]]'', ''[[K.I.D.S.-TV]]''), [[Kristin Davis]] (B.F.A. 1987), (''[[Sex and the City]]''), and [[Calista Flockhart]] (B.F.A. 1988) (''[[The Birdcage]]'', ''[[Ally McBeal]]''). In athletics, graduates of Rutgers have won Olympic gold medals, been inducted into sports halls of fame, and led numerous teams as general managers and coaches including including [[Major League Baseball]] manager [[Jeff Torborg]] (B.A. 1963), [[Eddie Jordan (basketball)|Eddie Jordan]] (B.A. 1977), coach of the [[Washington Wizards]], [[Sonny Werblin]] (A.B. 1932), founder of the [[New York Jets]], and [[David Stern]] (B.A. 1963), Commissioner of the [[National Basketball Association]]. [[Yasser Latif Hamdani]], Pakistani writer, lawyer, and constitutional scholar is also a Rutgers alumnus. [[Mr. Magoo|Quincy Magoo]] (''degree and class unknown''), a lovable cartoon character from the 1950s and 1960s, was among the proudest of Rutgers' "Loyal Sons." == Athletics == {{main|Rutgers Scarlet Knights|History of Rutgers University}} Rutgers was among the first American institutions to engage in intercollegiate athletics, and participated in a small circle of schools that included [[Yale University]], [[Columbia University]] and long-time rival, [[Princeton University]] (then called ''The College of New Jersey''). The four schools met at the Fifth Avenue Hotel in [[Manhattan]] on [[19 October]] [[1873]] to establish a set of rules governing their intercollegiate competition, and particularly to codify the new game of [[College football|football]]. Though invited, [[Harvard University|Harvard]] chose not to attend.<ref>[http://www.the-game.org/history-originsto1889.htm A History of American Football until 1889] accessed 10 September 2006.</ref> In the early years of intercollegiate athletics, the circle of schools that participated in these athletic events were located solely in the American Northeast. However, by the turn of the century, colleges and universities across the United States began to participate. [[Image:1882RutgersFootballTeam.jpg|thumb|234px|The Rutgers College football team in 1882.]] In 1864, rowing became the first organized sport at Rutgers. Six mile races were held on the Raritan River among six-oared boats. In 1870, Rutgers held its first intercollegiate competition, against the Lawrence Scientific School of Harvard, the then top-ranked amateur crew of the time. Since the start in 1864, Rutgers has built a strong crew program consisting of heavyweight and lightweight men. Women’s crew was added to the program in 1974. The first intercollegiate athletic event at Rutgers was a baseball game on [[2 May]] [[1866]] against Princeton in which they suffered a 40-2 loss.<ref name="years">[http://ruweb.rutgers.edu/timeline/ Rutgers Through the Years Timeline] at Rutgers University, accessed 12 August 2006.</ref> Rutgers University is often referred to as ''The Birthplace of College Football'' as the first [[College football|intercollegiate football]] game was held on College Field between Rutgers and Princeton on [[6 November]] [[1869]] in [[New Brunswick, New Jersey]] on a plot of ground where the present-day [[College Avenue Gymnasium]] now stands. Rutgers won the game, with a score of 6 runs to Princeton's 4.<ref name="years" /><ref>[http://www.nfl.com/history/chronology/1869-1910 NFL History] at the National Football League website, accessed 10 September 2006.</ref><ref name="tradition" /> According to Parke Davis, the 1869 Rutgers football team shared the national title with Princeton.<ref>[http://www.ncaa.org/champadmin/ia_football_past_champs.html College Football Past National Championships] at the National Collegiate Athletic Association website, accessed 29 December 2006.</ref> (This game is believed to have been closer to soccer than to modern American football.)[http://www.nfl.com/history/chronology/1869-1910] Since 1866, Rutgers remained unaffiliated with any formal athletic conference and was classified as "independent". From 1946 to 1951, the university was a member of the [[Middle Three Conference]], and from 1958 to 1961, was a member of the [[Middle Atlantic Corporation|Middle Atlantic Conference]].<ref name="nationalchamps">[http://www.nationalchamps.net/NCAA/database/rutgers_database.htm Rutgers football history database] at NationalChamps.net, accessed 3 January 2007.</ref> In [[1978]], Rutgers became a member of the [[Atlantic 10]] conference. In [[1991]], it joined the [[Big East Conference]] for football. All sports programs at Rutgers subsequently became affiliated with the Big East in [[1995]].<ref>[http://www.bigeast.org/schools/rutu/bige-rutu-body.html Rutgers] at BigEast.org (Official Site of the Big East Conference. Published by the Big East Conference (no further authorship information available). Accessed 12 January 2007.</ref> The first intercollegiate competition in [[Ultimate (sport)|Ultimate Frisbee]] (now called simply "Ultimate") was held between students from Rutgers and [[Princeton University|Princeton]] on [[November 6]], [[1972]] to mark the one hundred third anniversary of the first intercollegiate football game. Rutgers won 29-27.<ref name="Frisbee">[http://failuremag.com/arch_sports_ultimate_frisbee.html "Discography"] from ''Failure Magazine'', accessed 4 August 2006.</ref> The Rutgers Men's Basketball Team was among the "Final Four" and ended the 1976 season ranked fourth in the United States, after an 86-70 loss against the [[University of Michigan]] in the semifinals, and a 106-92 loss against [[UCLA]] in the consolation round of the [[1976 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament]].<ref>[http://www.shrpsports.com/collbask/1976.htm 1976 NCAA Division I Basketball Tournament] at shrpsports.com, accessed 29 December 2006.</ref> [[Image:Seniorday.jpg|thumb|right|Rutgers Scarlet Knights fullback No. 23 Brian Leonard (class of 2007), conducts the band as it plays the alma mater, 'On the Banks of the Old Raritan' after his last home game against Syracuse University on November 25 2006.]]Since 1991, Rutgers is a member of the [[Big East Conference]], a collegiate athletic conference consisting of 16 colleges and universities from the East Coast and [[Midwestern United States|Midwestern]] regions of the United States. The Big East Conference is a member of the [[Bowl Championship Series]]. Rutgers currently fields 27 intercollegiate sports programs and is a [[Division I]] school as sanctioned by the [[National Collegiate Athletic Association]]. The Rutgers-Newark and Rutgers-Camden campuses compete within NCAA [[Division III]]. Rutgers fields thirty teams in NCAA Division I sanctioned sports, including [[College football|Football]], [[Baseball]], [[Basketball]], [[Sport rowing|Crew]], [[Cross country running|Cross Country]], [[fencing (sport)|Fencing]], [[Field Hockey]], [[Golf]], [[Gymnastics]], [[Lacrosse]], [[Soccer]], [[Softball]], [[Tennis]], [[Track and Field]], [[Swimming]] and [[Diving]], [[Collegiate wrestling|Wrestling]], [[Volleyball]].<ref>[http://ruweb.rutgers.edu/athletics/ Rutgers Athletics], accessed [[September 24]], [[2006]]</ref> Since joining the Big East, the Scarlet Knights have won five Big East Conference tournament titles: men's [[soccer]] (1997), men's [[track & field]] (2005), [[baseball]] (2000, 2007), [[women's basketball]] (2007). Several other teams have won regular season titles but failed to win the conference's championship tournament.<ref name="Big East">[http://www.bigeast.org/ot/bige-records.html Big East Championship Records] published by the Big East Athletic Conference, accessed 8 August 2006.</ref> Most recently, the Rutgers Scarlet Knights' football team has achieved success on the gridiron after several years of losing seasons, being invited to the [[Insight Bowl]] on [[27 December]] [[2005]] in which they lost 45 to 40 against [[Arizona State University]].<ref>[http://sports.espn.go.com/ncf/bowls05/bowls?game=insight Insight Bowl - December 27, 2005], accessed [[September 24]], [[2006]]</ref> This was Rutgers' first bowl appearance since the [[16 December]] [[1978]] loss against Arizona State, 34-18, at the [[Garden State Bowl]]. The 2006 football season also saw Rutgers being ranked within the Top 25 teams in major college football polls. After the [[9 November]] [[2006]] victory over the #3 ranked, undefeated [[University of Louisville|Louisville Cardinals]], Rutgers jumped up to seventh in the [[AP Poll]], eighth in the [[USA Today Coaches Poll|USA Today/Coaches poll]], seventh in the [[Harris Interactive College Football Poll|Harris Interactive Poll]], and sixth in the [[Bowl Championship Series]] rankings. These were Rutgers' highest rankings in the football polls since they were ranked fifteenth in 1961. Rutgers ended the season 11-2 after winning the inaugural [[Texas Bowl]] on [[28 December]] [[2006]], defeating the [[Kansas State Wildcats|Wildcats]] of [[Kansas State University]] by a score of 37-10 and finishing the season ranked twelfth in the final [[Associated Press]] poll of sportswriters, the team's highest season-ending ranking.<ref>[http://www.c-n.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20070109/FRONT01/70109002 Rutgers ends up No. 12 in final AP poll: Ranking is highest finish in program history], ''[[Courier-News]]'', [[January 9]], [[2007]]</ref> Under Head Coach [[C. Vivian Stringer]], the Women's Basketball program is among the elite programs in the country as they remain consistently ranked in the Top 25, consistently making the NCAA Women's Championship Tournament, and sometimes winning the Big East regular season championship. In 2006-2007, Rutgers won their first ever Big East Conference Tournament Championship. The program has been highly competitive since its inception, winning the 1982 AIAW National Championship, reaching the 2000 Final Four, and reaching the Final Four and national championship game in 2007. Rutgers maintains athletic rivalries with other collegiate institutions. The university has a historic rivalry with [[Princeton University]] and [[Columbia University]] (formerly ''King's College'') originating from the early days of college football. While they maintain this rivalry in other sports, neither of them have met in football since 1980. Rutgers has a basketball rivalry with [[Seton Hall University]],<ref>[http://media.www.dailytargum.com/media/storage/paper168/news/2007/01/26/Sports/Rivalry.Rising-2679317.shtml?sourcedomain=www.dailytargum.com&MIIHost=media.collegepublisher.com "Rivalry Rising: With both teams lagging behind in the Big East, a new coach looks to revitilize Rutgers-Seton Hall"] by Brian Johnson in ''The Daily Targum'' ([[26 January]] [[2007]]). Accessed [[28 January]] [[2007]].</ref> and has developed a growing three-way rivalry with the [[University of Connecticut]] and [[Syracuse University]], both fellow Big East Conference members. With the fall 2007 semester, six of Rutgers New Brunswick/Piscataway's NCAA Division I Olympic sports will become club teams, including men's swimming and diving, men's heavyweight and lightweight crew, men's tennis, and men's and women's fencing. ==Trivia== * Rutgers hosted as faculty the influential circle of 1960s artists called the "Rutgers Group" which included [[Roy Liechtenstein]] and [[George Segal (artist)|George Segal]]. ==Points of interest== * [[Grease Trucks]] * The "RAC" ([[Louis Brown Athletic Center]]) * [[Rutgers Stadium]] * [[Voorhees Mall]] * [[Jane Voorhees Zimmerli Art Museum]] * [[Rutgers Gardens]] * Easton Avenue * George Street ==See also== * [[Colonial colleges]] * [[Henry Rutgers]] * [[List of Rutgers University people]] * [[Lists of colleges and universities]] * [[Philoclean Society]] * [[Public Ivy]] * [[Rutgers-Newark]] * [[Presidents of Rutgers University]] * [[Rutgers-Camden]] * [[Rutgers-Princeton Cannon War]] ==References== ===Notes and citations=== H.M. Berman, J. Westbrook, Z. Feng, G. Gilliland, T.N. Bhat, H. Weissig, I.N. Shindyalov, P.E. Bourne: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Research, 28 pp. 235-242 (2000). {{reflist|2}} ===Books and printed materials=== {{wikisource|Rutgers University}} {{commonscat|Rutgers University}} * Demarest, William Henry Steele. ''History of Rutgers College: 1776–1924.'' (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers College, 1924). (No ISBN) * ''History of Rutgers College: or an account of the union of Rutgers College, and the Theological Seminary of the General Synod of the Reformed Dutch Church. Prepared and published at the request of several trustees of the College, by a trustee.'' (New York: Anderson & Smith, 1833). (No ISBN) * Lukac, George J. (ed.), ''Aloud to Alma Mater.'' (New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press, 1966), 70–73. (No ISBN) * McCormick, Richard P. ''Rutgers: a Bicentennial History''. (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1966). ISBN 0-8135-0521-6 * Schmidt, George P. ''Princeton and Rutgers: The Two Colonial Colleges of New Jersey''. (Princeton, NJ: Van Nostrand, 1964). 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