S 27173 225915846 2008-07-16T00:18:17Z JForget 1064243 Revert to revision 225417692 dated 2008-07-13 16:06:33 by SamatBot using [[:en:Wikipedia:Tools/Navigation_popups|popups]] {{otherusesof}} {{dablink|Due to technical restrictions, '''ſ''' ([[long s]]), and '''S#arp''' ([[S♯arp]]) redirect here.}} {{wiktionarypar2|S|s}} {{Latin alphabet navbox|uc=S|lc=s}} '''S''' is the nineteenth letter in the modern [[Latin alphabet]]. Its name in [[English language|English]] is spelled '''ess''' or occasionally '''es''' ({{pronEng|ɛs}}), generally ''es-'' when part of a compound word, plural '''esses'''.<ref>"S" ''Oxford English Dictionary,'' 2nd edition (1989); ''Merriam-Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language, Unabridged'' (1993); "ess," op. cit.</ref> ==History== {| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse;text-align:center;" |- bgcolor="#EEEEEE" ! Proto-Semitic š ! Phoenician S ! Etruscan S ! Greek Sigma |----- |[[Image:Proto-semiticS-01.png]] |[[Image:PhoenicianS-01.png]] |[[Image:EtruscanS-01.png]] |[[Image:Sigma uc lc.svg|64px]] |} [[Semitic languages|Semitic]] [[Shin (letter)|Šîn]] ("teeth") represented a [[voiceless postalveolar fricative]] {{IPA|/ʃ/}} (as in ''sh''ip). [[Greek language|Greek]] did not have this sound, so the Greek [[sigma (letter)|sigma]] (Σ) came to represent {{IPA|/s/}}. The name "sigma" probably comes from the Arabic word "samak" (fish; spine) and not "Šîn". In [[Etruscan language|Etruscan]] and [[Latin]], the {{IPA|[s]}} value was maintained, and only in modern languages has the letter been used to represent other sounds, such as [[voiceless postalveolar fricative]] {{IPA|[ʃ]}} in [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] and [[German language|German]] (before p, t) or the [[voiced alveolar fricative]] {{IPA|[z]}} in English, [[French language|French]] and [[German language|German]] (in English ''rise''; in French ''lisez'' (="read" imperative plural); in German ''lesen'' (="to read"). Care must be taken for incompletely anglicized words from German and proper names from that language. The trigraph "sch" is pronounced like the English digraph "sh." When S is followed either by a p or t, it is pronounced with the same "sh" sound, but when starting a word followed by a vowel, it is pronounced like the English "z," (not the German one). {{IPA notice}} An alternative form of ''s'', ſ, called the [[long s|long ''s'']] or medial ''s'', was used at the beginning or in the middle of the word; the modern form, the short or terminal ''s'', was used at the end of the word. For example, "sinfulness" is rendered as "ſinfulneſs" using the ''long s''. The use of the ''long s'' died out by the beginning of the 19th century, largely to prevent confusion with the [[lower case|minuscule]] ''[[f]]''. The ligature of ſs (or ſz) became the [[German language|German]] ''[[ess-tsett]]'' (&nbsp;ß&nbsp;). In a high-school [[biology]] [[textbook]] used in the 1960s, a text discussing the discovery of [[cell (biology)|cell]]s in animal tissue by the English biologist [[Robert Hooke]] was photostatically reproduced, including the long "s." The explanation read, "The type is quaint, but once you notice that an ''s'' is often much like an ''f,'' you fhould have little trouble reading it." The long ''s'' has often been parodied in [[Mad Magazine]], including the usage "Poor Alfred'f Almanack." S is one of the most commonly used letters of the Latin Alphabet in Basic English language. ==Codes for computing== {{Letter |NATO=Sierra |Morse=··· |Character=S |Braille=⠎ }} In [[Unicode]] the [[capital letter|capital]] S is U+0053 and the [[lower case]] s is U+0073. The [[ASCII]] code for capital S is 83 and for lowercase s is 115; or in [[Binary numeral system|binary]] 01010011 and 01110011, correspondingly. The [[EBCDIC]] code for capital S is 226 and for lowercase s is 162. The [[numeric character reference]]s in [[HTML]] and [[XML]] are "<tt>&amp;#83;</tt>" and "<tt>&amp;#115;</tt>" for upper and lower case respectively. == Similar letters and symbols == * Ş, ş &mdash; S-[[cedilla]] * [[Š]], š &mdash; S-caron * {{Unicode|[[Ș]], ș}} &mdash; S with [[comma]] below (used in [[Romanian language|Romanian]]) * {{Unicode|[[Ś]], ś}} &mdash; S with [[acute accent]] (used in [[Polish language|Polish]]) * [[Ŝ]], ŝ &mdash; S with [[circumflex accent]] (used in [[Esperanto]]) * {{IPA|ʂ}} &mdash; S with hook (used in the [[help:IPA|International Phonetic Alphabet]] for the [[voiceless retroflex fricative]]) * {{Unicode|Ṡ, ṡ}} &mdash; S with [[dot (diacritic)|dot]] above (used in old [[Irish language|Irish Gaelic]]) * {{Unicode| [[Ṣ]], ṣ}} &mdash; S with dot below (used in [[Indic]] [[transliteration]]) * {{Unicode|Ṥ, ṥ}} &mdash; S with acute and dot above * {{Unicode|Ṧ, ṧ}} &mdash; S with caron and dot above * {{Unicode|Ṩ, ṩ}} &mdash; S with dots below and above * {{Unicode|[[Ƨ]], ƨ}} &mdash; reversed S (used in [[Zhuang language|Zhuang]] transliteration) * ſ &mdash; [[long s]] * {{IPA|ʃ}} &mdash; [[Esh (letter)|Esh]] (used in the [[help:IPA|International Phonetic Alphabet]] for the [[voiceless postalveolar fricative]]) * ∫, ∫ &mdash; the [[integral]] sign * $ &mdash; the [[dollar sign]] * ß &mdash; the [[German language|German]] ''[[Eszett]]'' or "sharp s" * Ѕ, ѕ &mdash; [[Cyrillic alphabet|Cyrillic]] letter [[Dze]] * -dd &mdash; Is treated with an "S" sound in Gaelic, especially at the end of words * [[§]] the Section Sign == See also == {{Commons|S}} For other meanings and uses of the letter "S", see [[S (disambiguation)]]. *[[Es (Cyrillic)|С, с - Es (Cyrillic)]] *[[Tse (Cyrillic)|Ц, ц - Tse (Cyrillic)]] *[[Sigma|Σ, σ - Sigma (Greek)]] {{Latin alphabet}} [[Category:Latin letters]] [[af:S]] [[als:S]] [[ar:S]] [[arc:S]] [[ast:S]] [[az:S]] [[bs:S]] [[ca:S]] [[cs:S]] [[co:S]] [[cy:S]] [[da:S]] [[de:S]] [[el:S]] [[es:S]] [[eo:S]] [[eu:S]] [[fa:S]] [[fr:S (lettre)]] [[fur:S]] [[gan:S]] [[gd:S]] [[gl:S]] [[ko:S]] [[hr:S]] [[ilo:S]] [[is:S]] [[it:S]] [[he:S]] [[ka:S]] [[kw:S]] [[sw:S]] [[ht:S]] [[la:S]] [[lv:S]] [[lt:S]] [[hu:S]] [[mzn:S]] [[ms:S]] [[nah:S]] [[nl:S (letter)]] [[ja:S]] [[no:S]] [[nn:S]] [[nrm:S]] [[uz:S (harf)]] [[pl:S]] [[pt:S]] [[ro:S]] [[qu:S]] [[ru:S (латиница)]] [[se:S]] [[scn:S]] [[simple:S]] [[sk:S]] [[sl:S]] [[sr:S (слово латинице)]] [[fi:S]] [[sv:S]] [[tl:S]] [[th:S]] [[vi:S]] [[tr:S]] [[uk:S (латиниця)]] [[vo:S]] [[yo:S]] [[zh-yue:S]] [[bat-smg:S]] [[zh:S]]