Saint Andrew
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224976654
2008-07-11T07:40:56Z
JaGa
2092487
Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/69.151.202.130|69.151.202.130]] to last version by SJP (using [[WP:HG|Huggle]])
{{redirect|St Andrew||St Andrews (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox Saint
|name=Saint Andrew
|birth_date=early 1st Century AD/CE
|death_date=mid-late 1st Century AD/CE
|feast_day=[[November 30]]
|venerated_in=All Christianity
|image=Apostol-Andrey-Pervozvannyj.jpg
|imagesize=200px
|caption=[[Icon]] of the Apostle Andrew
|birth_place=[[Bethsaida]]
|death_place=[[Patras]], upon an X shaped cross
|titles=Apostle, First-called
|beatified_date=
|beatified_place=
|beatified_by=1234
|canonized_date=
|canonized_place=fda
|canonized_by=
|attributes=Old man with long (in the East often untidy) white hair and beard, holding the [[Gospel Book]] or [[scroll]], sometimes leaning on a [[saltire|saltire cross]]
|patronage= [[Scotland]], [[Russia]], [[Sicily]], [[Greece]], [[Romania]], [[Amalfi]], [[Luqa|Luqa (Malta)]] and [[Prussia]]; Army Rangers, mariners, fishermen, fishmongers, rope-makers, singers and performers
|major_shrine=Church of St. Andreas at [[Patras]], with his relics
|suppressed_date=
|issues=
|prayer=
|prayer_attrib=
}}{{Portal|Christianity}}
'''Saint [[Andrew]]''' ([[Greek language|Greek]]: '''Ανδρέας''', ''Andreas''), called in the [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox]] tradition ''Protocletos'', or the ''First-called'', is a Christian [[Twelve Apostles|Apostle]] and the younger brother of [[Saint Peter]]. The name "Andrew" (from [[Greek language|Greek]] : "ανδρεία", Andreia, manhood, or valour), like other Greek names, appears to have been common among the Jews from the second or third century B.C. No [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] or [[Aramaic language|Aramaic]] name is recorded for him.
The [[New Testament]] records that St Andrew was a son of Jonah, or John, ({{bibleverse||Matthew|16:17|KJV}}; {{bibleverse||John|1:42|KJV}}). He was born in [[Bethsaida]] on the [[Sea of Galilee]] ({{bibleverse||John|1:44|KJV}}). Both he and his brother Peter were [[fishermen]] by [[trade]], hence the tradition that Jesus called them to be his disciples by saying that He will make them "[[Twelve apostles#Fishers of men|fishers of men]]" ([[Greek language|Greek]]: {{polytonic|ἁλιείς ἀνθρώπων}}, ''halieis anthropon''). <ref name="oxford">Metzger & Coogan (1993) ''Oxford Companion to the Bible'', p 27.</ref> At the beginning of Jesus' public life they occupied the same house at [[Capernaum]] ({{bibleverse||Mark|1:21-29|KJV}}).
The [[Gospel of John]] teaches that Andrew was a [[disciple]] of [[John the Baptist]], whose testimony first led him and [[John the Evangelist]] to follow Jesus ({{bibleverse||John|1:35-40|KJV}}). Andrew at once recognized Jesus as the [[Messiah]], and hastened to introduce him to his brother ({{bibleverse||John|1:41|KJV}}). Thenceforth the two brothers were disciples of Christ. On a subsequent occasion, prior to the final call to the apostolate, they were called to a closer companionship, and then they left all things to follow Jesus ({{bibleverse||Luke|5:11|KJV}}; {{bibleverse||Matthew|4:19-20|KJV}}; {{bibleverse||Mark|1:17-18|KJV}}).
In the gospels Andrew is referred to as being present on some important occasions as one of the disciples more closely attached to Jesus ({{bibleverse||Mark|13:3|KJV}}; {{bibleverse||John|6:8|KJV}}, {{bibleverse-nb||John|12:22|KJV}}), but in [[Acts of the Apostles|Acts]] there is only a bare mention of him ({{bibleverse-nb||Acts|1:13|KJV}}).
[[Eusebius of Caesarea|Eusebius]] quotes [[Origen]] as saying Andrew preached in [[Asia Minor]] and in [[Scythia]], along the [[Black Sea]] as far as the [[Volga]] and [[Kiev]]. Hence he became a [[patron saint]] of [[Romania]] and [[Russia]]. According to tradition, he founded the See of [[Byzantium]] (Constantinople)<ref>The only bishopric in that neighbourhood before that time had been established at [[Heraclea]].</ref> in AD 38, installing [[Stachys the Apostle|Stachys]] as bishop. This diocese would later develop into the [[Patriarch of Constantinople|Patriarchate of Constantinople]]. Andrew is recognized as its patron saint.
Andrew is said to have been martyred by crucifixion at [[Patras]] (Patrae) in [[Achaea]]. Though early texts, such as the ''Acts of Andrew'' known to [[Gregory of Tours]],<ref>In ''Monumenta Germaniae Historica'' II, cols. 821-847, translated in M.R. James, ''The Apocryphal New Testament'' (Oxford) reprinted 1963:369.</ref> describe Andrew bound, not nailed, to a Latin cross of the kind on which Christ was crucified, a tradition grew up that Andrew had been crucified on a cross of the form called ''[[Crux decussata]]'' (X-shaped cross) and commonly known as "[[Saint Andrew's Cross|St. Andrew's cross]]"; this was performed at his own request, as he deemed himself unworthy to be crucified on the same type of cross on which [[Christ]] was crucified.<ref>The legends surrounding Andrew are discussed in F. Dvornik, ''The Idea of Apostolicity in Byzantium and the Legend of the Apostle Andrew'' Dumbarton Oaks Studies'', IV (Cambridge) 1958.</ref> "The familiar iconography of his martyrdom, showing the apostle bound to an X-shaped cross, does not seem to have been standardized before the later Middle Ages," Judith Calvert concluded after re-examining the materials studied by Louis Réau.<ref>Judith Calvert, "The Iconography of the St. Andrew Auckland Cross" ''The Art Bulletin'' '''66'''.4 (December 1984:543-555) p. 545, note 12; according to Louis Réau, ''Iconographie de l'art chrétien'' III.1 (Paris) 1958:79, the Andrew cross appears for the first time in the tenth century, but does not become the iconographic standard before the seventeenth; Calvert was unable to find a sculptural representation of Andrew on the saltire cross earlier than a capital from Quercy, of the early twelfth century.</ref>
Saint Andrew is the patron of Patras. According to tradition his relics were moved from Patras to [[Constantinople]], and thence to [[St. Andrews]] (see below). Local legends say that the relics were sold to the Romans. The head of the saint, considered one of the treasures of St. Peter's Basilica, was given by the Byzantine [[despot]] [[Thomas Palaeologus]] to [[Pope Pius II]] in 1461. In recent years, by decision of [[Pope Paul VI]] in 1964, the relics that were kept in the [[Vatican City]], were sent back to Patras. The relics, which consist of the small finger, part of the top of the cranium of Saint Andrew and small parts of the cross, have since that time been kept in the Church of St. Andrew at Patras in a special shrine, and are revered in a special ceremony every [[November 30]].
[[Image:Agiandreas.jpg|thumb|right|Basilica of St. Andrew at [[Patras]], where the saint's relics are kept, said to be erected over the place of his [[martyrdom]]]]
==The ''Acts of Andrew''==
[[Image:Martyrdom of andrew.jpg|thumb|left|Crucifixion of St. Andrew.]]
The [[apocrypha]]l ''[[Acts of Andrew]],'' mentioned by [[Eusebius of Caesarea|Eusebius]], [[Epiphanius of Salamis|Epiphanius]] and others, is among a disparate group of ''Acts'' of the Apostles that were traditionally attributed to [[Leucius Charinus]]. "These Acts may be the latest of the five leading apostolic romances. They belong to the third century: ''ca.'' A.D. 260," was the opinion of [[M.R. James]], who edited them in 1924. The ''Acts'', as well as a ''Gospel of St. Andrew'', appear among rejected books in the ''[[Decretum Gelasianum]]'' connected with the name of [[Pope Gelasius I]]. The ''Acts of Andrew'' was edited and published by [[Constantin von Tischendorf]] in the ''Acta Apostolorum apocrypha'' ([[Leipzig]], 1821), putting it for the first time into the hands of a critical professional readership. Another version of the Andrew legend is found in the ''Passio Andreae,'' published by Max Bonnet (''Supplementum II Codicis apocryphi'', [[Paris]], 1895).
==Relics==
[[Image:Relikwandreas.JPG|thumb|[[Reliquary]] of St. Andrew at [[Patras]].]]
[[Image:Saint Andreas.jpg|thumb|The shrine to Saint Andrew in [[St. Peter's Basilica]], [[Rome]].]]
The purported [[relic]]s of the Apostle Andrew are kept at the Basilica of St. Andrew in [[Patras]], [[Greece]]; the [[Duomo]] de Sant'Andrea, [[Amalfi]], [[Italy]]; [[St. Mary's Cathedral, Edinburgh (Roman Catholic)|St Mary's Cathedral]], [[Edinburgh]], [[Scotland]];<ref>[http://www.stmaryscathedral.co.uk/standrew.html "National Shrine of Saint Andrew"], St Mary's Roman Catholic Cathedral, Edinburgh</ref> and the Church of St. Andrew and St. Albert, [[Warsaw]], [[Poland]]. There are also numerous smaller [[reliquaries]] throughout the world.
[[St. Jerome]] wrote that the relics of St. Andrew were taken from [[Patras]] to [[Constantinople]] by order of the [[Roman emperor]] [[Constantius II]] around [[357]] and deposited in the [[Church of the Holy Apostles]]. The head of the saint was given by the Byzantine [[despot]] [[Thomas Palaeologus]] to [[Pope Pius II]] in [[1461]]. It was enshrined in one of the four central piers of [[St. Peter's Basilica]] in the [[Apostolic Palace|Vatican]]. In September [[1964]], [[Pope Paul VI]], as a gesture of good will toward the Greek Orthodox Church, ordered that all of the relics of St. Andrew that were in [[Vatican City]], were sent back to Patras. The relics, which consist of the small finger, part of the top of the cranium of Saint Andrew and small portions of the cross on which he was [[martyr]]ed, have since that time been kept in the Church of St. Andrew at Patras in a special shrine, and are reverenced in a special ceremony every [[November 30]], his [[feast day]].
==Amalfi==
In 1208, following the [[sack of Constantinople]] those relics of St. Andrew which remained in the imperial city were taken to [[Amalfi]], [[Italy]], by [[Pedro, cardinal of Capua]], a native of Amalfi.
The Amalfi cathedral (''[[Duomo]]''), dedicated to St. Andrew (as is the town itself), contains a tomb in its crypt that it maintains still contains the rest of the relics of the apostle.
On 8 May, 2008, the relic believed to be Andrew's head was returned to Amalfi Cathedral.
==Romanian tradition==
[[Romanians]] believe that Saint Andrew (named ''Sfântul Apostol Andrei'') was the first who preached Christianity in [[Scythia Minor]], modern [[Dobrogea]], to the native people of the [[Dacians]] (ancestors of the Romanians): it is the official position of the [[Romanian Orthodox Church]].<ref name="patriarhiarom_istoric">[http://www.patriarhia.ro/Site/Stiri/2006/074.html "Romanian Orthodox Church - short presentation"], at the Romanian Patriarchy.</ref> [[Hippolyte of Antioch]] (died ~AD 250) in his ''On apostles'', [[Origen]] in the third book of his ''Commentaries'' on ''Genesis'' (AD 254), [[Eusebius of Caesarea]] in his ''Church History'' (AD 340), and other sources, like the ''Usaard's Martyrdom'' written between 845-865,<ref>Nicolae Dură, "Christianism in Pontic Dacia" in ''Revue Roumain d'Histoire'', '''42'''.1-4, pp. 5-17, (Bucharest: Publishing House of the [[Romanian Academy]]) 2003.</ref> [[Jacobus de Voragine]] in the [[Golden Legend]] (~1260),<ref>Rebeka Ceravolo, ''An Iconographic analysis of the retable of saints Andrew and Antonin of Pamier'', University of Toledo, Ohio, 2003, p. 20 (pdf) [https://portfolio.du.edu/portfolio/getportfoliofile?uid=45534 On-line text (pdf file)].</ref> mention that Saint Andrew preached in [[Scythia Minor]].
There are [[toponym]]s and numerous very old traditions (like carols) related to Saint Andrew, many of them having probably a pre-Christian substratum. There exists a cave where it is supposed he preached. The mysterious tradition of baptism which happens in the village of [[Copuzu]] is also linked by some ethnologists with the [[christianization]] campaign made by the Apostle.
==Scottish legends==
[[Image:Flag of Scotland.svg|thumb|190px|left|The [[Saltire]] (or "St. Andrew's Cross") is the national [[flag of Scotland]]]]
About the middle of the tenth century, Andrew became the [[patron saint]] of [[Scotland]]. Several legends state that the relics of Andrew were brought under supernatural guidance from [[Constantinople]] to the place where the modern town of [[St Andrews]] stands today ([[Scottish Gaelic|Gaelic]], Cill Rìmhinn).
[[Image:Saint Andrew.jpg|thumb|[[Russian Orthodox]] [[icon]] of the Apostle Andrew, 18th century ([[Iconostasis]] of [[Transfiguration]] [[Orthodox church (building)|church]], [[Kizhi]] [[monastery]], [[Karelia]], [[Russia]]).]]
The oldest surviving manuscripts are two: one is among the manuscripts collected by [[Jean-Baptiste Colbert]] and willed to [[Louis XIV of France|Louis XIV]], now in the [[Bibliothèque Nationale]], Paris, the other in the [[Robert Harley|Harleian Mss]] in the [[British Library]], London. They state that the relics of Andrew were brought by one Regulus to the [[Picts|Pictish]] king [[Óengus I of the Picts|Óengus mac Fergusa]] (729–761). The only historical Regulus (Riagail or Rule) — the name is preserved by the tower of St. Rule — was an Irish monk expelled from [[Ireland]] with Saint [[Columba]]; his date, however, is c. 573–600. There are good reasons for supposing that the relics were originally in the collection of [[Acca of Hexham|Acca, bishop of Hexham]], who took them into Pictish country when he was driven from Hexham (c. 732), and founded a see, not, according to tradition, in Galloway, but on the site of St. Andrews. The connection made with Regulus is, therefore, due in all probability to the desire to date the foundation of the church at St. Andrews as early as possible.
Another legend says that in the late eighth century, during a joint battle with the English, King Ungus (either the Óengus mac Fergusa mentioned previously or [[Óengus II of the Picts]] (820–834)) saw a cloud shaped like a [[saltire]], and declared Andrew was watching over them, and if they won by his grace, then he would be their patron saint. However, there is evidence Andrew was venerated in Scotland before this.
Andrew's connection with Scotland may have been reinforced following the [[Synod of Whitby]], when the [[Celtic Christianity|Celtic Church]] felt that Columba had been "outranked" by Peter and that Peter's younger brother would make a higher ranking patron. The 1320 [[Declaration of Arbroath]] cites Scotland's conversion to Christianity by Saint Andrew, "the first to be an Apostle".
Numerous parish churches in the [[Church of Scotland]] and congregations of other Christian churches in Scotland are named after Saint Andrew. The national church of the Scottish people in [[Rome]], [[Sant'Andrea degli Scozzesi]] is dedicated to St Andrew.
==Saint Andrew and the Parish of Luqa (Malta)==
The first reference regarding the first small chapel at Luqa dedicated to Saint Andrew dates to 1497. The pastoral visit of Mgr. Pietro Dusina affirms that this chapel contained three altars, one of them dedicated to Saint Andrew. The titular painting showing ''Mary with Saints Andrew and Paul'' was painted by the Maltese artist Filippo Dingli.
At one time, many fishermen lived in the village of Luqa, and this may be the main reason behind choosing Saint Andrew as patron saint. The titular statue of Saint Andrew was sculpted in wood by Giuseppe Scolaro in 1779. This statue underwent several restoration works including that of 1913 performed by the Maltese renowned artist Abraham Gatt.
The ''Martyrdom of Saint Andrew'' on the main altar of the church was painted by [[Mattia Preti]] in 1687.
==Saint Andrew in Ukraine==
[[Image:Predskazanie Kiev sv Andrey.jpg|thumb|left|St Andrew's prophecy of Kiev depicted in [[Radzivill Chronicle]].]]
[[Image:Kijow.jpg|thumb|180px|The [[Kiev]]an hill where St. Andrew is said to have erected the cross is commemorated by the [[St. Andrew's Church of Kiev|cathedral dedicated in his name]]]]
[[History of Christianity in Ukraine#Early history|Early Christian History in Ukraine]] holds that the apostle Saint Andrew is said to have preached on the southern borders of modern-day [[Ukraine]], along the [[Black Sea]]. Legend has it that he travelled up the [[Dnieper River]] and reached the future location of [[Kiev]], where he erected a cross on the site where the [[St. Andrew's Church of Kiev]] currently stands, and prophesied the foundation of a great Christian city.
{{clearleft}}
==Conclusions==
Andrew is the [[patron saint]] of [[Scotland]], [[Russia]], [[Romania]], [[Greece]], [[Amalfi]], and Luqa in Malta. He was also the patron saint of [[Prussia]]. The [[flag of Scotland]] (and consequently the [[Union Flag]] and the [[Coat of Arms of Nova Scotia|arms]] and [[flag of Nova Scotia]]) feature St Andrew's [[saltire]] cross. The saltire is also the [[flag of Tenerife]] and the [[Russian Navy|naval jack of Russia]]. The [[Flags of the Confederate States of America|Confederate flag]] also features a saltire commonly referred to as a St Andrew's cross, although its designer, [[William Porcher Miles]], said he changed it from an upright cross to a saltire so that it would not be a religious symbol but merely a heraldic device.
A statue of Saint Andrew is an important element in the story of the 1956 [[Hollywood]] wartime romance, ''Miracle In The Rain'' starring [[Van Johnson]] and [[Jane Wyman]]. When Ruth, played by Wyman realizes she has lost Art, the statue inside [[St. Patrick's Cathedral, New York]] becomes a focus of devotion for her.
The [[St. Andrew's Day|feast of Saint Andrew]] is observed on [[November 30]] in both the Eastern and Western churches, and is the [[national day]] of Scotland.
==Notes==
{{reflist|2}}
==References==
*{{cite book
| last =Metzeger
| first =Bruce M. (ed)
| authorlink =
| coauthors = , Michael D. Coogan (ed)
| title = The Oxford Companion to the Bible
| publisher = [[Oxford University Press]]
| date = 1993
| location = Oxford, UK
| pages =
| url =
| doi =
| isbn = 0-19-504645-5 }}.'''''
*Attwater, Donald and Catherine Rachel John. ''The Penguin Dictionary of Saints''. 3rd edition. New York: Penguin Books, 1993. ISBN 0-140-51312-4.
==See also==
{{Commonscat}}
*[[St Andrew's Day]]
*[[St Andrews (disambiguation)]]
*[[Patron saints of places#National|Patron saints of places]]
*[[Roman Catholic calendar of saints#Scotland|Roman Catholic calendar of saints]]
*[[Andrew]]
*[[Universidad de San Andrés]], Argentina, named after the saint
*[[University of St Andrews]], named after the Royal Burgh of [[St Andrews]], which was named after the saint
*[[Order of Saint Andrew]]
==External links==
* [http://www.roadtoemmaus.net/Missionary_Journeys.pdf The Missionary Journeys of the Apostle Andrew]
* [http://www.gnosis.org/library/cac.htm Texts of ''The Acts of Andrew'' ''The Acts and Martyrdom of Andrew'' and ''The Acts of Andrew and Matthew'']
* [http://www.orthodoxcentral.com/saints/saintandrew.htm Saint Andrew in Orthodoxy]
* [http://www.nas.gov.uk/about/051124.asp St. Andrew in the National Archives of Scotland]
* [http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/15225 Andreas: The Legend of St. Andrew] translated by Robert Kilburn Root, 1899, from [[Project Gutenberg]]
* [http://www.freewebs.com/santandrea/ Paintings and Statues of Saint Andrew in Malta and around the world]
* [http://www.anchorite.org/blog/2006/07/17/biographical-study-on-st-andrew-the-apostle/ Biographical Study on St. Andrew the Apostle]
*[http://www.stmaryscathedral.co.uk/standrew.html National Shrine to St Andrew in Edinburgh Scotland]
*[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01471a.htm Catholic Encyclopedia article]
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<!-- Universidad de San Andrés, Argentina -->
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[[Category:1st century deaths]]
[[Category:Eastern Orthodox saints]]
[[Category:Christian martyrs of the Roman era]]
[[Category:Twelve apostles]]
[[Category:Saints from the Holy Land]]
[[Category:People executed by crucifixion]]
[[Category:1st century bishops]]
[[Category:New Testament people]]
[[Category:Jewish Christians]]
[[ar:أندراوس]]
[[be:Андрэй Першазваны]]
[[bg:Андрей Първозвани]]
[[ca:Sant Andreu apòstol]]
[[cs:Svatý Ondřej]]
[[da:Apostlen Andreas]]
[[de:Andreas (Apostel)]]
[[et:Andreas]]
[[el:Απόστολος Ανδρέας]]
[[es:Andrés el Apóstol]]
[[eo:Sankta Andreo]]
[[fr:André (apôtre)]]
[[ga:Naomh Aindriú]]
[[ko:안드레아]]
[[hr:Sveti Andrija]]
[[id:Andreas]]
[[it:Andrea apostolo]]
[[he:אנדראס הקדוש]]
[[ka:ანდრია პირველწოდებული]]
[[lt:Apaštalas Andriejus]]
[[hu:Szent András (apostol)]]
[[ml:അന്ത്രയോസ് ശ്ലീഹാ]]
[[nl:Andreas (apostel)]]
[[ja:アンデレ]]
[[no:Apostelen Andreas]]
[[pl:Andrzej Apostoł]]
[[pt:Santo André (Cristianismo)]]
[[ro:Andrei (apostol)]]
[[ru:Андрей Первозванный]]
[[sco:Saunt Andra]]
[[sq:Shna Ndreu]]
[[simple:Saint Andrew]]
[[sk:Ondrej (apoštol)]]
[[sl:Apostol Andrej]]
[[sr:Андреј Првозвани]]
[[fi:Andreas (apostoli)]]
[[sv:Andreas (apostel)]]
[[th:นักบุญแอนดรูว์]]
[[uk:Андрій Первозванний]]
[[vec:Andrea Apostoło]]
[[wo:Andare]]
[[zh:聖安德烈]]