Salbutamol 463271 224633623 2008-07-09T19:15:10Z Travisthurston 248002 Added side effects section, cleaning up {{Citations}} {{drugbox | | IUPAC_name = 4-[2-(''tert''-butylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl]-2-(hydroxymethyl)phenol | image = Salbutamol-racemic-2D-skeletal.png | CAS_number = 18559-94-9 | ATC_prefix = R03 | ATC_suffix = AC02 | ATC_supplemental = {{ATC|R03|CC02}} | PubChem = 2083 | DrugBank = APRD00553 | C=13 | H=21 | N=1 | O=3 | molecular_weight = 239.311 | bioavailability = | protein_bound = | metabolism = [[Liver|Hepatic]] | elimination_half-life = 1.6 hours | excretion = [[Renal]] | pregnancy_AU = A | pregnancy_US = C | pregnancy_category = | smiles = HOc1c(CHO)cc(C(HO)NC(C)(C)(C))cc1 | legal_AU = S3 | legal_CA =OTC | legal_UK = POM | legal_US = Rx-only | legal_status = | routes_of_administration = Oral, inhalational, [[Intravenous therapy|IV]] }} '''Salbutamol''' ([[International Nonproprietary Name|INN]]) or '''albuterol''' ([[United States Adopted Name|USAN]]) is a short-acting [[beta2-adrenergic receptor agonist|β<sub>2</sub>-adrenergic receptor agonist]] used for the relief of [[bronchospasm]] in conditions such as [[asthma]] and [[chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]]. '''Salbutamol sulfate''' is usually given by the inhaled route for direct effect on bronchial smooth muscle. This is usually achieved through a [[metered dose inhaler]] (MDI), [[nebuliser]] or other proprietary delivery devices (e.g. [[Rotahaler]] or [[Autohaler]]). In these forms of delivery, the maximal effect of Salbutamol can take place within five to twenty minutes of dosing, though some relief is immediately seen. Salbutamol can also be given orally as an [[inhalant]] or [[intravenous]]ly. However, some asthmatics do not have the required DNA base sequence in a specific gene and may not respond to these medications. Salbutamol became available in the [[United Kingdom]] in [[1969]] and in the [[United States]] in [[1980]] under the trade name Ventolin. ==Clinical use== Salbutamol is specifically indicated in the following conditions: *Acute [[asthma]] *Symptom relief during maintenance therapy of asthma and other conditions with reversible airways obstruction (including [[COPD]]) *Protection against exercise-induced asthma *[[Hyperkalaemia]], especially in patients with [[renal failure]] *Can be aerosolized with a [[nebulizer]] for patients with [[cystic fibrosis]], along with [[ipratropium bromide]] and [[pulmozyme]]. As a β<sub>2</sub>-agonist, salbutamol also finds use in [[obstetrics]]. Intravenous salbutamol can be used as a [[tocolysis|tocolytic]] to relax the [[uterus|uterine]] [[smooth muscle]] to delay [[premature labour]]. Whilst preferred over agents such as [[atosiban]] and [[ritodrine]], its role has largely been replaced by the calcium-channel blocker [[nifedipine]] which is more effective, better tolerated and orally administered.<ref name=rossi>Rossi S (Ed.) (2004). ''[[Australian Medicines Handbook]] 2004 (AMH)''. Adelaide: Australian Medicines Handbook. ISBN 0-9578521-4-2.</ref> ==Side Effects / Health Consequences== *[[Tachycardia]] *[[Tremors]] *Shakiness, [[nervousness]] *[[Hyperkinesis]] *[[Headache]] *[[Insomnia]] *[[Nausea]] and [[Vomiting]] *Reactive [[bronchospasm]] ==Ban of CFC-containing albuterol inhalers== [[Image:Ventolin CFC.JPG|thumb|Ventolin inhaler]] The U.S. Food & Drug Administration in April of 2005 mandated that all (including albuterol) inhalers containing [[chlorofluorocarbons]] (CFCs) will be prohibited in the United States as of 12/31/2008. CFC inhalers had previously been given "essential use" status, exempting it from a CFC-production ban, however in accordance with the Montreal Protocol they will be phased out; in many other countries patients have been transitioned to non-CFC based inhalers using [[hydrofluoroalkane]] (HFA) propellant. Pharmaceutical manufacturers are expected to produce adequate supplies of alternative (HFA) inhalers by 2009.{{Fact|date=May 2008}} One drawback of this transition to HFA inhalers is that due to patent restrictions all of the HFA albuterol inhalers are "brand-name" (ProAir, Proventil, and Ventolin). They cost approximately $20 more per inhaler than existing generic CFC albuterol inhalers. Generic HFA albuterol inhalers are not expected on the market until 2017 due to existing patents, although some pharmaceutical companies will offer discounts for those who cannot afford the HFA inhalers.{{Fact|date=May 2008}} Benefits of transitioning to HFA inhalers include (1) increased drug deposition in the distal airways, (2) more consistent drug delivery from nearly empty canisters, and (3) more consistent drug delivery at a greater range of canister temperatures. It should be noted that the spray force of HFA inhalers is less than that of CFC inhalers, which may mislead some patients to believe that they may not be receiving enough albuterol when in fact they are seeing the benefits as outlined above.{{Fact|date=May 2008}} ==Diet and bodybuilding use== Salbutamol is taken by some as an alternative to [[Clenbuterol]] for purposes of fat burning.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Carter WJ, Lynch ME |title=Comparison of the effects of salbutamol and clenbuterol on skeletal muscle mass and carcass composition in senescent rats |journal=Metab. Clin. Exp. |volume=43 |issue=9 |pages=1119–25 |year=1994 |month=September |pmid=7916118 |doi= |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0026-0495(94)90054-X}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} ===Additional notes=== # {{cite journal |author=Moore NG, Pegg GG, Sillence MN |title=Anabolic effects of the beta 2-adrenoceptor agonist salmeterol are dependent on route of administration |journal=Am. J. Physiol. |volume=267 |issue=3 Pt 1 |pages=E475–84 |year=1994 |month=September |pmid=7943228 |doi= |url=http://ajpendo.physiology.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=reprint&pmid=7943228}} # {{cite journal |author=Schiffelers SL, Saris WH, Boomsma F, van Baak MA |title=beta(1)- and beta(2)-Adrenoceptor-mediated thermogenesis and lipid utilization in obese and lean men |journal=J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. |volume=86 |issue=5 |pages=2191–9 |year=2001 |month=May |pmid=11344226 |doi= |url=http://jcem.endojournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=11344226}} # {{cite journal |author=van Baak MA, Mayer LH, Kempinski RE, Hartgens F |title=Effect of salbutamol on muscle strength and endurance performance in nonasthmatic men |journal=Med Sci Sports Exerc |volume=32 |issue=7 |pages=1300–6 |year=2000 |month=July |pmid=10912897 |doi= |url=http://meta.wkhealth.com/pt/pt-core/template-journal/lwwgateway/media/landingpage.htm?issn=0195-9131&volume=32&issue=7&spage=1300}} # {{cite journal |author=Caruso JF, Hamill JL, De Garmo N |title=Oral albuterol dosing during the latter stages of a resistance exercise program |journal=J Strength Cond Res |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=102–7 |year=2005 |month=February |pmid=15705021 |doi=10.1519/R-14793.1 |url=}} # {{cite journal |author=Caruso JF, Signorile JF, Perry AC, ''et al'' |title=The effects of albuterol and isokinetic exercise on the quadriceps muscle group |journal=Med Sci Sports Exerc |volume=27 |issue=11 |pages=1471–6 |year=1995 |month=November |pmid=8587482 |doi= |url=}} # {{cite journal |author=Martineau L, Horan MA, Rothwell NJ, Little RA |title=Salbutamol, a beta 2-adrenoceptor agonist, increases skeletal muscle strength in young men |journal=Clin. Sci. |volume=83 |issue=5 |pages=615–21 |year=1992 |month=November |pmid=1335400 |doi= |url=}}S # {{cite journal |author=Desaphy JF, Pierno S, De Luca A, Didonna P, Camerino DC |title=Different ability of clenbuterol and salbutamol to block sodium channels predicts their therapeutic use in muscle excitability disorders |journal=Mol. Pharmacol. |volume=63 |issue=3 |pages=659–70 |year=2003 |month=March |pmid=12606775 |doi= |url=http://molpharm.aspetjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=12606775}} # {{cite journal |author=Maki KC, Skorodin MS, Jessen JH, Laghi F |title=Effects of oral albuterol on serum lipids and carbohydrate metabolism in healthy men |journal=Metab. Clin. Exp. |volume=45 |issue=6 |pages=712–7 |year=1996 |month=June |pmid=8637445 |doi= |url=}} ==External links== *[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=medmaster.chapter.a607004 Albuterol] *[http://www.drugs.com/MTM/V/Volmax.html Volmax Drug Information] {{Asthma_and_copd_rx}} {{Phenethylamines}} [[Category:Alcohols]] [[Category:Amines]] [[Category:Asthma]] [[Category:Beta-adrenergic agonists]] [[Category:Bronchodilators]] [[Category:Phenethylamines]] [[Category:Phenols]] [[de:Salbutamol]] [[es:Salbutamol]] [[fr:Salbutamol]] [[it:Salbutamolo]] [[he:סאלבוטאמול]] [[hu:Salbutamol]] [[nl:Salbutamol]] [[ja:サルブタモール]] [[pl:Salbutamol]] [[ru:Сальбутамол]] [[fi:Salbutamoli]]