Saltmarsh Sharp-tailed Sparrow
425393
220281433
2008-06-19T02:48:21Z
Hesperian
111359
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{{Taxobox
| name = Saltmarsh Sharp-tailed Sparrow
| status = VU | status_system = IUCN3.1
| image = Saltmarsh_sharp_tailed_sparrow.jpg
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]]
| classis = [[bird|Aves]]
| ordo = [[Passeriformes]]
| familia = [[American sparrow|Emberizidae]]
| genus = ''[[Ammodramus]]''
| species = '''''A. caudacutus'''''
| binomial = ''Ammodramus caudacutus''
| binomial_authority = ([[Johann Friedrich Gmelin|Gmelin]], 1788)
}}
The '''Saltmarsh Sharp-tailed Sparrow''', ''Ammodramus caudacutus'', is a small [[American sparrow|sparrow]]. At one time, this bird and the [[Nelson's Sharp-tailed Sparrow]] were thought to be a single species, the '''Sharp-tailed Sparrow'''.
Adults have brownish upperparts with grey on the crown and nape, a cream-coloured breast with dark streaks and a white throat and belly; they have an orange face with grey cheeks and a short pointed tail.
Their breeding habitat is salt [[marsh]]es on the [[Atlantic (ocean)|Atlantic]] coast of the [[United States]] from southern [[Maine]] to [[Virginia]]. The nest is an open cup located above the high [[tide]] line. Males compete for females but do not defend territories. Only females raise the young.
These birds [[bird migration|migrate]] further south along the eastern coast of the United States.
They forage on the ground or in marsh vegetation, sometimes probing in mud. They mainly eat insects, aquatic [[invertebrate]]s and seeds.
The call is a raspy trill.
This bird's numbers are declining due to habitat loss.
==References==
* {{IUCN2006|assessors=BirdLife International|year=2004|id=40413|title=Ammodramus caudacutus|downloaded=11 May 2006}} Database entry includes a range map and justification for why this species is vulnerable
==Further reading==
===Book===
* Greenlaw, J. S. and J. D. Rising. 1994. ''Sharp-tailed Sparrow (Ammodramus caudacutus)''. In ''The Birds of North America'', No. 112 (A. Poole and F. Gill, Eds.). Philadelphia: The Academy of Natural Sciences; Washington, D.C.: The American Ornithologists’ Union.
===Articles===
* Benoit LK & Askins RA. (1999). ''Impact of the spread of Phragmites on the distribution of birds in Connecticut tidal marshes''. Wetlands. vol '''19''', no 1. p. 194-208.
* Benoit LK & Askins RA. (2002). ''Relationship between habitat area and the distribution of tidal marsh birds''. Wilson Bulletin. vol '''114''', no 3. p. 314-323.
* Chan YL, Hill CE, Maldonado JE & Fleischer RC. (2006). ''Evolution and conservation of tidal-marsh vertebrates: Molecular approaches''. Studies in Avian Biology. vol '''32''', p. 54-75.
* Conway CJ & Droege S. (2006). ''A unified strategy for monitoring changes in abundance of birds associated with North American tidal marshes''. Studies in Avian Biology. vol '''32''', p. 282-297.
* DiQuinzio DA, Paton PWC & Eddleman WR. (2001). ''Site fidelity, philopatry, and survival of promiscuous Saltmarsh Sharp-tailed Sparrows in Rhode Island''. Auk. vol '''118''', no 4. p. 888-899.
* DiQuinzio DA, Paton PWC & Eddleman WR. (2002). ''Nesting ecology of saltmarsh sharp-tailed sparrows in a tidally restricted salt marsh''. Wetlands. vol '''22''', no 1. p. 179-185.
* Erwin RM, Cahoon DR, Prosser DJ, Sanders GM & Hensel P. (2006). ''Surface elevation dynamics in vegetated Spartina marshes versus unvegetated tidal ponds along the mid-Atlantic coast, USA, with implications to waterbirds''. Estuaries & Coasts. vol '''29''', no 1. p. 96-106.
* Erwin RM, Sanders GM & Prosser DJ. (2004). ''Changes in lagoonal marsh morphology at selected northeastern Atlantic coast sites of significance to migratory waterbirds''. Wetlands. vol '''24''', no 4. p. 891-903.
* Erwin RM, Sanders GM, Prosser DJ & Cahoon DR. (2006). ''High tides and rising seas: Potential effects on estuarine waterbirds''. Studies in Avian Biology. vol '''32''', p. 214-228.
* Fry AJ. (1999). ''Mildly deleterious mutations in avian mitochondrial DNA: Evidence from neutrality tests''. Evolution. vol '''53''', no 5. p. 1617-1620.
* Gjerdrum C, Elphick CS & Rubega M. (2005). ''Nest site selection and nesting success in Saltmarsh breeding sparrows: The importance of nest habitat, timing, and study site differences''. Condor. vol '''107''', no 4. p. 849-862.
* Greenlaw JS. (1993). ''Behavioral and morphological diversification in sharp-tailed sparrows (Ammodramus caudacutus) of the Atlantic coast''. Auk. vol '''110''', no 2. p. 286-303.
* Grenier JL & Greenberg R. (2006). ''Trophic adaptations in sparrows and other vertebrates of tidal marshes''. Studies in Avian Biology. vol '''32''', p. 130-139.
* Hanowski JM & Niemi GJ. (1990). ''An Approach for Quantifying Habitat Characteristics for Rare Wetland Birds''. In ''Mitchell, R S, C J Sheviak and D J Leopold (Ed) New York State Museum Bulletin, No 471 Ecosystem Management: Rare Species and Significant Habitats; 15th Annual Natural Areas Conference and 10th Annual Meeting of the Natural Areas Association, Syracuse, New York, USA, June 6-9, 1988 Ix+314p New York State Museum: Albany, New York, USA Illus Maps Paper 51-56, 1990''.
* Hodgman TP, Shriver WG & Vickery PD. (2002). ''Redefining range overlap between the Sharp-tailed Sparrows of coastal New England''. Wilson Bulletin. vol '''114''', no 1. p. 38-43.
* Patten MA & Radamaker K. (1991). ''A Fall Record of the Sharp-Tailed Sparrow for Interior California USA''. Western Birds. vol '''22''', no 1. p. 37-38.
* Post W. (1998). ''The status of Nelson's and saltmarsh sharp-tailed sparrows on Waccasassa Bay, Levy County, Florida''. Florida Field Naturalist. vol '''26''', no 1. p. 1-6.
* Post W & Greenlaw JS. (2006). ''Nestling diets of coexisting salt marsh sparrows: Opportunism in a food-rich environment''. Estuaries & Coasts. vol '''29''', no 5. p. 765-775.
* Rising JD & Avise JC. (1993). ''Application of genealogical-concordance principles to the taxonomy and evolutionary history of the sharp-tailed sparrow (Ammodramus caudacutus)''. Auk. vol '''110''', no 4. p. 844-856.
* Shriver WG, Gibbs JP, Vickery PD, Gibbs HL, Hodgman TP, Jones PT & Jacques CN. (2005). ''Concordance between morphological and molecular markers in assessing hybridization between sharp-tailed sparrows in New England''. Auk. vol '''122''', no 1. p. 94-107.
[[Category:Ammodramus]]
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