Salvia 26901 225206943 2008-07-12T13:34:11Z Sceptre 274040 Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/70.49.128.197|70.49.128.197]] to last version by ClueBot (using [[WP:HG|Huggle]]) {{dablink|This article is about the plant genus called Salvia (sage). For the herb and spice ''Salvia officinalis'' see [[common sage]]. For the [[entheogen]] see ''[[Salvia divinorum]]'', see also below for other species commonly used. For the original name of an Italian municipality see ''[[Savoia di Lucania]]''. For other meanings see [[sage]].}} {{Taxobox | name = ''Salvia'' | image = Wiesensalbei 1.jpg | image_width = 240px | image_caption = Meadow sage ''Salvia pratensis'' | regnum = [[Plant]]ae | divisio = [[Magnoliophyta]] | classis = [[Magnoliopsida]] | ordo = [[Lamiales]] | familia = [[Lamiaceae]] | genus = '''''Salvia''''' | genus_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]] | subdivision_ranks = Species | subdivision = see [[List of Salvia species]] }} '''''Salvia''''' is a [[genus]] of plants in the mint family, [[Lamiaceae]]. It is one of three [[genus|genera]] commonly referred to as '''sage'''. When used without modifiers, sage generally refers to [[common sage]] (''Salvia officinalis''); however, it can be used with modifiers to refer to any member of the genus. This genus includes approximately 700 to 900 species of [[shrub]]s, [[herbaceous plant|herbaceous]] [[perennial plant|perennials]], and [[annual plant|annuals]] with almost world-wide distribution. The center of diversity and origin appears to be Central and South Western Asia.<ref>Kintzios, Spiridon E. 2000. ''Sage: the genus Salvia. Medicinal and aromatic plants--industrial profiles, v. 14''. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers. Page 27. ISBN 9058230058</ref> Different species of sage are grown as herbs and as [[ornamental plant]]s.<ref>Clebsch, Betsy, and Betsy Clebsch. 2003. ''The new book of salvias: sages for every garden''. Portland, OR: Timber Press. ISBN 0881925608 </ref> The ornamental species are commonly referred to by their scientific name ''Salvia''. The closely related genera ''[[Perovskia]]'' and ''[[Phlomis]]'' are also known as sage. Some species of the unrelated genus ''[[Artemisia (plant)|Artemisia]]'' are also referred to as sages, a shortened version of ''sagebrush''. [[smudge stick|Smudge bundles]] are made with various grey-leaved species of ''Artemisia'' and are misrepresented as "whitesage" smudges. The true whitesage is ''Salvia apiana''. == Description == Salvia species include annual, biennial, or perennial herbs, and a few woody based sub-shrubs. The [[stems]] are typically angled like other members in [[Lamiaceae]]. The [[flower]]s are produced in [[spike]]s, [[raceme]]s, or [[panicle]]s, and generally produce a showy display with flower colors ranging from blue to red with white and yellow less common. The [[calyx]] is normally tubular or bell shaped, with out bearded throats, and divided into 2 parts or lips, the upper lip entire or 3-toothed, the lower 2-cleft. The corollas are often claw shaped and are 2-lipped with the upper lip entire or notched and the lower spreading. The lower lip typically has 3 lobes with the middle lobe longest. The [[stamen]]s are reduced to two short structures with anthers 2-celled, the upper cell fertile, and the lower imperfect. The flower styles are 2-cleft. The fruits are smooth nutlets and many species have a mucilaginous coating. ''Salvia'' species are used as food plants by the [[larva]]e of some [[Lepidoptera]] ([[butterfly]] and [[moth]]) species including (but not limited to) the [[Bucculatricidae|bucculatricid]] leaf-miner ''Bucculatrix taeniola'' which feeds exclusively on the genus and the ''[[Coleophora]]'' case-bearers ''C. aegyptiacae'', ''C. salviella'' (both feed exclusively on ''S. aegyptiaca''), ''C. ornatipennella'' and ''C. virgatella'' (both recorded on ''S. pratensis''). ===Selected species=== {{main|List of Salvia species}} * ''[[Salvia apiana]]'' - White sage, California white sage. * ''[[Salvia argentea]]'' - Silver clary, Silver sage. * ''[[Salvia arizonica]]'' - Arizona sage, Desert indigo sage, a purple-flowering annual. * ''[[Salvia austriaca]]'' - Austrian sage. * ''[[Salvia azurea]]'' - Blue sage, Azure blue sage; very big bright blue flowers. * ''[[Salvia candelabrum]]'' - a blue-flowering scented sage. * ''[[Salvia clevelandii]]'' - Blue sage, Cleveland sage, Fragrant sage. * ''[[Salvia coccinea]]'' - Blood sage, a scarlet-flowered tender perennial * ''[[Salvia columbariae]]'' - Chia, Chia sage, California chia. * ''[[Salvia discolor]]'' * ''[[Salvia divinorum]]'' - Diviner's sage. * ''[[Salvia dorrii]]'' - [[Ute Tribe| Ute]] Tobacco Sage (mild hallucinogen when smoked) * ''[[Salvia elegans]]'' * ''[[Salvia farinacea]]'' - Mealycup sage, annual in temperate climates will survive mild winters * ''[[Salvia fulgens]]'' - Cardinal sage, Mexican red sage, a red-flowering perennial * ''[[Salvia funerea]]'' – Death Valley sage * ''[[Salvia glutinosa]]'' * ''[[Salvia greggii]]'' - Autumn sage, a red-flowered sage with a very strong scent * ''[[Salvia guaranitica]]'' - Anise sage or hummingbird sage. * ''[[Salvia hispanica]]'' - the Chia of commerce. * ''[[Salvia leucantha]]'' - Mexican bush sage, velvety spikes of violet-purple and white, 3' tall. * ''[[Salvia leucophylla]]'' - Purple sage. * ''[[Salvia libanotica]]'' - Mediterranean or middle eastern sage * ''[[Salvia longistyla]]'' - Mexican sage. * ''[[Salvia lyrata]]'' - Lyre-leaved sage, Lyreleaf sage. * ''[[Salvia nemorosa]]'' - Meadow sage * ''[[Salvia mexicana]]'' - Mexican sage, medium blue to violet and lavender, 8' to 10' tall. * ''[[Salvia microphylla]]'' * ''[[Salvia miltiorrhiza]]'' - Chinese sage * ''[[Salvia officinalis]]'' - Common sage. * ''[[Salvia patens]]'' - a blue-flowering sage. * ''[[Salvia polystachya]]'' - Chia sage, Chia seed. * ''[[Salvia potus]]'' - Chia. * ''[[Salvia pratensis]]'' - Meadow clary or Meadow sage. * ''[[Salvia roemeriana]]'' - Cedar Sage; this species prefers shady moist areas * ''[[Salvia sclarea]]'' - Clary or Clary sage. * ''[[Salvia spathacea]]'' - Pitcher sage or Hummingbird sage. * ''[[Salvia splendens]]'' - Scarlet sage. * ''[[Salvia superba]]'' * ''[[Salvia transylvanica]]'' * ''[[Salvia uliginosa]]'' * ''[[Salvia verbenaca]]'' - [[Wild clary]], [[Wild sage]]. * ''[[Salvia verticillata]]'' - Whorled clary, Lilac sage, a white- or blue-flowering perennial with the scent of Clary. * ''[[Salvia viridis]]'' ([[synonymy|syn.]]: ''S. horminum'') - Annual clary.. ==Cultivation and uses== ===History=== The sage species used as herbs come from the Mediterranean and Asia Minor. Sage has also been grown in central Europe since the [[Middle Ages]]. The name ''Salvia'' derives from the Latin ''salvere'', which means "to heal". Indeed this herb is highly regarded for its healing qualities. An ancient proverb states, "Why should a man die who has sage in his garden?". The ancient [[Greeks]] used it to treat [[tuberculosis|consumption]], [[ulcer]]s and [[snake bite]]s. The [[Ancient Rome|Ancient Romans]] considered sage to be a sacred herb and followed an elaborate [[ceremony]] when harvesting it. A sage gatherer would use a special knife (not made of iron as it reacts with the sage), have to have clean clothes and clean feet and a sacrifice of food would have to be made before he could begin. The Romans would use it for toothpaste; they also believed it to be good for the brain, senses and memory. {{Fact|date=February 2007}} The [[China|Chinese]] also were quite partial to this herb. 17th century [[Netherlands|Dutch]] merchants found that they would trade one chest of sage leaves for three of their teas [http://www.selfsufficientish.com/sage.htm]. Sages are also used by several [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] cultures. ===Medicinal uses=== {{refimprove|date=February 2007}} Several types of ''Salvia'' are used medicinally: * aromatic varieties (usually strongly scented [[Leaf|leaves]], also used as herbs) * non-aromatic varieties (not considered medicinal, but many still have a scent) * Chia sages * ''S. divinorum'' ([[Diviner's sage]]) contains a [[diterpenoid]] used for spiritual and recreational purposes. * Research has shown that ''Salvia officinalis'' improves cognitive function in [[Alzheimer]]'s disease patients over a period of several months.<ref>[http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdf?vid=19&hid=119&sid=3ed5146a-be26-4910-a86e-f5ff50f1028f%40sessionmgr103 EBSCO Publishing Service Selection Page<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> The aromatic sages strengthen the lungs and can be used in teas or [[tincture]]s to prevent coughs. Less aromatic species of ''Salvia'' are run-of-the-mill mint-family anti-inflammatories, which means that they can be used for pretty much any infection or inflammation, and will give at least some relief. [[Common sage]] (''Salvia officinalis'') drunk as a cold tea will stop sweating, while the same tea drunk hot will produce sweating. Cold and hot teas will also either stop or enhance [[milk]] production. The [[essential oil]] is used in [[aromatherapy]] and [[medicine]]. [[White sage]] (''Salvia apiana'') is a very strong general [[anti-inflammatory]], used as tea or tincture. The tincture has a very nice scent and can be used as a [[perfume]]. This species is the famous whitesage of smudge sticks. [[Pineapple sage]] (''Salvia elegans'', old: ''S. rutilans'') is a tender perennial with pineapple-scented leaves. Medicinally, this is perhaps closest to the [[scented geraniums]], a sweet-smelling ''[[Pelargonium]]'' species. [[Salvia miltiorrhiza|Red sage]] (''Salvia miltiorrhiza'') is used medicinally in [[Traditional Chinese medicine]]. '''Chia sages'''. The seeds of these species are used as [[bulk laxatives]], much like the seeds of [[Psyllium]] (''Plantago'' spp.) or [[linseed]]. [[Chia]] has been important in the diet of desert Indians. It is still used for its [[Mucilage|mucilaginous]] qualities by Mexican natives. [[Diviner's sage]] (''Salvia divinorum'') also called Yerba de la Pastora or sometimes just ''Salvia'', is a plant that differs from all the other sages. It is a [[Mexico|Mexican]] visionary herb and there is some evidence it is a true [[cultivar]]. It is known to have strong [[psychoactive]] (specifically [[psychedelic]]) properties. ==References and external links== * ''A Book of Salvias: Sages for Every Garden'' by [[Betsy Clebsch]], Timber Press, 1997, ISBN 0-88192-369-9. An excellent reference on salvias. Also, an updated (2004 edition) is available. * [http://www.itis.usda.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=32680] ITIS 32680 2002-09-06 * Akhondzadeh S, Noroozian M, Mohammadi M. R. 2003, Salvia Officinalis extract in the treatment of mild to moderate Alzheimer’s disease: A double blind and placebo-controlled trial. British Journal of Pharmacology, Vol. 140, p22P-22P, 1/2p {{commons|Salvia}} ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Salvia]] [[Category:Herbs]] [[Category:Garden plants]] [[Category:Flowers]] [[Category:Medicinal plants]] [[gn:Sálvia]] [[br:Saoj]] [[ca:Salvia]] [[da:Salvie]] [[de:Salbei]] [[es:Salvia]] [[eo:Salvio]] [[fa:خزنه]] [[fr:Sauge]] [[hsb:Dobra želbija]] [[it:Salvia]] [[he:מרווה]] [[lt:Šalavijas]] [[nl:Salie (geslacht)]] [[ja:アキギリ属]] [[no:Salvier]] [[pl:Szałwia]] [[pt:Salvia]] [[ro:Salvia]] [[qu:Sipita]] [[ru:Шалфей]] [[simple:Salvia]] [[sv:Salvior]] [[tr:Ada çayı]] [[uk:Шавлія]]