San Jose, California
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{{Refimprove|date=August 2007}}
{{otheruses|San José}}
<!-- Infobox begins -->{{Infobox Settlement
|official_name = City of San Jose
|settlement_type = [[City]]
|nickname = Capital of Silicon Valley
|motto =
|image_skyline = SJPan.jpg
|imagesize =
|image_caption =
|image_flag = Flag of San Jose, California.png
|image_seal =
|image_map = SanJoseMapWithLAFCOandCityLabelsandCA.png
|mapsize = 250x200px
|map_caption = Location of San Jose within [[Santa Clara County, California]]
|image_map1 = CAMap-doton-San Jose.png
|mapsize1 = 155px
|map_caption1 = Location of San Jose with the state of California
|subdivision_type = [[List of countries|Country]]
|subdivision_name = [[United States]]
|subdivision_type1 = [[U.S. state|State]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[California]]
|subdivision_type2 = [[List of counties in California|County]]
|subdivision_name2 = [[Santa Clara County, California|Santa Clara]]
|government_type = [[charter city]], [[Mayor-council government|mayor-council]]
|leader_title = [[Mayor]]
|leader_name = [[Chuck Reed]]
|leader_title1 = [[Vice Mayor]]
|leader_name1 = [[Dave Cortese]]
|leader_title2 = [[City Manager]]
|leader_name2 = Debra Figone
|leader_title3 = [[California State Senate|Senate]]
|leader_name3 ={{Collapsible list
|title ='''List of Senators'''
|frame_style = border:none; padding: 0;
|list_style = text-align:left;display:none;
|1=[[Ellen Corbett]] ([[U.S. Democratic Party|D]])
|2=[[Joe Simitian]] ([[U.S. Democratic Party|D]])
|3=[[Elaine Alquist]] ([[U.S. Democratic Party|D]])
|4=[[Abel Maldonado]] ([[U.S. Republican Party|R]])
}}
|leader_title4 = [[California State Assembly|Assembly]]
|leader_name4 ={{Collapsible list
|title ='''Assembly List'''
|frame_style = border:none; padding: 0;
|list_style = text-align:left;display:none;
|1=[[Ira Ruskin]] ([[U.S. Democratic Party|D]])
|2=[[Sally J. Lieber]] ([[U.S. Democratic Party|D]])
|3=[[Joe Coto]] ([[U.S. Democratic Party|D]])
|4=[[Jim Beall]] ([[U.S. Democratic Party|D]])
|5=[[Anna M. Caballero]] ([[U.S. Democratic Party|D]])
}}
|leader_title5 = [[U.S. Congress|U.S. House of Representatives]]
|leader_name5 ={{Collapsible list
|title ='''List of Congressional Members'''
|frame_style = border:none; padding: 0;
|list_style = text-align:left;display:none;
|1=[[Anna Eshoo]] ([[U.S. Democratic Party|D]])
|2=[[Mike Honda]] ([[U.S. Democratic Party|D]])
|3=[[Zoe Lofgren]] ([[U.S. Democratic Party|D]])
}}
|established_title = [[History of San Jose, California#Early Spanish pueblo|Pueblo]] founded
|established_title2 = [[Municipal corporation|Incorporated]]
|established_date = [[November 29]], [[1777]]
|established_date2 = [[March 27]], [[1850]]
|established_title3 =
|established_date3 =
|area_footnotes = <ref>[http://www.census.gov/geo/www/ua/ua2k.txt US Census Bureau Lists of Urbanized Areas]</ref>
|area_magnitude = 1 E8
|area_total_km2 = 461.5
|area_total_sq_mi = 178.2
|area_land_km2 = 452.9
|area_land_sq_mi = 174.9
|area_water_km2 = 8.6
|area_water_sq_mi = 3.3
|area_metro_sq_mi = 2694.7
|area_metro_km2 = 6979.4
|area_water_percent =
|area_urban_km2 = 673.68
|area_urban_sq_mi = 260.11
|population_as_of = 2008
|population_note =
|population_footnotes = <ref name=totalpop>{{cite web |url=http://www.dof.ca.gov/HTML/DEMOGRAP/ReportsPapers/Estimates/E4/E4-01-06/HistE-4.asp
|title=E-4 Population Estimates for Cities, Counties and the State, 2001–2007, with 2000 Benchmark. Sacramento, California, May 2007
|publisher=State of California, Department of Finance
|accessdate=2007-05-07
}}</ref><ref name="06EST">{{cite web|url=http://www.census.gov/Press-Release/www/2007/cb07-91table1.pdf|title=Population Estimates for the 25 Largest U.S. Cities based on July 1, 2006 Population Estimates|publisher=US Census Bureau|accessdate=2007-06-28|format=PDF}}</ref><ref name=metropop>{{cite web |url=http://www.census.gov/population/www/estimates/metropop/2005/cbsa-01-fmt.csv
|title=Table 1. Annual Estimates of the Population of Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2005
|publisher=United States Census Bureau
|accessdate=2007-05-07
}}</ref>
|population_total = 989,496 ([[List of United States cities by population|10th]]) <!--<ref name=totalpop>-->
|population_metro = 7,264,887
|population_urban = 1611000
|population_density_km2 = 2014.4
|population_density_sq_mi = 5216.3
|population_blank1_title = [[Demonym]]
|population_blank1 = San Josean
|timezone = [[Pacific Time Zone|PST]]
|utc_offset = -8
|timezone_DST = PDT
|utc_offset_DST = -7
|latd = 37 |latm = 18 |lats = 15 |latNS = N
|longd = 121 |longm = 52 |longs = 22 |longEW = W
|elevation_footnotes = <ref name=elevation>{{cite web |url={{Gnis3|1654952}} |title=USGS—San Jose, California |accessdate=2007-02-17 }}</ref>
|elevation_m = 26
|elevation_ft = 85
|website = [http://www.sanjoseca.gov www.sanjoseca.gov]
|postal_code_type = [[ZIP code]]
|postal_code = 95101-95103, 95106, 95108-95139, 95141, 95142, 95148, 95150-95161, 95164, 95170-95173, 95190-95194, 95196
|area_code = [[Area code 408|408]]
|blank_name = [[Federal Information Processing Standard|FIPS code]]
|blank_info = 06-68000
|blank1_name = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] feature ID
|blank1_info = 1654952
|footnotes =
}}
<!-- Infobox ends -->
[[Image:San Jose California aerial view south.jpg|thumb|Aerial view of San Jose. The intersection of [[Interstate 280 (California)|I-280]] and Guadalupe Parkway is shown at bottom. View is to the south.]]
'''San Jose''' ({{IPAEng|ˌsænhoʊˈzeɪ}}) (meaning [[Saint Joseph|St. Joseph]] in [[Spanish language|Spanish]]) or '''San José''' is the [[List of cities in California (by population)|third-largest]] city in [[California]], and the [[List of United States cities by population|tenth-largest]] in the [[United States]]. It is the [[county seat]] of [[Santa Clara County, California|Santa Clara County]]. San Jose is located in the Santa Clara Valley, which has been dubbed the "[[Silicon Valley]]," at the southern end of the [[San Francisco Bay Area]]. Once a small [[farming]] city, San Jose became a magnet for suburban newcomers in new housing developments between the 1960s and the 1990s, and is now the largest city in [[Northern California]]. The official [[United States Census Bureau]] population estimate for [[July 1]], [[2006]] is 929,936.<ref name="06EST"/> The California Department of Finance estimates, San Jose's population on January 1, 2008 was 989,496.
Originally known as '''''El Pueblo de San José de Guadalupe''''', San Jose was founded on [[November 29]], [[1777]] as the first [[town]] in the [[Spanish colonization of the Americas|Spanish colony]] of [[Nueva California]], which later became [[Alta California]].<ref>{{cite web|title=The First City|url=http://www.californiahistory.net/text_only/4_3_1.htm|work=California History Online|date=|accessdate=2008-03-15}}</ref> The city served as a farming community to support Spanish military installations at [[San Francisco]] and [[Monterey, California|Monterey]]. When California gained statehood in 1850, San Jose served as its first capital.<ref>{{cite web|title=California Admission Day - September 9, 1850|url=http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=23856|publisher=[[California State Parks]]|date=2007|accessdate=2008-03-15}}</ref> After more than 150 years as an agricultural center, increased demand for housing from soldiers and other veterans returning from [[World War II]], as well as aggressive expansion during the 1950s and 1960s, led San Jose to become what would later be known as the Capital of Silicon Valley. Growth in the 1970s attracted more businesses to the city. In the late 1980s, after four decades of heavy development and population growth, San Jose surpassed San Francisco in population to become the third most populous city in California. By the 1990s, San Jose's location within the booming local technology industry earned the city the nickname ''Capital of Silicon Valley''.
== Name ==
On [[April 3]], [[1979]], the [[San José City Council]] adopted '''San José''' as the spelling of the city name on the city seal, official stationery, office titles and department names. Also, by city council convention, the spelling of ''San José'' is used when the name is stated in both uppercase and lowercase letters, but not when the name is stated only in uppercase letters. The name is still more commonly spelled without the [[Diacritic|diacritical mark]] as ''San Jose''. The official name of the city remains ''The City of San Jose'' with no diacritical mark, according to the [http://www.sanjoseca.gov/clerk/charter.asp#Art1 City Charter].
==History==
{{main|History of San Jose, California}}
Prior to western settlement, the area was inhabited by several groups of [[Ohlone]] [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]]<ref name="NRHP">{{cite web | url=http://www.cr.nps.gov/nr/travel/santaclara/history.htm | title=Early History | publisher=[[National Register of Historic Places]] | accessdate=2007-06-05 }}</ref> The first lasting European presence began with a series of Franciscan [[Spanish missions in California|missions]] established from 1769 by Father [[Junípero Serra]].<ref name="DSJ history">{{cite web | url=http://www.californiahistory.net/4_PAGES/missions_junipero.htm | title=Junípero Serra | date=2000 | work=California History Online | publisher=California Historical Society | accessdate=2007-06-20 }}</ref> On orders from [[Antonio María de Bucareli y Ursúa]], Spanish [[Viceroy of New Spain]], San Jose was founded by [[Lieutenant]] [[José Joaquín Moraga]] as ''Pueblo de San José de Guadalupe'' (in honor of [[Saint Joseph]]) on [[November 29]], [[1777]], to establish a farming community. The town was the first civil settlement in [[Alta California]].<ref name="arbuckle">{{cite book | title=Clyde Arbuckle's History of San Jose | date=1986 | author=Clyde Arbuckle | publisher=Smith McKay Printing | isbn=978-9996625220
}}</ref>
In 1797, the pueblo was moved from its original location, near the present-day intersection of [[Guadalupe Parkway]] and Taylor Street, to a location in what is now [[Downtown San Jose]]. San Jose came under Mexican rule in 1825 after Mexico broke with the Spanish crown. It then became part of the United States, after it capitulated without bloodshed in 1846 and California was annexed.<ref name="NRHP"/> Soon afterwards, on [[March 27]], [[1850]], San Jose became the first incorporated city in the state, with [[Josiah Belden]] its first mayor. The town was the state's first capital, as well as host of the first and second sessions (1850-1851) of the [[California Legislature]].
Though not impacted as severely as [[San Francisco]], San Jose suffered damage from the [[1906 San Francisco earthquake]]. Over 100 people died at the Agnews Asylum (later Agnews State Hospital) after its walls and roof collapsed,<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.cr.nps.gov/nr/travel/santaclara/agn.htm | title=Agnews Insane Asylum | publisher=[[National Register of Historic Places]] | accessdate=2007-06-07}}</ref> and the San Jose High School's three-story stone was also destroyed. During [[World War II]] many Japanese were sent to [[internment camps]]{{Fact|date=March 2008}} and, following the [[Los Angeles]] [[zoot suit riots]], anti-Mexican violence took place in the summer of 1943.{{Fact|date=March 2008}}
As [[World War II]] started, the city's economy shifted from agriculture (the [[Del Monte]] cannery was the largest employer) to industrial manufacturing with the contracting of the [[Food Machinery Corporation]] (FMC) by the [[United States War Department]] to build 1000 [[Landing Vehicle Tracked]].<ref name=PolHist>{{cite web | url=http://www2.sjsu.edu/depts/PoliSci/faculty/christensen/flashback.htm | title=Flashback: A short political history of San Jose | publisher=San Jose State University | accessdate=2007-06-07}}</ref> After [[World War II]], FMC (later [[United Defense]], and currently [[BAE Systems]]) continued as a [[defense contractor]], with the San Jose facilities designing and manufacturing military platforms such as the [[M113 Armored Personnel Carrier]], the [[Bradley Fighting Vehicle]], and various subsystems of the [[M1 Abrams]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.uniteddefense.com/co/history.htm | title=BAE Systems History}}</ref> [[IBM]] established its West Coast headquarters in San Jose in 1943 and opened a downtown research and development facility in 1952. Both would prove to be harbingers for the economy of San Jose, as [[Reynold Johnson]] and his team would later invent [[RAMAC]], as well as the [[disc drive]], and the technological side of San Jose's economy grew.<ref>Winslow, Ward (editor); ''The Making of Silicon Valley: a One Hundred Year Renaissance''; 1995; ISBN 0-9649217-0-7</ref>
[[Image:SanJoseDowntownIMG016elf wb.jpg|thumb|Downtown San Jose looking over the [[The Tech Museum of Innovation|Tech Museum]] towards [[Mount Hamilton (California)|Mount Hamilton]]; hills in the background show their winter green color.]]
During the 1950s and 1960s, city manager [[Dutch Hamann]] led the city in a major growth campaign. The city annexed adjacent areas, such as [[Alviso, California|Alviso]] and [[Cambrian Park, California|Cambrian Park]], providing large areas for suburbs. An anti-growth reaction to the effects of rapid development emerged in the 1970s championed by mayors [[Norman Mineta]] and [[Janet Gray Hayes]]. Despite establishing an [[urban growth boundary]], development fees, and incorporations of [[Campbell, California|Campbell]] and [[Cupertino, California|Cupertino]], development was not slowed, but rather directed into already incorporated areas.<ref name=PolHist/> San Jose's position in [[Silicon Valley]] triggered more economic and population growth, which led to the highest housing costs increase in the nation, 936% between 1976 and 2001.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.ti.org/vaupdate31.html | title=San Jose case study, part one: the urban-growth boundary | publisher=Thoreau Institute | accessdate=2007-06-07}}</ref> Efforts to increase density continued into 1990s when an update of the 1974 urban plan kept the urban growth boundaries intact and voters rejected a ballot measure to ease development restrictions in the foothills. Sixty percent of the housing built in San Jose since 1980 and over three-quarters of the housing built since 2000 have been multifamily structures, reflecting a political propensity toward [[Smart Growth]] planning principles.<ref name=HsgConst>{{cite web | url=http://www.sanjoseca.gov/planning/data/build_permit_hist/table1.asp | title=Building Permit History, 1980-2006 | publisher=City of San Jose | accessdate=2007-06-07}}</ref>
== Law and government ==
[[Image:Sanjosecityhall.jpg|thumb|left|The [[San Jose City Hall]] opened in 2005.]]
{{see also|San José City Council|List of mayors of San Jose, California|List of city managers of San Jose, California}}
===Local===
San Jose is a [[charter city]] under California law, giving it the power to enact local ordinances that may conflict with state law, within the limits provided by the charter.<ref name="LCCC">{{cite web | url=http://ceres.ca.gov/planning/bol/1999/charter.html | title=List of California Charter Cities | work=The California Planners' Book of Lists | date=1999 | accessdate=2007-06-09 | publisher=California Governor's Office of Planning and Research }}</ref> The city has a [[council-manager government]] with a [[city manager]] nominated by the [[mayor]] and elected by the [[city council]].
The [[San José City Council]] is made up of ten council members elected by districts, and a mayor elected in an at-large election. During city council meetings, the mayor presides, and all eleven members can vote on any issue. The mayor has no [[veto]] powers. Council members and the mayor are elected to four-year terms; the even-numbered district council members beginning in 1994; the mayor and the odd-numbered district council members beginning in 1996. Council members and the mayor are limited to two successive terms in office, although a council member that has reached the term limit can be elected mayor, and vice versa. The council elects a vice-mayor from the members of the council at the second meeting of the year following a council election. This council member has the right to act as mayor during the temporary absence of the mayor, but does not have the right of succession to the mayor's office upon a vacancy.<ref name=Charter>[http://www.sanjoseca.gov/clerk/Charter.htm San Jose City Charter]</ref>
The City Manager is the chief administrative officer of the city, and must present an annual [[budget]] for approval by the city council. When the office is vacant, the Mayor proposes a candidate for City Manager, subject to council approval. The council appoints the Manager for an indefinite term, and may at any time remove the manager, or the electorate may remove the manager through a [[recall election]]. Other city officers appointed by the council are the City Attorney, City Auditor, City Clerk, and Independent Police Auditor.<ref name=Charter/>
Like all California cities except San Francisco, both the levels and the boundaries of what the city government controls is determined by the local county Local Agency Formation Commission (LAFCO).<ref>[http://www.santaclara.lafco.ca.gov Local Agency Formation Commission]</ref> The goal of a LAFCO is to try to avoid uncontrolled [[urban sprawl]]. The Santa Clara County LAFCO has set boundaries of San Jose's "Sphere of Influence" (indicated by the blue line in the map near the top of the page) as a superset of the actual city limits (the yellow area in the map), plus parts of the surrounding unincorporated county land, where San Jose can, for example, prevent development of fringe areas to concentrate city growth closer to the city's core. The LAFCO also defines a subset of the Sphere as an 'Urban Service Area' (indicated by the red line in the map), effectively limiting development to areas where urban infrastructure (sewers, electrical service, etc.) already exists.
San Jose is the [[county seat]] of [[Santa Clara County, California|Santa Clara County]].<ref name="county charter">{{cite web | url=http://www.sccgov.org/SCC/docs%2FSCC%20Public%20Portal%2Fattachments%2F628168County_Charter.pdf | title=Charter of the County of Santa Clara, Article 101 | publisher=Santa Clara County | accessdate=2008-02-16}}</ref> Accordingly, many county government facilities are located in the city, including the office of the County Executive, the Board of Supervisors, the District Attorney's Office, eight courthouses of the Superior Court, the Sheriff's Office, and the County Clerk.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.sccgov.org/portal/site/scc/contacts | title=County of Santa Clara Contacts | accessdate=2008-02-16}}</ref>
===State and federal===
In the [[California State Legislature|state legislature]] San Jose is located in the 10th, 11th, 13th, and 15th [[California State Senate|Senate]] Districts, represented by [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrats]] [[Ellen Corbett]], [[Joe Simitian]], and [[Elaine Alquist]], and [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] [[Abel Maldonado]] respectively, and in the 20th, 21st, 22nd, 23rd, 24th, 27th, and 28th [[California State Assembly|Assembly]] Districts, represented by Democrats [[Alberto Torrico]], [[Ira Ruskin]], [[Sally Lieber]], [[Joe Coto]], [[Jim Beall]], [[John Laird]], and [[Anna M. Caballero]] respectively. Federally, San Jose is located in California's [[California's 14th congressional district|14th]], [[California's 15th congressional district|15th]], and [[California's 16th congressional district|16th]] congressional districts, which have [[Cook Partisan Voting Index|Cook PVIs]] of D +18, D +14, and D +16 respectively<ref>{{cite web | title = Will Gerrymandered Districts Stem the Wave of Voter Unrest? | publisher = Campaign Legal Center Blog | url=http://www.clcblog.org/blog_item-85.html | accessdate = 2008-02-10}}</ref> and are represented by Democrats [[Anna Eshoo]], [[Mike Honda]], and [[Zoe Lofgren]] respectively.
Several state and federal agencies maintain offices in San Jose. The city is the location of the Sixth District of the [[California Courts of Appeal]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.courtinfo.ca.gov/courts/courtsofappeal/6thDistrict/ | title=Courts of Appeal: Sixth District San Jose | publisher=California State Courts | accessdate=2008-02-16}}</ref> It is also home to one of the courthouses of the [[United States District Court for the Northern District of California]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.cand.uscourts.gov/CAND/FAQ.nsf/840afa494a77a59388256d4e007d54ff/de9a30b748bc1e5388256ebc0055acf4?OpenDocument | title=Court Info: San Jose | publisher=United States District Court for the Northern California District | accessdate=2008-02-16}}</ref>
===Crime===
During the 1990s and 2000s, the crime rate fell,<ref>[http://www.sjpd.org/CrimeStats.cfm San Jose Crime Statistics]</ref> but it did not fall as fast as crime rates in most American cities during the same time period but recently its crime rates have risen. Despite the rising crime, it is still ranked as the safest city with a population over 500,000 people.<ref>Males, Mike. ''Scapegoat Generation''</ref><ref name="Morgan_Quitno_07">[http://www.morganquitno.com/cit07pop.htm#500,000+ 2007 Morgan Quitno and Khoa Le Award City Crime Rankings by Population Group] (To verify the "Since 2002" claim, change the '''07''' in the URL to see previous year's results.)</ref> The designation is based on crime statistics reported to the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] in six categories: [[murder]], [[rape]], [[robbery]], [[aggravated assault]], [[burglary]], and [[auto theft]]. <!-- note stats are released by the FBI ten months after a year ends, so 2004 news is about 2003 stats, etc. --> Current mayor [[Chuck Reed]] is a member of the [[Mayors Against Illegal Guns Coalition]],<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.mayorsagainstillegalguns.org/html/about/members.shtml| title=Mayors Against Illegal Guns: Coalition Members}}</ref> an organization formed in 2006 and co-chaired by [[New York City]] mayor [[Michael Bloomberg]] and [[Boston]] mayor [[Thomas Menino]].
=== Sister cities ===
The Office of Economic Development coordinates the San Jose Sister City Program which is part of [[Sister Cities International]]. [[As of 2006]], there are seven [[town twinning|sister cities]]:<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.sjeconomy.com/sistercities/ | title=Sister City Program | publisher=The City of San Jose | accessdate=2007-06-05 }}</ref>
<div style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;">
* {{flagicon|Japan}} - [[Okayama, Okayama|Okayama]], [[Japan]] (established in 1957)
* {{flagicon|Costa Rica}} - [[San José, Costa Rica|San José]], [[Costa Rica]] (1961)
* {{flagicon|Mexico}} - [[Veracruz, Veracruz|Veracruz]], [[Mexico]] (1975)
* {{flagicon|Taiwan}} - [[Tainan]], [[Republic of China]] (1975)
* {{flagicon|Republic of Ireland}} - [[Dublin]], [[Republic of Ireland]] (1986)
* {{flagicon|India}} - [[Pune]], [[India]] (1992)
* {{flagicon|Russia}} - [[Yekaterinburg]], [[Russia]] (1992)
</div>
== Geography ==
[[Image:AlumRockViewSiliconValley w.jpg|thumb|Looking west over northern San Jose (downtown is at far left) and other parts of Silicon Valley. See an up-to-the-minute view of San Jose from the Mount Hamilton web camera. http://mthamilton.ucolick.org/hamcam/]]
San Jose is located at {{coor dms|37|18|15|N|121|52|22|W|city}} (37.304051, −121.872734).
According to the [[United States Census Bureau]], the city has a total area of 178.2 square miles (461.5 [[square kilometre|km²]]),{{GR|1}} of which 3.3 square miles (8.6 km²; 1.86%) is water.
San Jose lies near the [[San Andreas Fault]]; a major source of [[earthquake]] activity in California. The most serious earthquake, in 1906, damaged many buildings in San Jose as described earlier. Earlier significant quakes rocked the city in 1839, 1851, 1858, 1864, 1865, 1868, and 1891.{{Fact|date=June 2007}} The [[Daly City]] Earthquake of 1957 caused some damage. The [[Loma Prieta earthquake]] of 1989 also did some damage to parts of the city. The other faults near San Jose are the Monte Vista Fault, [[Hayward Fault Zone|South Hayward Fault]], Northern Calaveras Fault, and Central Calaveras Fault.
The [[Guadalupe River (California)|Guadalupe River]] runs from the [[Santa Cruz Mountains]] (which separate the South Bay from the Pacific Coast) flowing north through San Jose, ending in the San Francisco Bay at [[Alviso, California|Alviso]]. Along the southern part of the river is the neighborhood of [[Almaden Valley]], originally named for the [[mercury (element)|mercury]] mines which produced mercury needed for [[gold]] extraction from [[quartz]] during the [[California Gold Rush]] as well as [[mercury fulminate]] blasting caps and detonators for the U.S. military from 1870 to 1945.{{Fact|date=June 2007}}
The lowest point in San Jose is 13 feet (4 m) below [[sea level]] at the San Francisco Bay in Alviso;<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.journalism.sfsu.edu/www/pubs/prism/apr96/14.html | title=Sinking State | publisher=[[San Francisco State University]] | date=April 1996 | accessdate=2008-04-27}}</ref> the highest is 4,372 feet (1,333 m) at Copernicus Peak, [[Mount Hamilton (California)|Mount Hamilton]], which is technically outside the city limit. Due to the proximity to [[Lick Observatory]] atop Mount Hamilton, San Jose has taken several steps to reduce [[light pollution]], including replacing all street lamps and outdoor lighting in private developments with [[low pressure sodium lamp]]s.<ref name="LPS policy">{{cite web | url=http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&ct=res&cd=3&url=http%3A%2F%2Fsanjoseca.gov%2Fplanning%2Fcounter%2Fpolicies%2Fpol_lighting.pdf&ei=mkR2RqydJ5m-hAPZ6PT1CA&usg=AFQjCNHDbqDIYFFcWkybElTJ4QBvX9IpHA&sig2=6PJB3qDV_RqledmvU9UYmA | title=Outdoor lighting on private developments | author=[[San Jose City Council]], date=March 1, 1983 | accessdate=2007-06-18 }}</ref> To recognize the city's efforts, the [[asteroid]] [[6216 San Jose]] was named after the city.<ref name="UCSC">{{cite web | url=http://www.ucsc.edu/oncampus/currents/97-98/05-25/asteroid.htm | title=UCSC, Lick Observatory designate asteroid for the city of San Jose | publisher=[[University of California, Santa Cruz]] | date=May 25, 1998 | accessdate=2007-06-18 }}</ref>
=== Climate ===
[[Image:MtHamilton wb.jpeg|thumb|Mount Hamilton, in the [[Diablo Range]], showing summer's golden mantle. Dark green areas in hills are primarily scrub oak and other low-growing shrubs. The white domes on top are UCSC's Lick Observatory]]
[[Image:MtHamiltonWinter wbelfP1310021.jpeg|thumb|Mount Hamilton in January, with morning fog clearing away.]]
San Jose, like most of the Bay Area, has a [[Mediterranean climate]].<ref name="WR-259">{{cite web | url=http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/mtr/sfd_sjc_climate/sjc/SJC_CLIMATE3.php | title=Climate of San Jose | author=Miguel Miller | accessdate=2007-06-18 | publisher=National Weather Service }}</ref> Unlike [[San Francisco, California|San Francisco]], which is exposed to the ocean or Bay on three sides and whose temperature therefore varies relatively little year-round and overnight, San Jose lies further inland, protected on three sides by mountains. This shelters the city from rain and makes it more of a [[semiarid]], near-desert area, with a mean annual rainfall of only 14.4 inches (366 mm), compared to some other parts of the Bay Area, which can get up to four times that amount. It also avoids San Francisco's omnipresent fog most of the year.<ref>http://weather.gov</ref>
However, temperatures are generally moderate. January's average high is 59 °F (15 °C) and average low is 42 °F (6 °C), with overnight freezes several nights each year; July's average high is 84 °F (29 °C) and average low is 58 °F (14 °C), with heat exceeding 100 °F (38 °C) several days each year. The highest temperature ever recorded in San Jose was 109 °F (42.8 °C) on June 14, 2000; the lowest was 17 °F (-8.3 °C) on January 9, 1920 and January 10, 1920. Temperatures between night and day can vary by 30 or 40 °F (17 to 22 °C). Temperatures exceed 90°F (32°C) on an average of 18.3 days annually, and drop to 32°F (0°C) or lower on an average of 5.6 days annually.
With the light rainfall, San Jose experiences over 300 days a year of full or significant sunshine. Rain occurs primarily in the months from October through April or May, with hardly any rainfall from June through September. During the winter, hillsides and fields turn green with grasses and vegetation, although [[deciduous]] trees are bare; with the coming of the annual summer dry period, the vegetation dies and dries, giving the hills a golden cover, which some find beautiful but which also provides fuel for frequent [[grass fire]]s.
Measurable precipitation falls in downtown San Jose on an average of 58 days a year. Annual precipitation has ranged from 6.12 inches in 1953 to 32.57 inches in 1983. The most precipitation in one month was 10.23 inches in February 1998. The maximum 24-hour rainfall was 3.60 inches on January 30, 1968. Although the summer is normally quite dry in San Jose, a very heavy thunderstorm on August 21, 1968, brought 1.92 inch of rain, causing some localized flooding.<ref>wrcc.dri.edu/summary/Climsmcaa.html; ''[[San Francisco Chronicle]]'', August 22, 1968</ref>
The [[snow]] level drops as low as 2,000 ft (610 m) above sea level, or lower, occasionally each winter, coating nearby [[Mount Hamilton (California)|Mount Hamilton]], and less frequently the [[Santa Cruz Mountains]], with snow that normally lasts a few days. This sometimes snarls traffic traveling on [[California State Route 17|State Route 17]] towards [[Santa Cruz, California|Santa Cruz]]. Snow occasionally falls in San Jose, but until recently, the most recent snow to remain on the ground was on February 5, 1976, when many residents around the city saw as much as 3 inches (7.6 cm) on car and roof tops. The official observation station measured only 0.5 inch of snow. However, in March of 2006, a smaller amount, up to one inch (2.5 cm) of snow fell in downtown San Jose as well as other areas around the city at elevations of only 90 feet (27 m) to 200 feet (61 m) above sea level.
Like most of the Bay Area, San Jose is made up of dozens of [[microclimate]]s. Downtown San Jose experiences the lightest rainfall in the city, while South San Jose, only 10 miles (16 km) distant, experiences more rainfall and slightly more extreme temperatures.
== Economy ==
[[Image:Adobe HQ.jpg|thumb|right|Adobe Systems headquarters]]
The large concentration of high-technology engineering, computer, and microprocessor companies around San Jose has led the area to be known as [[Silicon Valley]]. As the largest city in the valley, San Jose has billed itself "the capital of Silicon Valley." Area schools such as [[University of California, Berkeley]], [[San José State University]], [[Santa Clara University]], and [[Stanford University]] pump thousands of engineering and computer science graduates into the local economy every year.
High economic growth during the [[Dot-com bubble|tech bubble]] caused employment, housing prices, and traffic congestion to peak in the late 1990s. As the economy slowed in the early 2000s, employment and traffic congestion diminished somewhat. In the mid-2000s, traffic along major highways again began to worsen as the economy improved. San Jose had 405,000 jobs within its city limits in 2006, and an unemployment rate of 4.6%. In 2000, San Jose residents had the highest median household income [[Highest income places in the United States|of any city]] with a population over 300,000, and currently has the highest median income of any city with over 225,000 people.{{Fact|date=April 2008}}
San Jose lists 25 companies with 1,000 employees or more, including the headquarters of [[Adobe Systems]], [[BEA Systems]], [[Cisco Systems, Inc.|Cisco]], and [[eBay]], as well as major facilities for [[Flextronics]], [[Hewlett-Packard]], [[IBM]], [[Hitachi, Ltd.|Hitachi]] and [[Lockheed Martin]]. Sizable government employers include the city government, [[Santa Clara County, California|Santa Clara County]], and [[San José State University]].<ref>{{cite web
| title = Fact Sheet: Community Profile: Employment and Employers
| publisher = [[San Jose, California|City of San Jose]]
| date = 2008-04-01
| url = http://www.sanjoseca.gov/planning/factsheet/employment.asp
| accessdate = 2008-04-07 }}</ref>
The [[cost of living]] in San Jose and the surrounding areas is among the highest in California and the nation.[http://www.fedc.com/ACCRACostofLivingIndex2ndQuarter2004.htm] Housing costs are the primary reason for the high cost of living, although the costs in all areas tracked by [http://www.accra.org/ ACCRA] are above the national average. Despite the high cost of living in San Jose, households in city limits have the highest [[disposable income]] of any city in the U.S. with over 500,000 residents.<ref>{{cite web
| title = San José - Accolades
| publisher = "America's Most Livable Communities" (Partners for Livable Communities, Washington, DC)
| url = http://www.mostlivable.org/general/san-jos-accolades.html
| accessdate = 2008-04-07 }}
</ref><ref>{{cite web
| title = San Jose, Capital of Silicon Valley: #1 Community for Innovators in U.S.
| publisher = [[San Jose, California|City of San Jose]]
| date = 2008-03-27
| url = http://www.sjeconomy.com/aboutsj/communityinnovators.asp
| accessdate = 2008-04-07 }}</ref>
San Jose residents produce more U.S. [[patent]]s than any other city.<ref>[http://www.mostlivable.org/cities/sanjose/home_accolades.html America's most livable:San Jose, California]</ref> Thirty-five percent of all [[venture capital]] funds in the U.S. are invested in San Jose and Silicon Valley companies.<ref>[http://www.mostlivable.org/cities/sanjose/home_accolades.html America's most livable:San Jose, California]</ref>
== Demographics ==
[[Image:San Jose, California - map.gif|thumb|right|This thematic map shows the large [[Asian American]] population in [[Cupertino, California|Cupertino]], and the [[North Valley (San Jose)|North Valley]].]]
{{USCensusPop
|1900 = 21500
|1910 = 28946
|1920 = 39642
|1930 = 57651
|1940 = 68457
|1950 = 95280
|1960 = 204196
|1970 = 459913
|1980 = 629442
|1990 = 782248
|2000 = 894943
|estimate=973672
|estyear=2007
|footnote=historical data source: <ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.sanjoseca.gov/planning/data/population/default.asp
|title=Population and Housing Data}}</ref>
}}
{{seealso|Maps of San Jose, California}}
As of the [[census]]{{GR|2}} of 2000, there were 894,943 people, 276,598 households, and 203,576 families residing in the city. The [[population density]] was 5,117.9 people per square mile (1,976.1/km²). There were 281,841 housing units at an average density of 1,611.8 per square mile (622.3/km²). The Census Bureau's 2006 ''American Community Survey'' estimated the racial or ethnic makeup of the city as 46.96% [[White (U.S. Census)|White]] (31.34% White Non-Hispanic), 30.49% [[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian]], 0.45% [[Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)|Pacific Islander]], 2.92% [[African American (U.S. Census)|African American]], 0.54% [[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]], 15.11% from [[Race (U.S. Census)|other races]], and 3.52% from two or more races. 32.16% of the population were [[Hispanic (U.S. Census)|Hispanic]] of any race. 38.63% of the population was foreign born.<ref>[http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ACSSAFFFacts?_event=Search&geo_id=&_geoContext=&_street=&_county=San+Jose&_cityTown=San+Jose&_state=&_zip=&_lang=en&_sse=on&pctxt=fph&pgsl=010 2006 American Community Survey: San Jose, CA<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
There were 276,598 households out of which 38.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.0% were [[Marriage|married couples]] living together, 11.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 26.4% were non-families. 18.4% of all households were made up of individuals and 4.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.20 and the average family size was 3.62.
[[Image:San Jose Age Distribution Census 2000.png|thumb|left|Age distribution]]
In the city the population was spread out with 26.4% under the age of 18, 9.9% from 18 to 24, 35.4% from 25 to 44, 20.0% from 45 to 64, and 8.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 33 years. For every 100 females there were 103.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 102.5 males.
According to a 2006 estimate, the median income for a household in the city was the highest in the US for any city with more than a quarter million residents with $73,804 annually. The median income for a family was $83,089.[http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ACSSAFFFacts?_event=Search&geo_id=16000US0667000&_geoContext=01000US%7C04000US06%7C16000US0667000&_street=&_county=san+jose&_cityTown=san+jose&_state=04000US06&_zip=&_lang=en&_sse=on&ActiveGeoDiv=geoSelect&_useEV=&pctxt=fph&pgsl=160&_submenuId=factsheet_1&ds_name=ACS_2006_SAFF&_ci_nbr=null&qr_name=null®=null%3Anull&_keyword=&_industry=] Males had a median income of $49,347 versus $36,936 for females. The [[per capita income]] for the city was $26,697. About 6.0% of families and 8.8% of the population were below the [[poverty line]], including 10.3% of those under age 18 and 7.4% of those age 65 or over.
According to California Department of Finance estimates, San Jose's population on January 1, 2007 was 973,672, third in the state behind [[Los Angeles, California|Los Angeles]] and [[San Diego, California|San Diego]]. The estimate indicated a growth of 1.6 percent from the previous year.<ref name="CA DOF">{{cite web | url=http://www.dof.ca.gov/HTML/DEMOGRAP/ReportsPapers/Estimates/E1/E-1text.asp | title=E-1 Population Estimates for Cities, Counties and the State with Annual Percent Change — January 1, 2006 and 2007 | publisher=State of California, Department of Finance | date=May 1, 2007 | accessdate=2007-06-18 }}</ref> According to [[United States Census Bureau]] estimates, as of July 1, 2005, San Jose had a population of 912,332, making it the tenth most populous city in the United States.<ref name="Census Est">{{cite web | url=http://www.census.gov/popest/cities/SUB-EST2005.html | title=Population estimates for places over 100,000: 2000 to 2005 | publisher=U.S. Census Bureau | accessdate=2007-06-18 }}</ref>
San Jose has a very diverse religious life with thousands of [[church]]es, [[mosque]]s, [[temple]]s, and religious centers. {{Fact|date=June 2007}} San Jose and the rest of the San Francisco Bay Area is home to many [[Christian]] congregations (including large, [[Roman Catholic]] and [[Eastern Orthodox]] churches<ref> [http://www.nationwidechurches.com San Jose Churches] </ref>, [[Mormon]]s and [[Jehovah's Witnesses]]) alongside centers of [[Jewish]], [[Hindu]], [[Muslim]], [[Buddhist]] and [[Sikh]] faiths among numerous other religious communities.
When it comes to dealing with such a diverse demographic, San Jose has a relatively easy situation with race relations{{Fact|date=June 2007}}. A high percentage of foreign-born live in the city{{Fact|date=June 2007}}, including many high-tech workers from [[East Asia|East]] and [[South Asia]]. The people from these countries have settled in the city and across the Santa Clara Valley during the last three decades. Many [[Central American]], [[Southeast Asian]] and [[Eastern Europe]]an immigrants have lived in San Jose since the late 1970s and early 1980s{{Fact|date=June 2007}}. A large, multi-generational Hispanic [[barrio]] is in the Alum Rock district. Many Chinese Americans and Japanese Americans thrive downtown on the streets of Guadalupe and Almaden.
San Jose has the distinction of being the U.S. city with the largest [[List of U.S. cities with large Vietnamese American populations|Vietnamese American]] population.<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2007/03/05/BAGUHOFHBU1.DTL
|author=John Coté
|date=March 5, 2007
|title=CAMPAIGN 2007: San Jose City Council: Vietnamese Americans rising on electoral map
|publisher=[[San Francisco Chronicle]]
|accessdate=2007-06-07}}</ref> Municipal signs and brochures are sometimes displayed in Vietnamese language in addition to English and Spanish. In an effort to cater to this demographic, the San Jose Mercury News published a Vietnamese-language newspaper from 1999–2005 called Viet Mercury.
== Arts and architecture ==
Because the downtown area is in the flight path to nearby [[Mineta San Jose International Airport]], there is a permanent height limit for all buildings.The height limit is dictated by Federal Aviation Administration guidelines known as advisory circulars. The height limit is driven by the distance from the runway and a slope defined by the FAA in the previously mentioned guidelines. Core downtown buildings are limited to approximately 300 feet but can get taller the further from the airport. <ref>{{cite web|title=Staff Review Agenda|url=http://www.sanjoseca.gov/planning/pdf/recent/111507.pdf|publisher=City of San Jose|date=2007-11-15|accessdate=2008-05-05}}</ref>. There has been broad criticism over the past few decades of the city's architecture<ref>{{cite web|title=Development Services|url=http://www.sanjoseca.gov/development/developmentcenter/second_floor.asp|publisher=City of San Jose|date=2006-02-06|accessdate=2008-05-05}}</ref>. Citizens have complained that San Jose is lacking in aesthetically pleasing architectural styles. Blame for this lack of architectural "beauty" can be assigned to the re-development of the downtown area from the 1950s onward, in which whole blocks of historic commercial and residential structures were demolished<ref>{{cite web|title=San Jose Downtown Historic District|url=http://www.nps.gov/history/nr/travel/santaclara/shd.htm|publisher=National Parks Service|accessdate=2008-05-05}}</ref>. Exceptions to this include the [[Downtown Historic District (San Jose, California)|Downtown Historic District]], the [[De Anza Hotel]], and the [[Hotel Sainte Claire]], all of which are listed in the [[National Register of Historic Places]] for their architectural significance.
Municipal building projects have experimented more with architectural styles than have most private enterprises<ref>{{cite web|title=Green Building Policy|url=http://www.sanjoseca.gov/ESD/natural-energy-resources/gb-policy.htm|date=2007-04-10|accessdate=2008-05-05}}</ref>. The Children's Discovery Museum, Tech Museum of Innovation, and the San Jose Repertory Theater building have experimented with bold colors and unusual exteriors. The new City Hall, designed by Richard Meier & Partners opened in 2005 and is a notable addition to the growing collection of municipal building projects.<ref>{{cite news|last=Yoders|first=Jeff|title=San Jose's Richard Meier-designed city hall: To Leed, or Not to Leed|url=http://www.bdcnetwork.com/article/CA6281251.html|work=Building Design and Construction|date=2005-11-01|accessdate=2008-05-05}}</ref>
Public art is an evolving attraction in the city. The City was one of the first to adopt a public art ordinance at 2% of capital improvement building project budgets<ref>{{cite paper|title=2006-2007 Proposed Capital Budget|url=http://www.sanjoseca.gov/budget/FY0607/ProposedCapital/28.pdf|publisher=City of San Jose}}</ref>, and the results of this commitment are beginning to have an impact on the visual landscape of the city. There are a considerable number of public art projects throughout the downtown area, and a growing collection in the newer civic locations in neighborhoods including libraries, parks, and fire stations. Of particular note, the Mineta Airport expansion is incorporating a program of Art & Technology into its development.
Within the early efforts at public art, there are notable controversies. Two examples, include the statue of [[Quetzalcoatl]] (the plumed serpent) in downtown which was controversial in its planning because some religious groups felt that it was pagan, and controversial in its implementation because many felt that the final statue by [[Robert Graham (sculptor)|Robert Graham]] did not closely resemble a winged serpent, and was more noted for its expense than its aesthetics. This has resulted in a common inside joke among locals, who insist it closely resembles a pile of [[feces]].
The statue of Thomas Fallon also met strong resistance from those who felt that people like him were largely responsible for the decimation of early native populations and [[Chicano]]/[[Latino]] activists protested he captured San Jose by violent force in the [[Mexican-American war]] (1846) as well "repressed" historic documents of Fallon ordered the expulsion of most of the city's [[Californio]] (early Spanish or Mexican) residents. In October 1991 after protests in part of [[Columbus Day]] and [[Dia de la Raza]] celebrations, the Fallon statue plan was scrapped and the statue was stored in a warehouse in [[Oakland, California|Oakland]] for more than a decade. The statue was returned to public display in 2002, albeit in a less conspicuous location: Pellier Park, a small triangular patched formed by the merge of West Julian and West St. James streets.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.bizjournals.com/sanjose/stories/2002/09/16/daily78.html | title=Fallon statue unveiled | work=Silicon Valley/San Jose Business Journal | date=September 20, 2002 | accessdate=2007-06-18 }}</ref>
<!--This image may be usable in some other section [[Image:Sunrise San Jose.JPG|thumb|left|San Jose Skyline at Sunrise]]-->
In 2001, the city sponsored SharkByte, an exhibit of decorated [[shark]]s, based on the mascot of the hockey team, the San Jose Sharks, and modeled after [[Chicago]]'s display of decorated cows.<ref>[http://www.chicagotraveler.com/cows_on_parade.htm Chicago cows on parade exhibit]</ref> Large models of sharks were decorated in a variety of clever, colorful, or creative ways by local artists and were then displayed for months at dozens of locations around the city. Many displays were removed early because of vandalism. After the exhibition, the sharks were auctioned off and the proceeds donated to charity. The sharks can still be found in their new owners' homes and businesses.
In 2006, [[Adobe Systems]] in commissioned an art installation titled [http://www.sanjosesemaphore.com San Jose Semaphore] by Ben Rubin, which is located at the top of its headquarters building. Semaphore is composed of four LED discs which "rotate" to transmit a message. The content of the San Jose Semaphore’s message remained a mystery until it was deciphered in August 2007.<ref>http://www.earstudio.com/sanjosesemaphore/decoding.pdf</ref> The visual art installation is supplemented with an audio track, transmitted from the building on a low-power AM station. The audio track provides clues to decode the message being transmitted.
The city is home to many performance arts, including [[Opera San Jose]], Symphony Silicon Valley, [[Ballet San Jose Silicon Valley]], [[Children's Musical Theater of San Jose]] (recognized as the largest and most talented youth theatre company in the nation), the [[San Jose Repertory Theatre]], and [http://www.amtsj.org/index.html American Musical Theatre of San Jose]. San Jose also is home to the San Jose Museum of Art,<ref>[http://www.sanjosemuseumofart.org San Jose Museum of Art]</ref> one of the nation's premiere Modern Art museums. In addition, the annual [[Cinequest Film Festival]] in downtown has grown to over 60,000 attendees per year, becoming an important [[film festival|festival]] for [[independent film]]s.
The [[HP Pavilion (sports arena)|HP Pavilion at San José]] is one of the most active venues for events in the world. According to [[Billboard Magazine]] and Pollstar, the arena sold the most tickets to non-sporting events of any venue in the United States, and third in the world after the [[Manchester Evening News Arena]] in [[Manchester]], [[England]], and the [[Bell Centre]] in [[Montreal, Quebec]], [[Canada]], for the period from [[January 1]]{{ndash}} [[September 30]], [[2004]]. <!--Broken link<ref>[http://www.siliconvalley.com/mld/mercurynews/news/columnists/leigh_weimers/10045287.htm?template=contentModules/printstory.jsp]</ref>--> Including sporting events, the HP Pavilion averages 184 events a year, or roughly one event for every two days, which is significantly higher than the average for NHL arenas. <!--Broken link<ref>[http://www.sjredevelopment.org/101204/5-1DowntownTheaterUpdate.pdf]</ref>-->
== Sports ==
{{seealso|Sports in San Francisco Bay Area}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Club
! Sport
! Founded
! League
! Venue
|-
| [[San Jose Sharks]]
| [[Hockey]]
| 1991
| [[National Hockey League]]: [[Western Conference (NHL)|Western Conference]]
| [[HP Pavilion (sports arena)|HP Pavilion at San José]]
|-
| [[San Jose Earthquakes]]
| [[Soccer]]
| 1995
| [[Major League Soccer]]: [[Western Conference (MLS)|Western Conference]]
| [[Buck Shaw Stadium]]
|-
| [[Real San Jose]]
| [[Soccer]]
| 2006
| [[National Premier Soccer League]]
| [[Yerba Buena High School]]
|-
| [[San Jose Frogs]]
| [[Soccer]]
| 2006
| [[USL Premier Development League]]
| [[PAL Stadium]]
|-
| [[San Francisco Dragons]]
| [[Lacrosse]]
| 2006
| [[Major League Lacrosse]] (field/outdoor)
| [[Spartan Stadium]]
|-
| [[San Jose Giants]]
| [[Baseball]]
| 1988
| [[California League]]
| [[San Jose Municipal Stadium]]
|-
| [[San Jose SaberCats]]
| [[Arena Football]]
| 1995
| [[Arena Football League]]
| [[HP Pavilion (sports arena)|HP Pavilion at San José]]
|-
| [[San Jose Stealth]]
| [[Lacrosse]]
| 2003
| [[National Lacrosse League]] (box/arena/indoor)
| [[HP Pavilion (sports arena)|HP Pavilion at San José]]
|}
The only "[[Big Four]]" team to play in San Jose is the [[San Jose Sharks]] of the [[National Hockey League|NHL]]. The Sharks began play as an expansion team in 1991. As of the [[2007-08 NHL Season]], the Sharks have become extremely popular in San Jose and are one of the top draws in the NHL selling out nearly all of their home games. The team is still yet to win the [[Stanley Cup]], but if they do it would be the first major professional sports team from San Jose to win a championship. The closest the team ever came to a Stanley Cup championship was in 2004 when they lost in the Western Conference Final to the [[Calgary Flames]]. The Sharks play home games at the HP Pavilion in San Jose and is a member of the NHL's Pacific Division in the Western Conference. They have intense rivialries with the [[Colorado Avalanche]] and [[Detroit Red Wings]] as well as geographic rivalries with the [[Los Angeles Kings]] and the 2007 Stanley Cup Champion [[Anaheim Ducks]].
San Jose has had previous attempts to draw teams from [[Major League Baseball]], the [[National Football League|NFL]] and the [[National Basketball Association|NBA]] by offering stadium deals or attracting relocating sports teams. In 1991 the [[San Francisco Giants]] baseball team nearly closed the deal to play in San Jose. {{Fact|date=February 2007}} In November 2007, MLB's [[Oakland Athletics]] (A's) submitted plans to the neighboring city of [[Fremont]] in [[Alameda County]] for a 32,000 seat stadium with a planned opening for the 2011 season. Since the mid-1990s, numerous attempts to move the team to San Jose or [[Santa Clara]] never materialized due to territorial restrictions that places San Jose into neighboring [[National League]]'s [[San Francisco Giants]] territory. Nevertheless, the proposed [[Cisco Field]] (naming rights were purchased in 2006 by San Jose-based networking company [[Cisco Systems]]) will be five to eight miles (8 to 13 kilometers) north of San Jose's city limits via Interstate 880. This is possible because the A's own territorial rights for Alameda County, which borders much of San Jose to the north. Since the team will be located closer to San Jose than its current home in [[Oakland]] if the plan goes through, speculation on a name change to more closely identify with San Jose and its more affluent population and businesses is rife according to the ''[[San Jose Mercury-News]]''.
The players of the [[San Jose Earthquakes]] moved to [[Houston, Texas]] after the 2005 season to become the [[Houston Dynamo]]. San Jose has been home to the Earthquakes in the [[North American Soccer League]] (1974–1984), [[Western Soccer League|Western Soccer Alliance]] (1985–1988), and [[Major League Soccer]] (1996–2005). In July 2007 it was announced that San Jose Earthquakes will be rejoining the MLS for the 2008 season in the [[Western Conference]]. The team will officially be a continuation of the one that went on hiatus in 2005 and will thus keep its 1996-2005 records and accomplishments, including its [[MLS Cup]] wins in [[MLS Cup 2001|2001]] and [[MLS Cup 2003|2003]] and its [[MLS Supporters' Shield]] win in 2005.
In 1997, due to the renovation of the Oakland Arena, the [[Golden State Warriors]] basketball team played their entire season home games at the San Jose Arena. {{Fact|date=February 2007}} Neighboring [[Santa Clara, California|Santa Clara]] recently announced (2006) a new stadium deal will break ground and be completed by 2009, as the new home of the [[San Francisco 49ers]] football team. {{Fact|date=February 2007}} San Jose may also soon house the practice facilities for the Oakland Raiders.
[[Image:HP Pavilion (angle).jpg|thumb|right|325px|[[HP Pavilion (sports arena)|HP Pavilion at San José]]]]
Previously, San Jose was home to the San Jose Bees (1962-1976; 1983-1987) of the minor league baseball California League, the San Jose Missions (1977-1981) of the minor league baseball Pacific Coast League (from 1977-1978) and the California League (from 1979-1981), the San Jose Rhinos of [[Roller Hockey International]] (1994–1997;1999),
the [[San Jose Grizzlies]] (1993–1995) of the Continental Indoor Soccer League, the [[San Jose Golddiggers]] (1987–1989) of [[Major League Volleyball]] (women's), the [[San Jose Jammers]] (1989–1991) of the [[Continental Basketball Association]], the San Jose Lasers of the [[American Basketball League (1996-1998)|American Basketball League]], the [[Golden State Warriors]] of the [[National Basketball Association]] (while Oakland Arena was being renovated, 1996–1997), the [[San Jose CyberRays]] of the [[Women's United Soccer Association]] (2001–2002), and the San Jose Ballers of the [[International Basketball League (2005-)|International Basketball League]], now the [[Tri City Ballers]].
In addition to professional teams, San Jose hosts several sporting events. The [[SAP Open]] (formerly the Sybase Open) is an annual men's [[tennis]] tournament held at the HP Pavilion. San Jose was the host of [[ArenaBowl XVI]] on [[August 18]], [[2002]] in which the [[San Jose SaberCats]] defeated the [[Arizona Rattlers]], 52-14. The [[San Jose Grand Prix]], first held in July 2005, brings [[Champ Car]] racing on a temporary [[road racing|road course]] on Downtown streets. Downtown San Jose hosted the finish for daily [[stage (bicycle race)|stage]]s of the [[Amgen Tour of California]] in February of 2006 and 2007, and hosted the [[individual time trial]] in 2006. The city is also one of five host cities for the [[Dew Action Sports Tour]] season; the San Jose event is held in September.
In college sports, the [[San Jose State University Spartans|San José State Spartans]] are the local college team, however, many residents support the [[California Golden Bears|Cal Golden Bears]] or the [[Stanford Cardinal]]; local sports news coverage tends to focus more on these two schools. The [[Pacific Ten Conference|Pac-10]] Women's [[Basketball]] Championship is held at the [[HP Pavilion (sports arena)|HP Pavilion at San José]] as well as either the men's or women's West Regional tournament during the [[National Collegiate Athletic Association|NCAA]]'s [[March Madness]].
In 2004, the San Jose Sports Authority hosted the [[United States Olympic Committee|U.S. Olympic team]] trials for [[judo]], [[taekwondo]], [[trampolining]] and [[rhythmic gymnastics]] at the [[San Jose State Event Center]]. In August 2004, the Authority hosted the USA All-Star [[Rugby Sevens|7-Aside Rugby]] Championships at Watson Bowl, east of Downtown. San Jose is also home to the [[St Joseph's Hurling Club]].
== Transportation ==
[[Image:Airport Terminal.jpeg|thumb|right|Mineta San Jose International Airport - International Arrivals]]
[[Image:Plane passing Bank of America building in SJ.jpg|thumb|right|Sunset silhouettes a FedEx plane and the Bank of America Building's tower in downtown San Jose, CA, as the plane approaches [[San Jose International Airport|Mineta San Jose International Airport]].]]
The San Jose area has a freeway system, including three [[Interstate highway]]s—[[Interstate 280 (California)|I-280]], [[Interstate 880 (California)|I-880]], and [[Interstate 680 (California)|I-680]]—in addition to several state and one US Highway, [[U.S. Route 101 in California|US 101]], [[California State Route 85|SR 85]], [[California State Route 87|SR 87]], [[California State Route 17|SR 17]], and [[California State Route 237|SR 237]]. It is, however, the largest city in the country not served by a primary, "two-digit" interstate. Additionally, San Jose contains many [[expressway]]s of the [[Santa Clara County Expressway System]], including the [[Almaden Expressway]], [[Capitol Expressway]], [[San Tomas Expressway]], and [[Lawrence Expressway]].
Rail service to and within San Jose is provided by [[Amtrak]] (the Sacramento-San Jose [[Capitol Corridor]] and the Seattle-Los Angeles [[Coast Starlight]]), [[Caltrain]] (commuter rail service between [[San Francisco]] and [[Gilroy, California|Gilroy]]), [[Altamont Commuter Express|ACE]] (commuter rail service to [[Pleasanton, California|Pleasanton]] and [[Stockton, California|Stockton]]), and a local light-rail system connecting downtown to [[Mountain View, California|Mountain View]], [[Milpitas, California|Milpitas]], [[Campbell, California|Campbell]], and [[Almaden Valley, San Jose, California|Almaden Valley]], operated by the [[Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority]] (VTA). Historic [[streetcar]]s from the San Jose History Museum operate on the light rail lines in downtown during holidays. Long-term plans call for [[BART]] to be expanded into the San Jose area via the East Bay. [[Diridon Station]] (formerly Cahill Depot, 65 Cahill Street) is the meeting point of all regional commuter rail service in the area. It was built in 1935 by the [[Southern Pacific Railroad]], and was refurbished in 1994.
[[Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority|VTA]] also operates many [[bus]] routes in San Jose and the surrounding communities, as well as offering [[paratransit]] services to local residents. Additionally, the [[Highway 17 Express]] bus line connects central San Jose with [[Santa Cruz, California|Santa Cruz]].
San Jose is served by [[San Jose International Airport|Norman Y. Mineta San José International Airport]], two miles (3 km) northwest of downtown, and by [[Reid-Hillview Airport|Reid-Hillview Airport of Santa Clara County]]. San Jose residents also use [[San Francisco International Airport]], a major international hub located 35 miles (56 km) to the northwest, and [[Oakland International Airport]], another medium-sized airport located 35 miles (56 km) to the north.
== Utilities ==
Potable [[water]] is provided primarily by the private-sector San Jose Water Company, with some by the Great Oaks Water Company, and ten percent by the public-sector San Jose Municipal Water System. Great Oaks provides exclusively well water{{Fact|date=June 2007}}, while the other two provide water from multiple sources{{Fact|date=June 2007}}, including well water, and surface water from the Los Gatos Creek watershed, Santa Clara Valley Water District, and the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission's [[Hetch Hetchy]] reservoir.
[[Waste|Garbage]], wastewater treatment, and [[recycling]] services are overseen by the city of San Jose's Environmental Services Department. San Jose recycles 64% of its waste{{Fact|date=June 2007}}, an exceptionally high percentage{{Fact|date=June 2007}} that is attributed to the recycling program's accepting an unusually long list of recyclable items without requiring that materials be sorted. Among the items accepted are all types of plastic, aerosol cans and paint cans, foam packing materials, [[aluminum]] furniture, small metal appliances, pots and pans, and clean fabrics.{{Fact|date=June 2007}}
Wastewater treatment happens at the San Jose/Santa Clara Water Pollution Control Plant, which treats and cleans the wastewater of the more than 1,500,000 people{{Fact|date=June 2007}} that live and work in the 300 square mile (780 km²) area encompassing San Jose, [[Santa Clara, California|Santa Clara]], Milpitas, Campbell, Cupertino, [[Los Gatos, California|Los Gatos]], [[Saratoga, California|Saratoga]], and [[Monte Sereno, California|Monte Sereno]].
About ten percent of the treated wastewater is sold for irrigation ("water recycling") in San Jose{{Fact|date=June 2007}}, Santa Clara, and Milpitas, through local water providers San Jose Municipal Water System, City of Milpitas Municipal Services, City of Santa Clara Water & Sewer Utility, Santa Clara Valley Water District, San Jose Water Company, and Great Oaks Water Company.
[[Natural gas]] and electricity are provided by [[Pacific Gas and Electric Company|PG&E]]. Telephone service is provided primarily by [[AT&T]]. [[Cable television]] is provided by [[Comcast]].
== Education ==
[[Image:Tower Hall and MDA.jpeg|thumb|Tower Hall, San Jose State]]
=== Colleges and universities ===
San Jose is home to several [[college]]s and [[university|universities]]. The largest and most well known is [[San José State University]], which was founded by the California Legislature in 1862 as the California State Normal School and is the original campus of the [[California State University]] system. Located in downtown San Jose since 1870, the university's 30,000 students in bachelor's and master's degree programs are primarily commuters from many areas in the South Bay. [[National Hispanic University]], with an enrollment of 600, offers associate and bachelor's degrees and teaching credentials to its students, focusing on Hispanic students. [[Lincoln Law School of San Jose]] offers law degrees, catering to working professionals. The San Jose campus of [[Golden Gate University]] offers business bachelor and [[Master of Business Administration|MBA]] degrees. San Jose's [[community college]]s, [[San Jose City College]] and [[Evergreen Valley College]], offer associate degrees, general education units to transfer to CSU and UC schools, and adult and continuing education programs. The West campus of [[Palmer College of Chiropractic]] is also located in San Jose.
The [[University of California, Santa Cruz]] operates [[Lick Observatory]] atop [[Mount Hamilton (California)|Mount Hamilton]]. In addition, San Jose residents attend several other area universities, including [[Santa Clara University]], [[De Anza College]] in [[Cupertino, California|Cupertino]], [[Stanford University]] in [[Palo Alto, California|Palo Alto]], [[Carnegie Mellon West]] in [[Mountain View, California|Mountain View]] and the [[University of California, Berkeley]]. Additionally, San Jose and South Bay residents also comprise large sections of the student population at both the [[University of California, Santa Cruz]] and the [[University of California, Davis]].
=== Primary and secondary education ===
Most San Jose students go to schools in the [[San Jose Unified School District]]. Prior to 1954, California law required cities and [[school district]]s to have the same boundaries. When San Jose began expanding, rural school districts became one of the major opponents, as their territory and tax base was taken by the city. The city's legislators pushed a bill through the [[California Legislature]], removing that requirement, and ending much of the opposition. The result is a patchwork of local school districts in the areas annexed after 1954.<ref name=PolHist/> Public education in the city is provided by four [[high school]] districts, fourteen [[elementary education|elementary]] districts, and four [[unified school district]]s (which provide both elementary and high schools).
In addition to the main San Jose Unified School District, the unified school districts are [[Milpitas Unified School District]], [[Morgan Hill Unified School District]], and [[Santa Clara Unified School District]].
The following districts use the "feeder" system:
*[[Campbell Union High School District]] receives students from:
**[[Cambrian School District|Cambrian]]
**[[Campbell Union School District|Campbell Union]]
**[[Luther Burbank School District|Luther Burbank]]
**[[Moreland School District|Moreland]]
**[[Union School District, San Jose|Union School District]].
*[[East Side Union High School District]] receives students from:
**[[Alum Rock Union School District|Alum Rock Union]]
**[[Berryessa Union School District|Berryessa Union]]
**[[Evergreen Elementary School District|Evergreen Elementary]]
**[[Franklin-McKinley School District|Franklin-McKinley]]
**[[Mount Pleasant Elementary School District|Mount Pleasant Elementary]]
**[[Oak Grove School District|Oak Grove]]
**[[Orchard Elementary School District|Orchard Elementary]]
*[[Fremont Union High School District]] receives students from:
**[[Cupertino Union School District]].
*[[Los Gatos-Saratoga Joint Union High School District]] receives students from
**[[Los Gatos Union School District]].
[[Image:San Jose Martin Luther King Jr Library.jpg|right|thumb|Martin Luther King, Jr. Library]]
Private schools in San Jose are primarily run by religious groups. The [[Roman Catholic Diocese of San Jose in California|Catholic Diocese of San Jose]] has the second largest student population in the Santa Clara County, behind only SJUSD; the diocese and its parishes operate several schools in the city, including four high schools: [[Archbishop Mitty High School]], [[Bellarmine College Preparatory]], [[Notre Dame High School, San Jose, California|Notre Dame High School]], and [[Presentation High School]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.dsj.org/dsj/schools_results.asp?show=all |title=Schools | publisher=[[Roman Catholic Diocese of San Jose in California]] | accessdate=2007-06-18}}</ref> There are two [[Baptist]] high schools, [[Private schools in San Jose, California|Liberty Baptist School]] and [[Private schools in San Jose, California|White Road Baptist Academy]]. [http://www.city-data.com/city/San-Jose-California.html] [[Private schools in San Jose, California|Valley Christian High School]] is a [[Protestant]] high school in the North Valley neighborhood. There is also the nonsectarian K-12 [[The Harker School|Harker School]].
=== San Jose library system ===
The San Jose City [[Library]] system is unique in that the [[Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Library]] combines the collections of the city's system with the San Jose State University main library. The building of the library in 2003 was the largest single library construction project west of the Mississippi. It has more than 1.5 million items. The building has eight floors that result in more than 475,000 square feet of space with a capacity for 2 million volumes. <ref>[http://www.sjlibrary.org/about/locations/king/fastfacts.htm SJ Library MLK Fast Facts page] (Mentions joint university/city status, collection size and size of construction project.)</ref>
The city has 18 neighborhood branches including the [[Biblioteca Latinoamericana]] which specializes in [[Spanish language]] works.<ref>[http://www.sjlibrary.org/about/locations/index.htm Locations page at SJ Library site](See BL article for its references.)</ref> The [[East San Jose Carnegie Branch Library]], a [[Carnegie library]] opened in 1908, is the last Carnegie library in Santa Clara County still operating as a public library and is listed in the [[National Register of Historic Places]]. The San Jose system (along with the University system) were jointly named as "Library of the Year" by the Library Journal in 2004. <ref> [http://www.sanjoseca.gov/cityManager/pdf/AnnualReport03-04.pdf San Jose 2003-2004 Annual Report] "In 2004, San José Public Library and San José State University Library were jointly named Library of the Year by the Library Journal."</ref>
== Attractions ==
[[Image:GuadRiver7.jpg|thumb|Guadalupe River Trail]][[Image:Egyptianmuseum-front-tourists.mbp.1024x768.jpg|thumb|The Rosicrucian Egyptian Museum at [[Rosicrucian Park]].]][[Image:SJ-MOA2-crop.jpeg|right|thumb|Front of the San Jose Museum of Art, the remaining facade of San Jose's first [[post office]].]][[Image:San Jose Basilica.jpg|thumb|Cathedral Basilica of St. Joseph]]
{{main|List of attractions in Silicon Valley}}
=== Parks, gardens, and other outdoor recreational sites ===
*[[Almaden Quicksilver County Park]], 4,147 acres (17 km²) of former mercury mines in South San Jose (operated and maintained by the County of Santa Clara, Parks and Recreation Department).
*[[Alum Rock Park]], 718 acres (2.9 km²) in East San Jose, the oldest municipal park in California
*Emma Prusch Farm Park, 43.5 acres (176,000 m²) in East San Jose. Donated by Emma Prusch to demonstrate the valley's agricultural past, it includes a [[4-H]] barn (the largest in San Jose), community gardens, a rare-fruit orchard, demonstration gardens, picnic areas, and expanses of lawn. [http://www.sanjoseca.gov/prns/regionalparks/pfp/]
*[[California's Great America]]
*[[Circle of Palms Plaza]], a ring of palm trees surrounding a California state seal and historical landmark at the site of the first state capitol
*[[Kelley Park]], including diverse facilities such as [[Happy Hollow|Happy Hollow Park & Zoo]] (a child-centric amusement park), the [[Japanese Friendship Garden (Kelley Park)]], [[History Park at Kelley Park]], and the [[Portuguese Historical Museum]] within the history park
*[[Kirk Park]], home to the [[San Jose Young People's Theater]]
*[[Overfelt Gardens]], including the [[Chinese Cultural Garden]]
*[[Plaza de César Chávez]], a small park in Downtown, hosts outdoor concerts and the Christmas in the Park display
*[[Raging Waters]], [[water park]] with [[water slide]]s and other water attractions. This sits within [[Lake Cunningham]] Park
*[[Rosicrucian Park]], nearly an entire city block in the Rose Garden neighborhood; the Park offers a setting of Egyptian and Moorish architecture set among lawns, rose gardens, statuary, and fountains, and includes the [[Rosicrucian Egyptian Museum]], Planetarium, Research Library, Peace Garden and Visitors Center
*[[San Jose Flea Market]]
*[[San Jose Municipal Rose Garden]], 5½ acre (22,000 m²) park in the Rose Garden neighborhood, featuring over 4,000 rose bushes
=== Trails ===
San Jose's trail network offers nearly {{convert|50|mi|km|-1}} of recreational and commute trails throughout the City.<ref>{{citeweb |url=http://www.sjparks.org/trails/doc/TrailStatus1-30-08.pdf |title=Network Status Table |date=2008-01-30 |accessdate=2008-03-31 |publisher=City of San Jose}}</ref> The major trails in the network include:
*[[Coyote Creek Trail]]
*[[Guadalupe River Trail]]
*[[Los Gatos Creek Trail]]
*[[Los Alamitos Creek Trail]]
*[[Penitencia Creek Trail]]
*[[Silver Creek Valley Trail]]
Additional information is available at the City of San Jose [http://www.sjparks.org/trails trail network website].
=== Museums, libraries, and other cultural collections ===
*[[Children's Discovery Museum of San Jose]]
*[[History Park at Kelley Park]]
*[[Ira F. Brilliant Center for Beethoven Studies]], home of the largest [[Ludwig van Beethoven|Beethoven]] collection outside [[Europe]]
*[[Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Library]], the largest U.S. public library west of Mississippi River
*[[Mexican Heritage Plaza]], a museum and cultural center for Mexican Americans in the area
*[[Portuguese Historical Museum]]
*[[Rosicrucian Egyptian Museum]], the largest collection of Egyptian artifacts on display in the western United States, located at [[Rosicrucian Park]]
*[[San Jose Museum of Art]]
*[[The Tech Museum of Innovation]]
=== Sports and event venues ===
*[[HP Pavilion (sports arena)|HP Pavilion at San José]] - home of the [[National Hockey League|NHL]]'s [[San Jose Sharks]], the [[Arena Football League|AFL]]'s [[San Jose SaberCats]] and the [[National Lacrosse League|NLL]]'s [[San Jose Stealth]].
*[[San Jose Convention Center]]-home of the [[Continental Basketball Association|CBA]]'s [[San Jose Sky Rockets]] until the team's departure in 2006 to [[North Dakota]].
*[[San Jose Jazz Festival]], held annually in downtown San Jose
*[[San Jose Municipal Stadium]], home of the minor league [[San Jose Giants]].
*[[Spartan Stadium, San Jose|Spartan Stadium]], home of San José State University football and the previous home of [[Major League Soccer]]'s [[San Jose Earthquakes]].
=== Other structures ===
*[[Cathedral Basilica of St. Joseph (San Jose)|Cathedral Basilica of St. Joseph]], the oldest parish in California
*[[Lick Observatory]], home of what was once the largest [[telescope]] in the world
*[[Sikh Gurdwara - San Jose]], the largest [[Gurdwara]] (a [[Sikh]] temple) in the United States
*[[Peralta Adobe]], a restored [[adobe]] home showing the lifestyle of Spanish and Mexican California
*[[Winchester Mystery House]], a sprawling, 160-room Victorian mansion built by [[Sarah Winchester]]
*[[Raging Waters]], the largest water park in Northern California with 23 acres and millions of gallons of water
{{seealso|Santa Clara County, California#Cities.2C towns.2C and neighborhoods}}
== Media ==
{{main|Media in San Jose, California}}
San Jose is served by local media as well as that of the Greater Bay Area and national media. Media outlets based in San Jose include the ''[[San Jose Mercury News]]'' and various smaller newspapers and magazines, five television stations, six AM radio stations, and sixteen FM radio stations.
In April 1909, [[Charles David Herrold]], an electronics instructor in San Jose, constructed a radio station to broadcast the human voice. The station "San Jose Calling" (call letters FN, later FQW), was the world's first radio station with scheduled programming targeted at a general audience. The station became the first to broadcast music in 1910. Herrold's wife Sybil became the first female "disk jockey" in 1912. The station changed hands a number of times before eventually becoming today's [[KCBS-AM]] in San Francisco.<ref name="KQW">{{cite web | title=KQW Radio, San Jose | url=http://www.bayarearadio.org/audio/kqw/kqw_30th-anniv_nov-10-1945.shtml | publisher=Bay Area Radio Museum | author=Marty Cheek | accessdate=2007-06-18 }}</ref>
== Cultural references to San Jose ==
<!--Please add cultural references from the movies, in music or on TV to San Jose here.-->
* ''[[Do You Know the Way to San Jose]],'' lyrics, [[Hal David]] – music, [[Burt Bacharach]]; Grammy-winning 1968 hit single (Pop #10, R&B #23) for [[Dionne Warwick]], [[Scepter Records]] 12216; more than 100 other recordings.
* Michaela Roessner. ''Vanishing Point.'' Tor, New York, 1993. ISBN 0-3128-5213-4. Post-apocalyptic novel, largely set in San Jose; many [[San Francisco Bay Area#South Bay|South Bay]] survivors have gathered to live in the [[Winchester Mystery House]] and the nearby [[Century Theatres]] dome.
== See also ==
*[[List of people from San Jose, California]]
*[[List of school districts in Santa Clara County, California]]
*[[San José Police Department]]
== Notes and references ==
{{reflist|2}}
{{refbegin}}
*Bruno, Andy; ''INCONSISTENCY ACCENTED BY SAN JOSE AND SAN JOSE''; San Jose Mercury News; February 15, 1996, p. 2E
*[http://www.weather.com/activities/other/other/weather/climo-monthly-graph.html?locid=USCA0993&from=search The Weather Channel data for San Jose]
<!--Telephony history references-->
* Peck, Willys I., "When Ma Bell Spoke With a Human Voice," ''Saratoga Stereopticon: A Magic Lantern of Memory'', (Cupertino, California: California History Center and Foundation, 1998, pp. 41–42.
* Map: ''Mobile Communications: Reaching the World by Mobile Telephone Service'', (San Francisco: Pacific Telephone Co., 1983.)
* Undated ''San Jose Mercury News'' article describing exchange names possibly written by Patricia Loomis or Clyde Arbuckle.
{{refend}}
== Further reading ==
*Beilharz, Edwin A.; and DeMers Jr., Donald O.; ''San Jose: California's First City''; 1980, ISBN 0-932986-13-7
* The [http://www.sjlibrary.org/research/special/ca/ California Room], the San Jose Library's collection of research materials on the history of San Jose and Santa Clara Valley.
== External links ==
{{Portal|San Francisco Bay Area}}
{{commonscat|San Jose, California}}
* [http://www.sanjoseca.gov/ City of San Jose Web site]
* [http://www.sjredevelopment.org/PublicationsPlans/SanJose1975.pdf Photos of San Jose - 1975 vs. 2005]
* [http://www.sjchamber.com San Jose Silicon Valley Chamber of Commerce]
* [http://www.hccsv.com Hispanic Chamber of Commerce Silicon Valley]
* [http://www.sanjosesistercities.org Pacific Neighbors San Jose Sister Cities Program]
* [http://www.sanjosedublin.org San Jose - Dublin Sister City Program]
* [http://www.electionvolunteer.com/ San Jose and Santa Clara Election Information]
{{Geolinks-US-cityscale|37.304|-121.873}}
{{Neighborhoods of San Jose}}
{{San Jose and Silicon Valley attractions|nocat=1}}
{{Silicon Valley}}
{{SF Bay Area}}
{{Santa Clara County}}
{{California county seats}}
{{California}}
{{USLargestCities}}
{{USLargestMetros}}
{{World's most populated urban areas}}
[[Category:San Jose, California| ]]
[[Category:Cities in the San Francisco Bay Area]]
[[Category:Communities in Santa Clara County, California]]
[[Category:County seats in California]]
[[Category:Former United States state capitals|California]]
[[Category:Neighborhoods in San Jose, California]]
[[Category:Settlements established in 1777]]
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