Sardinia 29376 225898227 2008-07-15T22:35:32Z Ian Spackman 774227 revert Accomodation spam: please read [[WP:EL]] {{Infobox Region of Italy |name = Sardinia |fullname = {{lang|it|Regione Autonoma della Sardegna}}<br/>{{lang|sc|Regioni Autònoma de sa Sardinnya}} |isocode = &nbsp; |capital = [[Cagliari]] |status = [[Autonomous regions with special statute|Autonomous region]] |governor = [[Renato Soru]]<br/>(''Independent''-''[[The Union (political coalition)|Union]]'') |zone = [[Insular Italy]] |province = [[Province of Cagliari|Cagliari]]<br/>[[Province of Carbonia-Iglesias|Carbonia-Iglesias]]<br/>[[Province of Medio Campidano|Medio Campidano]]<br/>[[Province of Nuoro|Nuoro]]<br/>[[Province of Ogliastra|Ogliastra]]<br/>[[Province of Olbia-Tempio|Olbia-Tempio]]<br/>[[Province of Oristano|Oristano]]<br/>[[Province of Sassari|Sassari]] |municipality = 377 |arearank = 3rd |area = 24,090 |language = [[Italian language|Italian]], [[Sardinian language|Sardinian]], Tabarchino, Gallurese, Sassarese, Catalan |areapercent = 8.0 |population_as_of = 2006 est. |populationrank = 11th |population = 1,655,677 |populationpercent = 2.8 |populationdensity = 69 |coatofarms = [[Image:Flag of Sardinia.svg|border|180px|[[Maure|Sos Battor Moros]] ("The Four Moors")]] |map = [[Image:Italy Regions Sardinia Map.png|180px]] }} {{otheruses}} '''Sardinia''' ({{pronEng|sɑrˈdɪnɪə}}; {{lang-it|Sardegna}}; {{lang-sc|Sardigna}} or {{lang-sc|Sardinnya}}) is the [[Mediterranean islands#By area|second-largest]] island in the [[Mediterranean Sea]] (after [[Sicily]]). The area of Sardinia is {{convert|24090|km2|sqmi|0|spell=us}}. The island is surrounded (clockwise from north) by the French island of [[Corsica]], the [[Italian Peninsula]], [[Tunisia]] and the Spanish [[Balearic Islands]]. Sardinia is a constitutional part of [[Italy]], with a special statute of regional autonomy under the [[Constitution of Italy|Italian Constitution]]. Around the beginning of the [[nuragic]] age circa [[1500 BC]] the island was first called ''Hyknusa'' (Latinized Ichnusa) by the [[Mycenaeans]], probably meaning island (''nusa'') of the [[Hyksos]], the people who had just been expelled by [[Ahmose I]] of [[Ancient Egypt|Egypt]] circa [[1540 BC]]. ''Sandalyon'' was another name, probably due to its shape, resembling a footprint. Its present name is Sardinia, after the [[Shardana]] (whose invasion of [[Egypt]] was defeated by [[Ramesses III]] circa [[1180 BC]]). ==History== {{main|History of Sardinia}} Sardinia has been inhabited for many thousands of years. In 1979 human remains were found that were dated to the [[Paleolithic|150,000 BC]]. In 2004, in a cave in Logudoro, a human phalanx was found that was dated to circa 250,000 BC. In [[prehistory]] the inhabitants of Sardinia developed a trade in [[obsidian]], a volcanic glass used for the production of stone age tools, and this activity brought Sardinians into contact with most of the [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]] people. Dried grapes, recently found in several locations, have been DNA tested and proved to be the oldest grapes in the world, dating back to 1200 BC. The Cannonau wine is made from these grapes and may therefore qualify as the mother of all the European wines. Sardinia is the 2nd largest island in the [[Mediterranean Sea]]. [[Image:Mappasardegna1.JPG|150px|thumb|left|Medieval Arab map of Sardinia]] From [[Neolithic]] times until the [[Roman Empire]], the [[Nuragic civilisation]] developed on the island. There are still more than 9,000 ''[[Nuraghe]]'' extant. It is speculated that, along with other peoples, the [[Shardana]] people from the eastern Mediterranean settled in Sardinia. The Shardana had joined the [[Shekelesh]] and others to form the coalition of the [[Sea Peoples]], but were defeated by [[Ramesses III]] around 1180 BC in Egypt. The Shardana and Shekelesh were also called by the [[Egyptians]] "the people from the faraway islands", suggesting that the Shardana were already resident on Sardinia at the time. This assertion may hold some truth; it has been claimed that most of the [[tombe dei giganti]] have a tombstone shaped like a ship vertically sunk into the ground, bearing witness to their sea traveling activities. In truth, only those 'tombas' found in the north and middle of the island bear this feature, the southern examples bearing a definite Mycenaean style of architecture. Evidence of early trade and contact with other Mediterranean cultures exist; for example, fine ceramic products of ancient [[Kydonia|Cydonia]] on [[Crete]] have been found at Sardinian [[archaeological]] sites.<ref>C.M.Hogan, 2008</ref> According to some linguistic studies, the town of [[Sardis]] (in [[Lydia]]) would have been the starting point from which they would have reached the [[Tyrrhenian Sea]], dividing into what were to become the Sardinians and the [[Etruscans]]. However most theories regarding the original population of Sardinia were formulated prior to genetics research and in the traditional framework of east-west movements. Genetic studies show that the population of Sardinia is quite distant from their neighbors. This is partially due to [[genetic drift]] due to isolation, though other reasons, such as ties with [[pre-Indo-European]] Neolithic peoples, may also have contributed to this distance. The density, extensiveness, and sheer size of the architectural remains from the [[Neolithic]] period all point to a considerable population of the island. Early contact with [[Crete]] is indicated from [[archaeological]] recovery on Sardinia. Beginning around [[1000 BC]], [[Phoenicia]]n mariners established several ports of trade on the Sardinian coast. In [[509 BC]], war broke out between the native Nuragic people and the Phoenician settlers. The settlers called for help from [[Carthage]] (themselves ultimately Phoenician settlers), and the island became a province in the Carthaginian Empire (to this day, Sardinia's capital Cagliari is still nicknamed 'Kartago' or 'Carthage' by the Catalan population in northern Alghero). In [[238 BC]], after being defeated by the [[Roman Republic]] in the [[First Punic War]], Carthage was forced to fight an uprising against former mercenaries who had not received their promised pay in a conflict known as the [[Mercenary War]]. Rome jumped at this opportunity to annex [[Corsica]] and Sardinia without resistance from the overstretched Carthaginians. During the [[ancient Rome|Roman period]], the geographer [[Ptolemy]] noted that Sardinia was inhabited by the following peoples, from north to south: the [[Tibulati]] and the [[Corsi]], the [[Coracenses]], the [[Carenses]] and the [[Cunusitani]], the [[Salcitani]] and the [[Lucuidonenses]], the [[Æsaronenses]], the [[Æchilenenses]] (also called Cornenses), the [[Rucensi]], the [[Celsitani]] and the [[Corpicenses]], the [[Scapitani]] and the [[Siculensi]], the [[Neapolitani]] and the [[Valentini]], as well as the [[Solcitani]] and the [[Noritani]]. Ptol. III, 3. [[Image:Giudicati of Sardinia 1.svg|right|150px|The medieval ''giudicati'']] From [[456]] - [[534]], Sardinia was a part of the short-lived kingdom of the [[Vandals]] in North Africa, until it was reconquered by the [[Byzantine empire|Byzantine]] emperor [[Justinian I]]. During this time a considerable number of Vandals and Iranian [[Alans]] settled on the island with significant traces of their [[Haplogroup I (Y-DNA)]] there to this day. Under the Byzantines, the imperial representative was a judge who governed from the southern city of [[Caralis]]. Byzantine rule was practically nonexistent in the mountainous [[Barbagia]] region in the eastern part of the island, and an independent kingdom persisted there from the sixth through ninth centuries. Beginning in the eighth century, [[Arab]]s and [[Berber people|Berbers]] began raiding Sardinia. After the Muslim conquest of [[Sicily]] in [[832]], the Byzantines were unable to effectively defend their most distant province, and the provincial judge assumed independent authority. To provide for local defense, he divided the island into four ''[[giudicati]]'', [[Gallura]], [[Logudoro]], [[Giudicato of Arborea|Arborea]], and [[Caralis]]. By 900, these districts had become four independent monarchies. At various times, these fell under the sway of [[Genoa]] and [[Pisa]]. The town of [[Sassari]] proclaimed itself a free Republic, allied to [[Genoa]], in 1290. Following the 1297 grant by Pope [[Boniface VIII]] of the title of ''King of Sardinia and Corsica'' to [[James II of Aragon]], in [[1323]] the [[Kingdom of Aragon]] began a campaign to conquer Sardinia, in alliance with the [[Giudicato of Arborea|Arborea]]. After defeating [[Pisa]] and establishing a new monarchy called [[Kingdom of Sardinia]] among the ''crown'' (i.e. commonwealth) of [[Aragon]] in 1324, relations between the two allies became difficult and they fought each other for nearly one century; the [[giudicato of Arborea|Arborea]] successfully resisted the [[kingdom of Sardinia]] and for a time came to control the entire island but the cities of [[Cagliari]] and [[Alghero]]. However its last ruler [[William III of Narbonne]], was eventually defeated by the Aragonese in the decisive [[Battle of Sanluri]], [[June 30]] [[1409]]. The native population of the city of [[Alghero]] (''S'Alighera'' in Sardinian, ''L'Alguer'' in Catalan) was expelled and the city repopulated by the Catalan invaders, whose descendants still speak [[Alguerese|Catalan]]. After the merging of the Kingdoms of Castile and Aragon, Sardinia was incorporated into the newly created national entity, Spain. The [[kingdom of Sardinia]] had own political organization, chiefly a [[parliament of Sardinia|parliament]] and a viceroy. Under Spanish domination, Sardinians were regularly employed on the royal Spanish fleet. On [[October 7]] in [[1571]], at the [[Battle of Lepanto (1571)|Battle of Lepanto]], Sardinian mariners on board the admiral ship of [[Infante]] [[Don John of Austria]], half brother of [[Felipe II]], boarded the Turkish admiral ship, overpowered the crew, and beheaded a Turkish admiral {{Fact|date=September 2007}}. The sight of the admiral's head on a spear put such fear into the Turks that they abandoned the fight and surrendered completely to the Christians. This was the first time that the Turks lost a battle to Europeans, thus signaling a trend of military decline and defeats from which Turks never recovered. In [[1718]] Sardinia became an 'independent' [[vassal]] kingdom under the [[House of Savoy]], the rulers of [[Piedmont (Italy)|Piedmont]]. In [[1792]], [[Jean-Paul Marat]], son of a Sardinian father from Cagliari and a Swiss mother, was one of the triumvirate leading the [[French Revolution]]. In 1793, Sardinians rebelled, demanding autonomy in exchange for helping to defeat French invasion forces. Autonomy was granted within the united kingdom of [[Piedmont-Sardinia]], but after the French threat to the kingdom lessened, the king reclaimed his authority. In [[1847]] the king [[Carlo Alberto]], after a request by Sardinian [[parliament]], ordered the ''perfect fusion'' between Sardinia and his other continental States, thus ending a five-century autonomy. In [[1848]] he granted a [[constitution]], called ''statuto albertino'', which lasted up to [[1948]] when Italy adopted the present republican [[constitution]]. In [[1860]], [[Vittorio Emanuele II]], [[King of Sardinia]] became also the first King of a united [[Italy]], after [[Italian unification|conquering the rest of the peninsula]]. In [[1948]] Sardinia was granted a constitutional autonomy, with its own regional Council, Government and President. ==Geography== Sardinia is separated from [[Corsica]] by the [[Strait of Bonifacio]]. [[Image:Coghinas04.jpg|thumb|right|250px|River Coghinas Barrage near Santa Maria Coghinas]] Sardinia is a generally mountainous island with a few coastal plains. The island's mountains are divided into three ranges; the highest peaks are in the middle section of the island. Gennargentu, at {{convert|6016|ft|m|0}}, is the highest point in Sardinia. Sardinia has few major rivers; the largest river on the island is the Tirso, which has a length of {{convert|94|mi|km|0}} and flows into the Mediterranean Sea. The island has a [[Mediterranean climate]], with hot, dry summers and very mild winters. The climate in the mountains tends to be wetter and cooler than the lower coastal plains; and winter snowfalls are not uncommon in the higher peaks. Sardinia also has more mountains than flat, low land and forests. Until 2006, Sardinia had been divided into four provinces: *[[Province of Cagliari|Cagliari]], *[[Province of Nuoro|Nuoro]], *[[Province of Oristano|Oristano]], and *[[Province of Sassari|Sassari]]. Now Sardinia is divided into eight provinces, following the creation of four more provinces just recently by the Sardinian regional government, becoming operative with the provinces' elections for the Presidents and the Councils held in 2006. The four additional provinces are as follows: *[[Province of Carbonia-Iglesias|Carbonia-Iglesias]], *[[Province of Medio Campidano|Medio Campidano]], *[[Province of Ogliastra|Ogliastra]], and *[[Province of Olbia-Tempio|Olbia-Tempio]]. [[Image:Sardinia Provinces.png|350px]] ==Culture== [[Image:Mamoiada Mamuthone 1.jpg|thumb|right|150px|[[Mamuthone]], traditional carnival costume of Mamoiada, Sardinia]] Sardinia is one of two Italian regions whose inhabitants have been recognized as a "popolo" (i.e. a distinct people) by a local Statute (which is adopted with a Constitutional Law). The other region is [[Veneto]] (but this was not through a Constitutional Law). ===Music=== Sardinia is one of the world's most interesting musical destinations. It is home to one of the oldest forms of Vocal Polyphony, generally known as [[Canto a Tenores]]; several big names of music have found it irresistible, including [[Frank Zappa]], [[Ornette Coleman]], and [[Peter Gabriel]]. The latter travelled to the town of Bitti in the central mountain region, and recorded the now world-famous Tenores di Bitti CD on his Realworld label. The guttural sounds produced in this form make a truly remarkable sound, similar to Tuvan (Mongolia) throat singing. Another polyphonic style of singing, more like the Corsican [[Paghjella]] and liturgic in nature, is also found in Sardinia and is known as [[Cantu a Cuncordu]]. Another unique instrument is the [[launeddas]]. See also [[Music of Sardinia]]. Three reed-canes (2 of them glued together with beeswax) producing distinctive harmonies, which have their roots many thousands of years ago, as demonstrated by the bronzette from [[Ittiri]], of a man playing the 3 reed canes, dated to 2000 BC. Beyond this, the tradition of [[Cantos a Chiterra]] (guitar songs) has its origins in town squares, when artists would compete against one another. It lives on in new forms. Sardinian culture is alive and well, and young people are actively involved in their own music and dancing. However, the new generation of Sardinian artists are a force to be reckoned with. Sardinia has produced some of the best jazz musicians in Europe (see [[Paolo Fresu]]). Of these, singer [[Elena Ledda]] stands out as the precursor and most widely acknowledged performer of the renewed tradition. In 2004, legendary BBC presenter [[Andy Kershaw]] (presented [[Live Aid]] in 1985), travelled to the island with Sardinian music specialist Pablo Farba, and interviewed many artists. His programme can be heard on [http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio3/worldmusic/onlocation/corsica.shtml BBC Radio 3] [[Image:No-smoking-sardinian.JPG|left|thumb|A No Smoking sign in both [[Sardinian language|Sardinian]] and [[Italian language|Italian]]]] ===Language=== {{main|Sardinian language}} The most spoken language in Sardinia is, undoubtedly, [[Italian language|Italian]], but [[Sardinian language|Sardinian]] is widely spoken too. [[Sardinian language|Sardinian]] is a [[Romance language]] of [[Latin]] origin, but with an obscure [[Substratum|Pre-Roman]] element, including [[Phoenician languages|Phoenician]], [[Etruscan language|Etruscan]], and Near Eastern languages. While it has been significantly supplanted by Italian for official purposes, Sardinian is still widely spoken in most rural parts and, stemming from a long history of oral tradition, is used culturally for folk songs and poetry. As a literary language, it is gaining clout, despite heated debate about the lack of standard orthography and controversial proposed solutions to this problem. Recently, the regional administration has approved the use of ''Limba Sarda Comuna'' [http://www.regione.sardegna.it/documenti/1_72_20060418160308.pdf] in official documents. [[Image:Graziadeledda.jpg|thumb|right|150px|[[Grazia Deledda]], [[Nobel award]] winner in [[1926]]]] In the city of [[Alghero]] in the north, a dialect of [[Catalan language|Catalan]] is spoken (the name of the city in Catalan is ''L'Alguer'') as the island was an [[Aragonese Empire|Aragonese]] colony in the past. However, the two most widely spoken forms of the Sardinian languages are [[Campidanese]], from the flatlands ([[Campidano]]) that cover most of the south (from Cagliari to Oristano), and [[Logudorese]] ([[Logudoro]]), from the central region, extending almost to [[Sassari]]. ===Sport=== [[Cagliari]] is also home to the [[Cagliari Calcio]] football club, that was founded in the year [[1920]] and plays in the [[Serie A]], the Italian top division. It achieved to win one Italian Championship after the season 1969/70, therefore becoming the first southern Italy team ever to reach such a result. Home matches are played at the "Stadio Sant' Elia", named after the area where it is located, with a capacity of 23,486. It was built in the year [[1970]], and refurbished before the Italia '90 football World Championships. Sardinia also boasts a fine darting tradition, with many believing that the popular game in fact originated somewhere in the [[Sassari]] region of the country towards the end of the 15th century. In those days, the darts themselves were carved from [[Beech]] (''Fagus'') wood and the flights were feathers drawn from the indigenous ''Pollo Sultano'', a bird famed for its spectacular violet-blue plumage. The early 21st century has seen one darter in particular proudly continuing his nation's rich sporting heritage. [[Brett Welch|Brett "The Sardinian" Welch]], at 21-years-old, presents the island's greatest hope of one day becoming a world champion. With a current average of 101.4, and weighing in at 280 pounds, he is confident of qualify for next year's BDO World Professional Darts Championship at the [[Lakeside]]. [[Cagliari]] hosted in [[2002]] and [[2003]] a [[Formula 3000]] race on a 2.414-km street circuit around Sant'Elia [[stadium]]. In 2003, also [[Renault]] [[F1]]'s [[Jarno Trulli]] and former [[Ferrari]]'s [[Jean Alesi]] did a spectacular exhibition. At the [[Grand Prix]] took part current BMW-F1 driver, Robert Kubica in a F.3 car, 'works' BMW WTCC Augusto Farfus, [[GP2 Series|GP2]]'s [[Fairuz Fauzy]] and [[Vitaly Petrov]]. Actually, [[Olbia]] hosts since [[2004]] the [[Rally d'Italia Sardegna]], a [[rally]] competition in the [[FIA]] [[World Rally Championship]] schedule. The rally is held on narrow, twisty, sandy and bumpy mountain roads around the glamorous town of [[Porto Cervo]]. [[Image:Sunurax gay gayguy.it.jpg|thumb|right|Su Nuraxi [[nuraghe|nuragic site]]]] [[Porto Pollo]] north of [[Palau (OT)|Palau]], is a bay often used by [[windsurfing|windsurfers]] and [[kitesurfing|kitesurfers]]. The bay is divided by a thin tongue of land that separates it in an area for advanced and beginning/intermediate windsurfers. There is also a restricted area for kitesurfers. Many Italian freestyle surfers come to Porto Pollo for training, and 2007 saw the finale of the freestyle pro kids Europe 2007 contest. Because of a [[venturi]]-effect between Sardinia and [[Corsica]], western wind accelerates between the islands and creates the wind that makes Porto Pollo popular amongst windsurfing enthusiasts. In [[2005]], [[Aglientu]], hosted the [[Kitesurf World Cup]] in the [[Vignola]]'s Beach. ===World Heritage Sites=== The Nuraghe, the main archaeological megalithic monument of Sardinia, are scattered throughout the island. [[Nuraghe|Su Nuraxi di Barumini]] is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.<ref>UNESCO, 2008</ref> ==Economy== [[Image:Cagliari Cupole.jpg|thumb|right|[[Cagliari]], the administrative centre and largest city]] The Sardinian economy is today focused on tourism, mining, commerce, services and information technology; an increasing income is coming from its famous [[wine]]s and gastronomy. The island contains numerous extraordinary tourist areas, [[Alghero]], North West, with Capo Caccia astonishing cliffs and the famous Neptun Cave, and including the [[Costa Smeralda]] and [[Gennargentu]]. The island is particularly famous for its [[beach]]es, but is also rich in other interesting places, such as some charming sea towns and archaeological ruins. See also: [[Tourist destinations of Sardinia]]. [[Saipem]] a contractor in the oil and gas industry and a subsidiary of [[Eni]] S.p.A, operates a shipyard on Sardinia. Their main activity is the fabrication of offshore oil rigs. Several [[gold]] and [[silver]] mines operate on the island. ==Transport== Trains in Sardinia connect the whole island but are rather slow. Some run on [[narrow gauge railways|narrow gauge]] track. Many tourists catch the ''trenino verde'' which runs through the wildest parts of the island. It is slow but it allows the traveller to have scenic views impossible to see from the main road. The train connects Cagliari to Arbatax in the south and Sassari to Palau in the north. It is highly recommended to make the trip from Macomer to Bosa Marina, where the train winds its way through the typical Sardinian landscape to reach the sea near the coastal town of Bosa situated in the west of the island. ==Demographics== All Sardinia's major urban centers are located near the coasts, while the inland island is almost unpopulated. Towns of Sardinia with a population of 50,000 or more: {| class="wikitable" |- ! Comune ! Population (2008 est.) |- | [[Cagliari]] | 158,221 |- | [[Sassari]] | 128,850 |- | [[Quartu Sant'Elena]] | 70,959 |- | [[Olbia]] | 51,403 |- |} ===Genetics=== The original [[Nuraghe]] inhabitants of Sardinia, who are now concentrated in the interior of the island due to pressure from colonists, are a genetic anomaly {{Fact|date=September 2007}} in the region. They belong to [[haplogroup I (Y-DNA)|Y-chromosome haplogroup I]], which otherwise has high frequency only in [[Scandinavia]] and the [[Croatia]]-[[Bosnia and Herzegovina|Bosnia]] area. Furthermore, the I haplogroup of the [[indigenous Sardinians]] is of the I1b1b subtype, which is unique to the island. The I1b1b haplogroup also has a low distribution in and around the [[Pyrenees]], indicating some migration of Sardinians to or from that area. The Sardinian subtype is more closely related to the [[Croatian people|Croatian]]-[[Bosnians|Bosnian]] subtype than to the Scandinavian subtype. Sardinia also has a relatively high distribution of [[haplogroup G (Y-DNA)|Y-chromosome haplogroup G]], stemming from people that migrated to Sardinia from [[Anatolia]]. The Y-chromosome haplogroup G also has a relatively high concentration in and around the [[Pyrenees]], again indicating migration of Sardinians to or from that area. ==Environment== [[Image:Cala d'Oliva (Asinara).jpg|thumb|right|250px|Cala d'Oliva in [[Asinara]].]] Sardinia is a precious natural resource, containing thousands of rare or uncommon animal and autochthonous plants and animals, such as the [[Mediterranean Monk Seal]] and the [[boar]]. Found only in Sardinia, Sicily, and MaghrebIt, the Sardinian [[skink]] (genus Chalcides ocellatus) known more commonly as [[Tiligugu]], can reach {{convert|30|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} in length, of which almost half is made up by the tail. Sardinia lacks many common species however, like the [[Viperinae|viper]] and the [[marmot]], which are found everywhere else on the continent. Sardinia has four endemic subspecies of birds which are found nowhere else in the world: its Great Spotted [[Woodpecker]] (ssp harterti), [[Great Tit]] (ssp ecki), [[Chaffinch]] (ssp sarda) and Eurasian [[Jay]] (ssp ichnusae). It also shares a further 10 endemic subspecies of bird with Corsica. The island's environment is improving due to strict environment laws. ==See also== *[[Sardinian language]]: [[Sardu logudoresu]], [[Sardu campidanesu]], [[Gallurese]], [[Sassarese]] *[[History of Sardinia]] *[[Tourist destinations of Sardinia]] *[[List of Sardinians]] *[[List of rulers of Sardinia]] *[[List of archaeological and artistic sites of Sardinia|Sardinian archaeological and artistic sites]] *[[Tavolara Island]], an island off Olbia, Sardinia, which is a self-proclaimed [[micronation]] == External links == {{sisterlinks|Sardinia}} * [http://www.regione.sardegna.it/ Official regional website in Italian] * [http://www.farisardegna.it/ Lighthouses of Sardinia] ==Line notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * Stephen L. Dyson and Robert J. Rowland, Jr. ''Archaeology and History in Sardinia from the Stone Age to the Middle Ages. Shepherds, Sailors, and Conquerors'' (Philadelphia: The University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, 2008), Pp. viii, 240. * C. Michael Hogan, Jan. 23, 2008, ''Cydonia'', The Modern Antiquarian, [http://letmespeaktothedriver.com/site/10881/cydonia.html#fieldnotes] * UNESCO World Heritage Site inscription data for Su Nuraxi di Barumini (2008) [http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/833] {{Template group |title = Geographic locale |list = {{Non-sovereign territories of Europe}} {{Regions of Italy}} }} {{coor title dm|40|00|N|9|00|E|region:IT_type:adm1st(1655677)}} <!--Interwiki--> <!--Categories--> [[Category:Sardinia| ]] [[Category:Islands of Italy]] [[Category:Mediterranean islands]] [[Category:Wine regions of Italy]] [[Category:NUTS 2 statistical regions of the European Union]] {{Link FA|fr}} {{Link FA|it}} <!--Other languages--> [[als:Sardinien]] [[ar:سردينية]] [[an:Zerdeña]] [[frp:Sardêgne]] [[az:Sardiniya]] [[bs:Sardinija]] [[br:Sardigna]] [[bg:Сардиния]] [[ca:Sardenya]] [[cs:Sardinie]] [[co:Sardegna]] [[cy:Sardinia]] [[da:Sardinien]] [[de:Sardinien]] [[et:Sardiinia]] [[el:Σαρδηνία]] [[eml:Sardàggna]] [[es:Cerdeña]] [[eo:Sardio]] [[eu:Sardinia]] [[fa:ساردنی]] [[fr:Sardaigne]] [[fy:Sardynje]] [[fur:Sardegne]] [[ga:An tSairdín]] [[gv:Yn Tardeen]] [[gl:Sardeña - Sardigna]] [[ko:사르데냐]] [[hi:सारडीनिया]] [[hr:Sardinija]] [[io:Sardinia]] [[id:Sardinia]] [[ia:Sardenia]] [[is:Sardinía]] [[it:Sardegna]] [[he:סרדיניה]] [[jv:Sardinia]] [[pam:Sardinia]] [[ka:სარდინია]] [[kw:Sardayn]] [[sw:Sardinia]] [[ku:Sardûnya]] [[lad:Sardenya]] [[la:Sardinia]] [[lv:Sardīnija]] [[lb:Sardinien]] [[lt:Sardinija]] [[lij:Sardegna]] [[hu:Szardínia (Olaszország)]] [[nl:Sardinië]] [[ja:サルデーニャ]] [[nap:Zardegna]] [[no:Sardinia]] [[nn:Sardinia]] [[oc:Sardenha]] [[pms:Sardëgna]] [[pl:Sardynia]] [[pt:Sardenha]] [[ro:Sardinia]] [[qu:Sardegna]] [[ru:Сардиния]] [[sc:Sardigna]] [[sq:Sardenja]] [[scn:Sardigna]] [[simple:Sardinia]] [[sk:Sardínia]] [[sl:Sardinija]] [[so:Sardiiniya]] [[sr:Сардинија]] [[sh:Sardinija]] [[fi:Sardinia]] [[sv:Sardinien]] [[tr:Sardunya Adası]] [[uk:Сардинія]] [[ur:ساردینیا]] [[vec:Sardegna]] [[zh:萨丁岛]]