Saturation diving
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2008-05-06T03:07:41Z
Gene Hobbs
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'''Saturation diving''' is a diving technique that allows divers to remain at great depth for long periods of time.<ref name=usn>{{cite book |title=US Navy Diving Manual, 6th revision |year=[[2006]] |publisher=US Naval Sea Systems Command |location=United States |url=http://www.supsalv.org/00c3_publications.asp?destPage=00c3&pageID=3.9 |accessdate=2008-04-24 }}</ref><ref name=beyerstein>{{cite conference |author=Beyerstein G |title=Commercial Diving: Surface-Mixed Gas, Sur-D-O2, Bell Bounce, Saturation |editor-last=Lang |editor-first=MA |editor2-last=Smith |editor2-first=NE |booktitle=Proceedings of Advanced Scientific Diving Workshop |location=Smithsonian Institution |place=Washington, DC |date=[[2006]] |url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/4657 |accessdate=2008-05-05 }}</ref>
"Saturation" refers to the fact that the diver's tissues have absorbed the maximum [[partial pressure]] of gas possible for that depth due to the diver being exposed to [[breathing gas]] at that [[pressure]] for prolonged periods. This is significant because once the tissues become saturated, the time to ascend from depth, to decompress safely, will not increase with further exposure.
Commonly, saturation diving allows [[professional diving|professional divers]] to live and work at depths greater than 50 meters / 165 feet for days or weeks at a time. This type of diving allows for greater economy of work and enhanced safety for the divers.<ref name=usn/> After working in the water, they rest and live in a dry [[pressure|pressurized]] habitat on or connected to a [[diving support vessel]], [[oil platform]] or other floating work station, at the same pressure as the work depth.<ref name=usn/> The diving team is only compressed to the working pressure once, and decompressed to surface pressure once, over the entire work period of days or weeks.
The "Saturation System" typically comprises a living chamber, transfer chamber and submersible [[decompression chamber]], which is commonly referred to in [[commercial diving]] and [[military diving]] as the [[diving bell]]<ref>{{cite journal |last=Bevan |first=J. |title=Diving bells through the centuries |journal=South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society Journal |volume=29 |issue=1 |date=[[1999]] |issn=0813-1988 |oclc=16986801 |url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/5991 |accessdate=2008-04-25 }}</ref>, PTC, Personnel Transfer Capsule or SDC, Submersible Decompression Chamber.<ref name=usn/> The system can be permanently placed on a ship or ocean platform, but is more commonly capable of being moved from one vessel to another by crane. The entire system is managed from a control room (van), where depth, chamber atmosphere and other system parameters are monitored and controlled. The diving bell is the elevator or lift that transfers divers from the system to the work site. Typically, it is mated to the system utilizing a removable clamp and is separated from the system tankage bulkhead by a trunking space, a kind of tunnel, through which the divers transfer to and from the bell. At the completion of work or a mission, the saturation diving team is [[decompression|decompress]]ed gradually back to [[atmospheric pressure]] by the slow venting of system pressure, at an average of 15 meters/47 feet per day, traveling 24 hours a day (schedules vary). Thus the process involves only one ascent, thereby mitigating the time-consuming and comparatively risky process of in-water, staged decompression normally associated with non-saturation ("mixed gas diving or sur-D O2") operations.<ref name=beyerstein/>
The divers use [[surface supplied diving|surface supplied]] umbilical diving equipment, utilizing deep diving [[breathing gas]], such as helium and oxygen mixtures, stored in large capacity, high pressure [[diving cylinder|cylinders]].<ref name=beyerstein/> The gas supplies are plumbed to the control room, where they are routed to supply the system components. The bell is fed via a large, multi-part umbilical that supplies breathing gas, electricity, communications and hot water. The bell also is fitted with exterior mounted breathing gas cylinders for emergency use.
While in the water the divers will use a [[Diving suit#Hot water suits|hot water suit]] to protect against the cold.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Mekjavić B, Golden FS, Eglin M, Tipton MJ |title=Thermal status of saturation divers during operational dives in the North Sea |journal=Undersea Hyperb Med |volume=28 |issue=3 |pages=149–55 |year=2001 |pmid=12067151 |url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/2394 |accessdate=2008-05-05}}</ref> The hot water comes from boilers on the surface and is pumped down to the diver via the bell's umbilical and then through the divers umbilical.
Saturation diving (or more precisely, long term exposure to high pressure) can potentially cause [[aseptic bone necrosis]], although it is not yet known if all divers are affected or only especially sensitive ones. The joints are most vulnerable to [[Dysbaric osteonecrosis|osteonecrosis]].<ref name=Brubakk>{{cite book |title=Bennett and Elliott's physiology and medicine of diving, 5th Rev ed. |last=Brubakk |first=A. O. |coauthors=T. S. Neuman |year=[[2003]] |publisher=Saunders Ltd. |location=United States |isbn=0702025712 |pages=800 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Coulthard A, Pooley J, Reed J, Walder D |title=Pathophysiology of dysbaric osteonecrosis: a magnetic resonance imaging study |journal=Undersea Hyperb Med |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=119–20 |year=[[1996]] |issn=1066-2936 |oclc=26915585 |pmid=8840481 |url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/2403 |accessdate=2008-04-26}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=British Medical Research Council Decompression Sickness Central Registry and Radiological Panel |title=Aseptic bone necrosis in commercial divers. A report from the Decompression Sickness Central Registry and Radiological Panel |journal=Lancet |volume=2 |issue=8243 |pages=384–8 |year=[[1981]] |pmid=6115158 }}</ref> The connection between high-pressure exposure and osteonecrosis is not fully understood.
Increased use of underwater [[remotely operated vehicle|ROVs]] and [[autonomous underwater vehicle|AUVs]] for routine or planned tasks means that saturation dives are becoming less common, though complicated underwater tasks requiring complex manual actions remain the preserve of the deep-sea saturation diver.
For saturation diving in fiction, see ''[[The Abyss]]'' (1989), or ''[[Sphere (film)|Sphere]]'' (1998).
==See also==
*[[Surface supplied diving]]
*[[Diving chamber]]
==References==
{{Reflist}}
== Additional Reading ==
* ''Subsea Manned Engineering'' by Gerhard Haux, Carson, California U.S.A., Best Publishing Company, 1982, ISBN 0-941332-00-4
[[Category:Underwater diving]]
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[[he:צלילת רוויה]]