Saturnin 798595 223999520 2008-07-06T21:53:59Z Polylerus 111744 Sernin {{otheruses4|Saint Saturnin|the novel by Zdeněk Jirotka|Saturnin (novel)}} {{for|other saints named Saturninus|Saint Saturninus}} {{Infobox Saint |name=Saint Saturnin |birth_date=[[third century]] |death_date=ca. [[257]] |feast_day=[[29 November]] |venerated_in=[[Roman Catholic Church]] |image=Saturninus vignay.jpg |imagesize=275px |caption=''The Martyrdom of Saint Saturnin'', from a 14th century manuscript |birth_place=[[Patras]], [[Greece]] |death_place=[[Toulouse]], [[France]] |titles=''Apostle to the Gauls''<br>Bishop and Martyr |beatified_date= |beatified_place= |beatified_by= |canonized_date= |canonized_place= |canonized_by= |attributes=A bishop's [[mitre]], a bishop being dragged by a [[cattle|bull]], a bull |patronage=[[Toulouse|Toulouse, France]] |major_shrine=[[Basilique St-Sernin, Toulouse]] |suppressed_date= |issues= }} '''Saint Saturnin of Toulouse''' (in [[Latin]], '''Saturninus'''; '''Sernin''' in [[French language|Modern French]]; in [[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]], '''Sadurninho'''; in [[Navarra]], '''Cernin'''; and, in Spain, '''Saturnino''' or '''Serenín'''), with a [[calendar of saints|feast day]] entered for [[November 29]], was one of the "apostles to the [[Gauls]]" sent out (probably under the direction of [[Pope Fabian]], [[236]] - [[250]]) during the consulate of [[Decius]] and Gratus (250-251) to Christianize [[Gaul]] after the persecutions under [[Emperor Decius]] had all but dissolved the small [[Christian]] communities. Fabian sent out seven bishops from [[Rome]] to Gaul to preach the Gospel: [[Gatianus of Tours|Gatien]] to [[Tours]], [[Trophimus of Arles|Trophimus]] to [[Arles]], [[Paul of Narbonne|Paul]] to [[Narbonne]], Saturnin to [[Toulouse]], [[Denis]] to [[Paris]], [[Austromoine]] to [[Clermont]], and [[Saint Martial|Martial]] to Limoges. ==Background== Saturnin is styled the first [[Archdiocese of Toulouse|bishop of Tolosa]] ([[Toulouse]]). The lost ''Acts of Saturninus'' were employed as historical sources by the chronicler [[Gregory of Tours]]. The martyrology gave a genealogy for Saturnin: the son of Aegeus, King of Achaea, by his wife Cassandra, who, herself, was the daughter of Ptolemy, King of the Ninevites. The ''Acts'' placed Saturninus in the 1st century, made him one of the 72 disciples of Christ, placed him at the [[Last Supper]]. Legends associated with Saturninus state that after [[Saint Peter]] consecrated him a bishop, “he was given for his companion [[Papulus]], later to become Saint Papulus the Martyr.”<ref>http://www.magnificat.ca/cal/engl/11-29.htm</ref> Legend states that besides Papulus, Saturninus also had [[Saint Honestus]] as a disciple. The detail from the ''Acts'' that is selected for remembering today describes his martyrdom: to reach the Christian church Saturninus had to pass before the capitol (still the ''[[Capitole de Toulouse]]''), where there was an altar, and according to the ''Acts'', the pagan priests ascribed the silence of their oracles to the frequent presence of Saturninus. One day they seized him and on his unshakeable refusal to sacrifice to the images they condemned him to be tied by the feet to a bull which dragged him about the town until the rope broke. (Tellingly, the identical fate was ascribed to his pupil [[Saint Fermin]] whose site of martyrdom is at [[Pamplona]].) The bull, it is said, finished at the place since named ''Matabiau'' (that is, ''matar'' ("the killing") and ''biau'' or ''bœuf'' ("bull"). An inversion of this martyrdom, the ''tauroctony,'' the "killing of the bull," is precisely the central rite of [[Mithraism]], the most important icon in the [[mithraeum]], a depiction of Mithras in the act of killing a bull. The tauroctony was either painted or depicted in a sculptural relief, sometimes on the altar. Two Christian women (''puellae'' remembered as "les Puelles") piously gathered up the remains and buried them in a "deep ditch", that they might not be profaned by the pagans. It is not beyond possibility, in this part of Gaul, where even today the greatest bell among many in Toulouse is honored with the name "Le Grand Taur," that the deep ditch was in fact a [[mithraeum]]. The site, said to be "where the bull stopped" is on the ''rue du Taur'' ("Street of the Bull"). The street with the [[Mithraism|Mithraic]] name is one of the original Roman cross streets running straight from the Capitole now to the [[Romanesque architecture|Romanesque]] [[basilica]] honoring St. Saturnin ("St Sernin"). =='Notre-Dame du Taur"== Saturnin's successors at Toulouse, [[Hilary of Toulouse|Hilary]] (bishop 358 - 360) and [[Exuperius]] (Exupère) (400-?), gave him more honorable burial, once Christian rites were no longer illicit, by erecting a simple wooden oratory over the "Roman crypt" (as modern guides describe it) where he had been interred. The noteworthy 14th century Gothic church that eventually replaced earlier buildings is ''Notre-Dame du Taur'' ("Our Lady of the Bull"). At the end of the century, the press of pilgrims to the cramped site encouraged bishop Silvius (360 - 400) to build a larger church, finished by his successor Exuperius (Exupère) (400 - ?) in 402. The body of the saint was translated to the new church, which now forms the crypt of the present Romanesque Basilica, one of the buildings that defines the Romanesque style in southern France. The Basilica is not the cathedral, which is dedicated to [[Saint Stephen]]. The reburial place was at the crossing, before the altar, where the saint's relics remained until 1284. At the same time the Bishop took the official ''Acts'' of Saturnin, the ''Passio antiqua,'' and rewrote them as a panegyric that took the place of the originals embellishing them with colorful details, and with pious legends linking Saturnin to the founding of the churches of [[Eauze]], [[Auch]], Pamplona, and Amiens. Even so, they are among the oldest documents of the Gallican Church.<ref>[http://catholic-forum.com/saintS/saints39.htm Saturninus of Toulouse]</ref> ==Places named after him== *numerous places named [[Saint-Sernin]] *[[Burgo de San Cernín]], Navarre, Spain. It was the Languedocian borough of Pamplona. * In Catalonia, Spain. **[[Sant Sadurní d'Anoia]] **[[Sant Sadurní d'Osormort]] **[[Sant Sadurní de l'Heura]] *In Provence, France **[[St Saturnin les Apts]] ==External links== *[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/13486b.htm ''Catholic Encyclopedia'': St Saturninus] ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:250s deaths]] [[Category:3rd century bishops]] [[Category:French saints]] [[Category:Ancient Roman saints]] [[Category:History of Toulouse]] [[ca:Sant Sadurní]] [[es:Saturnino de Tolosa]] [[fr:Saturnin de Toulouse]] [[it:San Saturnino]] [[pl:Saturnin z Tuluzy]] [[ru:Сатурнин (мученик)]] [[sv:Saturninus]]