Saud of Saudi Arabia
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{{Saudibox_begin | name = Saud ibn Abd al-Aziz ibn Abd al-Rahman Al Saud}}
{{Saudibox_ancestry | name = '''Saud''' ibn [[Ibn Saud|Abd al-Aziz]] ibn [[Abdul Rahman bin Faisal|Abd al-Rahman]] ibn [[Faisal bin Turki bin Abdullah Al Saud|Faisal]] ibn [[Turki ibn Abdallah|Turki]] Al Saud}}
{{Saudibox_end}}
'''Saud bin Abdul Aziz, King of Saudi Arabia''' ([[Kuwait]], [[January 15]] , [[1902]] - [[Greece]] , [[February 23]] , [[1969]]) ([[Arabic language|Arabic]]: سعود بن عبد العزيز آل سعود) was [[List of kings of Saudi Arabia|King of Saudi Arabia]] from [[1953]] to [[November 2]], [[1964]]. He was the eldest surviving son of [[Ibn Saud]], his mother being [[Wad'ha bint Muhammad Al Urai'er]]. He became heir to the throne after the death of his older brother, Turki (the 1st) bin Abd al-Aziz (1900-1919) who was the eldest son of Abd al-Aziz Al Saud. Turki was Crown Prince of Nejd from his father's conquest of Riyadh on January 15, 1902, to his death during the influenza pandemic of 1919. The law of succession was changed immediately after Turki's death, so that the kingship of Nejd, and later all Saudi Arabia would, starting with Saud, pass from brother to brother and not father to son.
== Early life ==
Saud was born on January 15, 1902 in [[Kuwait]] in a house located in a district called (Sakkat Anaza) where the tribe of Alsaud used to live. He was living with his parents and brothers. When his father Abdulaziz conquered Riyadh in 1902, Saud came with his mother and brothers to Riyadh. When he became five years old, his father took him to Sheikh Abdulrahman Mufaireej where he taught him several subjects including sharia and the Quran. At that time he had smallpox. However, Abdulaziz made Saud attend the meetings that he used to have in order to learn and develop political skills.He also learnt the art of archery and equitation. Moreover, Saud was immanent with his father so much that when he died Saud said "I lost my father…and my friend". [http://www.kingsaud.net/inside/brown/index4.html].
== The Warrior ==
The first political mission that Saud did is being a head of a delegation sent by his father to Qatar and that happened when he was thirteen years old. He led the first war against Hail in 1921, and became the leader of the Saudi troops in fighting Yemen. In addition, Saud participated in eight wars before he came to the throne; Grab War, Yabet War, Truba, Alkuras, Hail, Alhijaz, Almahmal and the Brethren[http://www.kingsaud.net/inside/red/index4.html]. Before becoming king, Saud, along with his half-brother [[Faisal of Saudi Arabia|Faisal]], was given great responsibilities in the establishment and running of the lands of Ibn Saud. Shortly after the formal establishment of Saudi Arabia, he was made a crown prince on [[May 11]], [[1933]], bypassing his father's own brothers. In 13 of October 1953 Saud was appointed as the Prime Minister[http://www.kingsaud.net/inside/blue3/index7_c.html]and at the same year when Ibn Saud died in [[1953]], Saud became king.
[[Image:President Truman with Saud.jpg|left|thumb|250px|U.S. President [[Harry S. Truman]] conferring the Order of the Legion of Merit Degree of Commander.]]
== Reign ==
During his reign he was responsible for the establishment of numerous governmental ministries, and also for the establishment of [[King Saud University]] (renamed to [[Riyadh University]] after Saud's abdication) in [[Riyadh]]. He had 53 sons and 56 daughters[http://www.kingsaud.net/inside/violet/bint.html] and was keen to give his own sons power, and placed them in high governmental positions. This annoyed his half-brothers, who thought that Saud's sons were too inexperienced, and began to fear that Saud would select his own son to succeed him. He was also known for his lavish spending squandering state funds for his own family, and on palaces, all at a time when Saudi Arabia was still struggling economically. Despite cordial relations with [[Egypt]] at the beginning of his reign in order to oppose the [[Hashemite]] kingdoms of [[Iraq]] and [[Jordan]], Saud would later grow weary of Egyptian influence in the Arab world, which led to numerous diplomatic blunders, such as a supposed plot to assassinate [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]]. Saud also began supporting royalist forces in the Yemeni Civil War, that saw Egypt supporting republican forces.
Saud began to promote his own sons, as his father had done at the expense of his brothers. Between 1953 and 1964, the appointment of eight ministers were partly to contain the fermenting demands for political participation among members of the royal lineage. But in 1957 Saud placed his son Fahd in the Ministry of Defense, his son Musaid in the Royal Guard, his son Khalid in the National Guard and his son Saad in the Special Guard. The government profile did not take into account the claims of Sauds brothers, and most importantly, Faisal, the most senior<ref>Alrasheed M. (2002) A History of Saudi Arabia (Cambridge University Press; P.108-9</ref>
== Major Events during his Reign ==
1956: Saudi Arabia stopped exporting oil to Britain and France due to the Suez Crisis <br>
1957: State visit to the United States at invitation of President Eisenhower<br>
1957: Saudi Arabia became a member at the International Monetary Fund<br>
1961: A royal decree was made to establish the Institute of Public Administration <br>
1961: Saud became sick and traveled to U.S for treatment.<br>
1962: Saud established Saudi Television.<br>
1963: Saudi Arabia withdrew its troops from Kuwait, after the end of the Iraqi-Kuwaiti conflict <br>
1962: A royal decree was made to stop slavery in Saudi Arabia[http://www.kingsaud.net/inside/brown/index2.html]<br>
== Struggle With Faisal ==
A fierce struggle between Ibn Saud's most senior sons, Saud and Faisal, erupted immediately after the death of King Abdulaziz. Saud was ill-suited to succeed his father and did prove extremely incompetent when he became king. The increase in oil revenues did not solve the financial problem associated with the debts Saud had inherited from his father, estimated to have been $200 million in 1953. In fact, this debt more than doubled by 1958, when it reached $450 million. The Saudi riyal lost half of its official value against the dollar. Both [[ARAMCO]] and international banks declined Saudi's demand for credit. Saud suspended the few government projects he had initiated, but continued his spending on luxurious palaces<ref>Alrasheed M. (2002) A History of Saudi Arabia (Cambridge University Press; P.107)</ref>
Saud and Faisal fought an internal battle over the definition of political responsibilities and the division of government functions. Saud is often associated among other things with "traditional tribal government, plundering of oil revenues, palaces luxurious, conspiracy inside and outside Saudi Arabia, and vice. Faisal is associated with sobriety, piety, puritanism, financial wisdom, and modernization. Moreover, the conflict between the two brothers often described as originating from the desire of Faisal to curb his brother's spending and solve Saudi Arabia's financial crisis.
The battle between the two brothers was fought over the role to be assigned to the Council of Ministers. Saud abolished the office of prime minister by royal decree, thus enforcing his position as King and de facto prime minister. Saud thought of himself as both King and prime minister whereas Faisal envisaged more powers in his own hand as Crown Prince and deputy prime minister<ref>Alrasheed M. (2002) A History of Saudi Arabia (Cambridge University Press; P108)</ref>
== Removal from Throne ==
King Saud's reign family members worried about Saud's profligacy and his inability to meet Nasser's nationalist challenge. Corruption and backwardness were weakening the regime and Radio Cairo's anti-Saudi propaganda could find a receptive audience<ref>Quandt W. (1981)Saudi Arabia in the 1980s, The Brooking Institutions, Washington (p.90)</ref>.
With the Free Princes in the background, Saud and Faisal continued their power struggle until 1962, when Faisal formed a cabinet in the absence of the King, who had gone abroad for medical treatment. Faisal brought into government his half-brothers Fahad and Sultan, both of whom had been his close allies. Faisal's new government excluded the sons of Saud. He promised a ten-point reform that included the drafting of a basic law, the abolishing of slavery and the establishment of a judicial council.
Upon his return Saud rejected Faisal's new arrangement and threaten to mobilize the Royal Guard against his brother. Faisal ordered the mobilization of the National Guard against the King with the arbitration of the [[ulema]], and pressure from senior members of the royal family, Saud gave in and agreed to abdicate on 28 March 1964<ref>Alrasheed M. (2002) A History of Saudi Arabia (Cambridge University Press; P.114</ref>
Saud was forced into exile and he moved to [[Geneva]], [[Switzerland]], and then on to other European cities. In 1966 Saud was invited to live in Egypt by president [[Gamal Abdel Nasser|Nasser]]. Saud died in [[Athens]], [[Greece]] in 1969. After his abdication, he was generally not mentioned in Saudi Arabia, with numerous institutions bearing his name being renamed, and his reign being given passing if any reference in official history books. Likewise, his sons remained largely marginalized from positions of power though two were named governors to minor provinces during the reign of [[King Fahd]].
== Death ==
Saud died in Athenes 23 February 1969 after suffering a heart attack in his sleep. Two days before his death, he felt ill and asked his doctor Filnger from [[Austria]] to examine him. However, his physician arrived after he had passed away. In the morning of that day, Saud took a short walk on a beach with his daughter Nozhah, near the hotel where he used to live (Kafori Hotel). His body was taken to Makkah then to Riyadh where he was buried in Alaoud cemetery[http://www.kingsaud.net/inside/silver/index8.html].
== See Also ==
[[Faisal of Saudi Arabia]]
== Notes ==
{{Reflist}}
== External Link ==
http://www.kingsaud.net in Arabic
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{{s-hou|[[House of Saud]]||1902||1969}}
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{{s-ttl|title=[[List of kings of Saudi Arabia|King of Saudi Arabia]]| and<br />head of the [[House of Saud]]reason=|years=[[1953]] – [[1964]]}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Faisal of Saudi Arabia|Faisal]]}}
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[[Category:1902 births|Saud of Saudi Arabia]]
[[Category:1969 deaths|Saud of Saudi Arabia]]
[[Category:Arab statesmen]]
[[Category:Kings of Saudi Arabia|Saud]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:Deaths by influenza|Saud of Saudi Arabia]]
[[Category:Prime Ministers of Saudi Arabia]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Legion of Merit]]
[[ar:سعود بن عبد العزيز آل سعود]]
[[da:Saud af Saudi-Arabien]]
[[de:Saud ibn Abd al-Aziz]]
[[et:Sa‘ūd ibn ‘Abd al-‘Azīz Āl Sa‘ūd]]
[[fr:Saoud ben Abdel Aziz Al-Saoud]]
[[gl:Saud bin Abdul Al-Aziz]]
[[id:Saud dari Arab Saudi]]
[[it:Saud dell'Arabia Saudita]]
[[he:סעוד, מלך ערב הסעודית]]
[[ms:Saud ibn ’Abd al ’Aziz Al Sa’ud]]
[[nl:Saoed bin Abdoel Aziz al Saoed]]
[[ja:サウード・ビン・アブドゥルアズィーズ]]
[[no:Saud av Saudi-Arabia]]
[[pl:Saud ibn Abd al-Aziz as-Saud]]
[[ru:Сауд ибн Абдель Азиз аль-Сауд]]
[[fi:Sa’ud ibn Abdilaziz]]
[[sv:Saud bin Abdul Aziz]]
[[tr:Suud bin Abdül Aziz]]
[[ur:سعود بن عبدالعزیز]]
[[zh:沙特·本·阿卜杜勒-阿齐兹·阿勒沙特]]