Sauna 75649 225661693 2008-07-14T20:00:34Z Bobo192 97951 Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/99.233.76.57|99.233.76.57]] ([[User talk:99.233.76.57|talk]]) to last version by Eyeeatpie {{for|the music festival in Finland|Sauna Open Air Metal Festival}} {{Cleanup|date=June 2008}} [[Image:Finnish Sauna in Korpilahti.jpg|thumb|right|300px|A Finnish wood-heated sauna]] A '''sauna''' ({{pronEng|ˈsɔːnə}}, or as [[Finnish language|Finnish]] {{IPA|[ˈsɑunɑ]}}) is a small room or house designed as a place to experience dry or wet heat sessions, or an establishment with one or more of these and auxiliary facilities. These facilities derive from the [[Finnish sauna]]. The word sauna is also used metaphorically to describe an unusually hot or humid environment. A sauna session can be a social affair in which the participants disrobe and sit or recline in [[temperature]]s of over 80 °[[Celsius|C]] (176 °[[Fahrenheit|F]]). This induces relaxation and promotes [[sweat]]ing. == History == === Etymology === The word ''sauna'' is an ancient [[Finnish language|Finnish]] word referring to the traditional Finnish bath as well as to the bathhouse itself. The [[proto-language|proto-Finnic]] [[Linguistic reconstruction|reconstruction]] is *''savńa''. There are etymological equivalents in the [[Baltic-Finnic languages]] such as the [[Ingrian language|Ingrian]] and [[Votic]] word ''sauna'', [[Estonian language|Estonian]] ''saun'' and [[Livonian language|Livonian]] ''sōna''. The word ''suovdnji'' in [[Sami languages|Sámi]] means a pit dug out of the snow, such as a hole for a [[willow grouse]]. In Baltic-Finnish, ''sauna'' does not necessarily mean a building or space built for bathing. It can also mean a small cabin or cottage like a cabin for a fisherman.<ref>Häkkinen, Kaisa (2004): ''Nykysuomen etymologinen sanakirja''. WSOY: Helsinki. pp. 1131-1132</ref> === First saunas === The oldest known saunas were pits dug in a slope in the ground and primarily used as dwellings in winter. The sauna featured a fireplace where stones were heated to a high temperature. Water was thrown over the hot stones to produce steam and to give a sensation of increased heat. This would raise the apparent temperature so high that people could take off their clothes. === Evolution === Eventually the sauna evolved to use a metal woodstove, or kiuas {{IPA|[ˈkiu.ɑs]}}, with a chimney. Air temperatures averaged around 70-80 degrees Celsius (160-180 degrees Fahrenheit) but sometimes exceeded 90 °C (200 °F) in a traditional [[Finnish sauna]]. Steam vapor, also called ''löyly'' {{IPA|[ˈløyly]}}, was created by splashing water on the heated rocks. The steam and high heat caused bathers to perspire. The Finns also used a ''vihta'' {{IPA|[ˈvihtɑ]}} (Western dialect, or ''vasta'' {{IPA|[ˈvɑstɑ]}} in Eastern dialect), which is a bundle of birch twigs with fresh leaves, to gently slap the skin and create further stimulation of the pores and cells. The Finns also used the sauna as a place to cleanse the mind, rejuvenate and refresh the spirit, and prepare the dead for burial. The sauna was (and still is) an important part of daily life, and families bathed together in the home sauna. Indeed, the sauna was originally meant to be a place of mystical nature where gender/sex differences did not exist. Because the sauna was often the cleanest structure and had [[water]] readily available, Finnish women also gave birth in the sauna. Although culture of sauna nowadays is more or less related to Finnish culture, it's important to note that the evolution of sauna have happened around the same time both in Finland and the [[Baltic states|Baltic countries]] sharing the same meaning and importance of sauna in daily life. The same sauna culture is shared in both places still to this day. When the Finns migrated to other areas of the globe they brought their sauna designs and traditions with them, introducing other cultures to the enjoyment and health benefits of sauna. This led to further evolution of the sauna, including the electric sauna stove, which was introduced in the 1950s and [[far infrared]] saunas, which have become popular in the last several decades. == Modern saunas == [[Image:Sauna 2.jpg|thumb|250px|Inside a modern sauna]] Many North American and Western European [[college]]/[[university]] [[physical education]] complexes and many public [[sport]] centers and gyms include sauna facilities. They may also be present at public and private [[swimming pool]]s. This may be a separate area where swim wear may be taken off or a smaller facility in the swimming pool area where one should keep the swim wear on. Under many circumstances, temperatures approaching and exceeding 100 °C (212 °[[Fahrenheit|F]]) would be completely intolerable. Saunas overcome this problem by controlling the [[humidity]]. The hottest [[Finland|Finnish]] saunas have relatively low humidity levels in which steam is generated by pouring water on the hot stones. This allows air temperatures that could boil water to be tolerated and even enjoyed for longer periods of time. Steam baths, such as the ''[[hammam]]'', where the humidity approaches 100%, will be set to a much lower temperature of around 40 °C (104 °F) to compensate. The "wet heat" would cause [[scald]]ing if the temperature were set much higher. Finer control over the temperature experienced can be achieved by choosing a higher level bench for those wishing a hotter experience or a lower level bench for a more moderate temperature. A good sauna has a relatively small temperature gradient between the various seating levels. [[Etiquette|Good manners]] require that the door to a sauna not be kept open so long that it cools the sauna for those that are already in it. Leaving the door even slightly ajar or keeping it open for more than a few seconds will significantly cool down the relatively small amount of hot air inside the sauna. Infrared saunas are growing in popularity, using far [[infrared]] rays emitted by infrared heaters to create warmth. In [[Finland]], the sauna was thought of as a healing refreshment. The old saying goes: "Jos ei viina, terva tai sauna auta, tauti on kuolemaksi." ("If booze, tar, or the sauna won't help, the illness is fatal.") The Finnish sauna is not thought as an easy way to get [[physical exercise]], and it is not intended for [[weight loss]]; in fact, it predates these modern ideas. In [[Finnish sauna]] culture, a [[beer]] afterwards is thought to be refreshing and relaxing. Pouring a few centilitres of beer into the water that is poured on the hot stones releases the odor of the grain used to brew the beer. This distinctive smell, however, sharply divides Finnish people. Also other scents can be used (for example [[pine tar]] or [[eucalyptus]]), but using any scents other than birch leaves is frowned upon by the traditionalists. A common method for adding birch leaf scent is to wet the leaves of a ''[[vihta]]'' in water, and then place the ''vihta'' on the hot stones for a second or two. This also conveniently heats the ''vihta'' for use to whip the users skin to increase blood circulation. According to Finnish lore, the human body is most beautiful thirty minutes after a sauna. Social and mixed gender [[nudity]] with adults and children of the same family is common in the conventional sauna. Sometimes the sauna is considered not only a sex-free, but also almost a gender-free zone. In the dry sauna and on chairs one sometimes sits on a [[towel]] for [[hygiene]] and comfort; in the [[steam bath]] the towel is left outside. Some hotel sauna facilities and especially cruise ships and/or ferries have an area where refreshments (often alcoholic) are served in conjunction with the sauna/pool area; draping a towel around the waist is generally required in that part of such facilities. As an additional facility a sauna may have one or more [[Swimming pool#Jacuzzi|jacuzzis]]. <!-- == Health benefits == {{Refimprove| section|date=March 2008}} During a 10-20 minute sauna session, the heart rate increases by 50-75%.{{Fact|date=June 2007}} The increased cardiac load is the equivalent to a brisk walk. There is a nominal effect on blood pressure because the heat also causes blood vessels in skin to dialate, accommodating increased blood flow. Blood vessels become more flexible<ref>A Japanese research published in Duodecim Magazine 1/2002</ref> and there is increased circulation to the extremities. During a sauna, blood flow to the skin increases to as high as 50-70% of cardiac output (compared to the standard 5-10%). This is due to the blood vessels in the skin's surface expanding, a process known as [[vasodilation]]. This increased blood flow brings important nutrients to subcutaneous and surface tissue, promoting cellular activity and growth.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} It is especially beneficial to areas of the skin which normally suffer from poor circulation. Along with nourishing the skin, the high temperatures also cause the skin's 2 million eccrine glands to excrete sweat to cool down the skin and blood capillaries. Research has shown that sweat is much more effective than water at emulsifying fat located in the skin's [[sebaceous glands]], and thus at removing the sebum and bacteria lodged in the fat.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} The vasodilation caused by the high temperatures also allows essential fluids to be transported to the skin's surface. This enhances the development of [[collagen]], giving the skin a continued elasticity and wrinkle-free complexion. Steambaths and saunas ''induce'' perspiring to provide a comprehensive cleansing of the skin and sweat glands. Skin is the largest organ in the body. 30% of body wastes are passed through the skin. {{Fact|date=February 2007}} Profuse sweating enhances the detoxifying capacity of the skin by opening pores and flushing impurities from the body.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} When taking a sauna, skin temperature rises to 40°C (104°F) and internal body temperature rises to about 38°C (100.4°F). Exposure to the high heat creates an artificial fever state, a process known as [[hyperthermia]]. Fever is part of the body’s natural healing process.{{Fact|date=June 2007}} Fever stimulates the immune system, resulting in increased production of disease fighting white blood cells, antibodies and interferon (an anti viral protein with cancer fighting capability).{{Fact|date=February 2007}} Steam inhalation is an excellent treatment for many respiratory problems.{{Fact|date=June 2007}} For example, the moist air in saunas can relieve throat irritation. Steam also loosens secretions and can stimulate discharge of mucous from the lungs and throat, giving relief to sufferers of [[bronchitis]]. Finally, steam can also aid [[sinusitis]] by relieving congestion and inflammation of the upper respiratory mucous membranes. An occasional secondary occurrence caused by breathing in the steam-- In some cases and with some people, ''if'' they have a weak respiratory system, example; the infection of a common cold or sore throat, may be carried into the lungs causing it to spread. This is uncommon but does occur. However, to counter this from happening a small opening for the head in the wall of the sauna at the level of the seat will allow the persons head to be outside the sauna (on a small shelf) and thus the benefit of the 38°C (100.4°F) still takes place without the fear of increasing the infection. The heat also kills all kinds of bacteria and insects, e.g. [[louse|lice]].{{Fact|date=June 2007}} This knowledge was used widely during the [[Winter War]] and [[Continuation War]] when Finnish troops were forced to sauna (although the unclean conditions in the field made it unnecessary to force them). While the men were in their sauna, their equipment was in another. This cleansed both very effectively while Russians had problems with many diseases.<ref>Medical officer Eino Vänttinen (in the war 1942-1944)</ref> However, it should be noted, people with heart problems may be at risk due to blood pressure unpredictably rising or lowering after using a sauna. People with stable coronary artery disease are generally safe in a sauna, but people with uncontrollable heart problems may be advised to stay away from a sauna by a doctor in order to avoid possible complications. People with [[autoimmune disorder]]s may also be at risk. --> == Finnish sauna == {{main|Finnish sauna}} [[Image:Savusauna.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Finnish Savusauna by the lake]] Records and other historical evidence indicate that the Finns built the first wooden saunas in the 5th or 8th century. Early saunas were dug into a hill or embankment. As tools and techniques advanced, they were later built above ground using wooden logs. Rocks were heated in a stone fireplace with a wood fire. The smoke from the fire filled the room as the air warmed. Once the temperature reached desired levels, the smoke was allowed to clear and the bathers entered. The wood smoke aroma still lingered and was part of the cleansing ritual. This type of traditional smoke sauna was called a savusauna, which means "smoke sauna" in Finnish. Many people find the smell of smoke and wood to be relaxing. In Finland swimsuits, towels, or any other garments are rarely worn in the sauna. Families often go to the sauna together, which is not considered eccentric since family saunas are an old tradition. In these private saunas swimsuits or towels are never worn. In public saunas it is more common that men and women go to the sauna separately, although people of both sexes may sometimes bathe together, for example in student clubs. Still, saunas are not associated with sex and sexuality. Quite the contrary, historically saunas have been the most sacred places after the church, and most houses which could afford to build a sauna had one. In older times women also used to give birth in the sauna because it was a warm and sterile environment. Children were occasionally born in saunas still in the beginning of the 20th century. The lighting in a sauna is shady, and some Finns prefer to sit in the sauna in silence, relaxing. The temperature is usually between 80°C (176°F) and 110°C (230°F). Sometimes people make a 'vasta'; they tie together small fresh birch branches (with leaves on) and swat themselves and their fellow sauna bathers with it. One can even buy vihtas from a shop and store them into the freezer for later (winter) use. Using a vihta improves blood circulation, and its birch odour is considered pleasing. == Technologies == [[Image:Smoke sauna.JPG|thumb|right|300px|''Smoke sauna'' in [[Enonkoski]], [[Finland]].]] Today there are a wide variety of sauna options. Heat sources include wood, electricity, gas and other more unconventional methods such as solar power. There are wet saunas, dry saunas, smoke saunas, steam saunas, and those that work with infrared waves. There are two main types of stoves: continuous heating and heat storage-type. Continuously heating stoves have a small heat capacity and can be heated up on a fast on-demand basis, whereas a heat storage stove has a large heat (stone) capacity and can take much longer to heat. === Heat storage-type === ==== Smoke sauna ==== [[Smoke sauna]] (Finnish ''savusauna'') is the original sauna. It is a room with a pile of rocks, with no chimney. A fire is lit directly under the rocks, then fire is put out, and the heat stored in the room and in the rocks is the heat source. Following this process, ash and ember are removed from the hearth, the benches and floor are cleaned, and the room air is allowed to freshen for a period of time. Temperature is low, about 60 °C, and humidity is high. The tradition nearly died out, but was revived by enthusiasts in the 1980s, and is considered by many to provide the highest quality sauna experience. ==== Heat storage-sauna ==== The smoke-sauna stove is also used with a sealed stone compartment and chimney (a heat storage-stove) which eliminates the smoke odour and eye irritation of the smoke sauna. A heat storage stove does not give up much heat in the sauna before bathing since the stone compartment has an insulated lid. When the sauna bath is started and the "löyly"-shutter opened a soft warmth flow into the otherwise relatively cold (60 °C) sauna. This heat is soft and clean because, thanks to combustion, the stove stones glow red, even white-hot, and are freed of dust at the same time. When bathing the heat-storage sauna will become as hot as a continuous fire type-sauna (80-110 °C) but more humid. The stones are usually durable heat proof and heat-retaining [[peridotite]]. The upper part of the stove is often insulated with rock wool and firebricks. === Continuous heat-type === [[Image:IowaFloatingSauna.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Wood-heated Floating Sauna on Iowa Farm Pond]] ==== Continuous fire sauna ==== A continuous fire stove, instead of stored heat, is a recent invention. There is a firebox and a smokestack, and stones are placed in a compartment directly above the firebox. It takes shorter time to heat than the heat storage-sauna, about 1 hour. A fire-heated sauna requires manual labor in the form of maintaining the fire during bathing; the fire is also a hazard. Fire-heated saunas are common in cottages, where the extra work of maintaining the fire is not a problem. Many think of them as giving a superior experience compared to electric saunas. ==== Infrared sauna ==== [[Infrared sauna]]s use a special heater that generates [[infrared]] radiation rays similar to that produced by the sun. Unlike the sun’s [[ultraviolet]] radiation, infrared is said to be beneficial to overall health. Infrared radiation has been shown to kill the bacteria responsible for [[acne]]. In an infrared sauna, the electric heaters warm the air and also penetrate the skin to encourage perspiration, producing many of the same health benefits of traditional steam saunas. == Similar sweat bathing facilities == The Finnish-style sauna (generally 70-80 °[[Celsius|C]] (158-176 °[[Fahrenheit|F]]), but can vary from 60 to 120 °C (140-248 °F)) and the wet '''steam bath''' are the most widely known forms of sweat [[bathing]]. Many cultures have close equivalents, such as the North American [[First Nations]] (in Canada) or [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] (in the United States) '''[[sweat lodge]]''', the [[Turkey|Turkish]] '''[[hammam]]''', [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] '''[[thermae]]''', [[Nahuatl]] (Aztec) '''[[temescalli]]''', [[Maya civilization|Maya]] '''[[temazcal]]''', [[Russia]]n [[banya (sauna)|banya]], [[Estonia]]n '''[[saun]]''', the [[Jew]]ish [[Shvitz]], African [[Sifutu]], [[Sweden|Swedish]] '''[[bastu]]''' and [[Japan]]ese [[Sentō|Mushi-Buro]]. Public '''bathhouses''' that often contained a steam room were common in the 1700s, 1800s and early 1900s and were inexpensive places to go to wash when private facilities were not generally available. == Modern sauna culture around the world == As the home of the sauna, [[Finnish sauna#Finnish sauna customs|Finnish sauna culture]] is well established, there are built-in-sauna in almost every house in Finland. Although cultures in all corners of the world have imported and adapted the sauna, many of the traditional customs have not survived the journey. Today, public perception of saunas, sauna "etiquette" and sauna customs vary hugely from country to country. In many countries sauna going is a recent fashion and attitudes towards saunas are changing, while in others traditions have survived over generations. [[Image:Sauna in pancevo.jpg|thumb|Sauna in [[Pančevo]], [[Serbia]]]] In [[Finland]], [[Estonia]] and [[Russia]] sauna-going plays a central social role. These countries boast the hottest saunas and the tradition of beating fellow sauna-goers with leafy, wet [[birch]] bunches ('vasta' or 'vihta' in Finnish, 'viht' in Estonian, 'venik' in Russian). In Russia, public saunas are strictly single sex, while in Finland and Estonia, both types occur. During wintertime, Finns often run outdoors for either [[ice swimming]] or, in the absence of lake, just to roll around in the snow naked and then go back inside. In [[Sweden]] saunas are found in many places, and are known as 'bastu'. [[Image:Badstuga, efter illustration i Acerbis Travels, Nordisk familjebok.png|thumb|Sauna (1802)]]In [[Germany]] and [[Austria]] nudity is strictly enforced in public saunas, as is the covering of benches with towels. Separate single-sex saunas for both genders are rare, most places offer women-only and mixed-gender saunas, or organise women-only days for the sauna once a week. Loud conversation is not usual as the sauna is seen as a place of healing rather than socialising. Contrary to Scandinavian countries, pouring water on hot stones to increase humidity (''Aufguss'', lit: "Onpouring") is not normally done by the sauna visitors themselves, but rather by a person in charge (the ''Saunameister''), either an employee of the sauna complex or a volunteer. Aufguss sessions can take up to 10 minutes, and take place according to a schedule. During an Aufguss session the Saunameister uses a large towel to circulate the hot air through the sauna, intensifying sweating and the perception of heat. Once the Aufguss session has started it is not considered good manners to enter the sauna, as opening the door would cause loss of heat (Sauna guests are expected to enter the sauna just in time before the Aufguss. Leaving the session is allowed, but grudgingly tolerated). Aufguss sessions are usually announced by a schedule on the sauna door. An Aufguss session in progress might be indicated by a light or sign hung above the sauna entrance. Cold showers or baths shortly after a sauna, as well as exposure to fresh air in a special balcony, garden or open-air room (''Frischluftraum'') are considered a must. The [[Benelux]] has a similar attitude to saunas as Germany, as almost all public saunas offer only mixed-gender nudity-compulsory facilities. A lot of these saunas do offer occasional women-only or bathing suit days or mornings for people who are less comfortable with mixed-gender nudity. Using a towel to keep to completely cover the bench you're lying on is also compulsory, as is showering between a sauna and entering any of the pools (cold water pool, swimming pool or whirlpool) for hygienic purposes. In [[German-speaking part of Switzerland|German-speaking Switzerland]], customs are generally the same as in Germany and Austria, although you tend to see more families (parents with their children) and young people. Also in respect to socialising in the sauna the Swiss tend more to be like the Swedes or Finns. Also in German speaking countries, there are many facilities for washing after using the sauna, with 'dunking pools' (pools of very cold water in which a person dips themselves after using the sauna), showers. In some saunas and steam rooms, scented salts are given out which can be rubbed into the skin for extra aroma and cleaning effects. In [[Romandy|French-speaking Switzerland]], customs are less rigid. Often, patrons have their choice of bathing nude or clothed. Other facilities offer nude single-sex saunas, nude mixed-gender saunas, and clothed mixed-gender saunas on the same premises. In [[France]], the [[United Kingdom]], and much of [[southern Europe]], single-gender saunas are the most common type. Nudity is tolerated in the segregated saunas but usually forbidden in the mixed saunas. This is a source of confusion when residents of these nations visit Germany and Austria or vice versa. Sauna sessions tend to be shorter and cold showers are shunned by most. In the [[United Kingdom]], where public saunas are becoming increasingly fashionable, the practice of alternating between the sauna and the [[jacuzzi]] in short seatings (considered a ''[[faux pas]]'' in Northern Europe) has emerged. Saunas in northeastern [[Italy|Italian]] regions [[Friuli]] and [[Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol]], as in [[Slovenia]] and [[Croatia]], have setups similar to those in Germany and Austria, and are perhaps a bit more relaxed about enforcing rules: mixed-gender saunas and patrons have their choice of bathing nude or clothed [[Hungary|Hungarians]] see the sauna a part of a wider spa culture. Here too attitudes are less liberal, mixed-gender people are together and they wear swimsuits. Single-sex saunas are rare, as well as those which tolerate nudity. In [[Portugal]], the steam baths were commonly used by the Castrejos people, prior to the arrival of the Romans in the western part of the Iberian peninsula. The historian Estrabão spoke of Lusitans traditions that consisted of having steam baths sessions followed by cold water baths. Pedra Formosa its the original name given to the central piece of the steam bath in pre-Roman times. In [[Central America]], particularly in the highlands of southern [[Mexico]] and [[Guatemala]], a version of the sauna indigenous to the Americas, called [[temazcal]], is quite popular. The temazacal is usually made of clay or stone, and has a low ceiling. The temazcal structure is usually shared by an extended family unit. Unlike European sauna culture, temazcal is an individual rather than social activity. One washes in the temazcal, with soap, or in a more traditional setting, with herbs and medicinal bushes. One uses the temazacal only in the evening, so that upon exiting one can feel the chill of the cold evening air (temperature can fall below freezing at high altitudes). One usually bathes in the temazacal 2-3 times a week. In [[Africa]], on the whole, saunas are kept at a much lower temperature than in Europe. In [[Korea]], saunas are essentially public bathhouses. Various names are used to describe them, such as the smaller [[mogyoktang]], outdoor [[onsen|oncheon]], and the elaborate [[jjimjilbang]]. The word 'sauna' is used a lot for its 'English appeal', however it does not strictly refer to the original Scandinavian steam rooms that have become popular throughout the world. The konglish word ''sauna'' (사우나) usually refers to bathhouses with Jacuzzis, hot tubs, showers, steam rooms, and related facilities. In [[Japan]], many saunas exist at sports centers and public [[bathhouse]]s ([[sentō]]). The saunas are almost always gender separated, often required by law, and nudity is a required part of proper sauna etiquette. While right after [[World War II]], public bathhouses were commonplace in Japan, the number of customers have dwindled as more people were able to afford houses and apartments equipped with their own private baths as the nation became wealthier. As a result many sentōs have added more features such as saunas in order to survive. In the [[United States]], common sauna culture is not widespread outside of the [[Upper Peninsula of Michigan|Upper Peninsula]] of [[Michigan]] and parts of [[Minnesota]], [[Wisconsin]], and [[Iowa]], which are home to large populations of [[Finnish American]]s. Elsewhere, sauna facilities are normally provided at health clubs and at hotels, but there is no tradition or ritual to their use, and many people fail to appreciate their benefits. To avoid liability, many saunas operate at only moderate temperatures and do not allow pouring water on the rocks. There is little enforced sauna etiquette in the United States, with the exception that mixed-sex saunas require some clothing such as a bathing suit to be worn. These are uncommon, however, as most saunas are in the changing rooms of health clubs or gyms. There are few restrictions on use, and Sauna users may enter and exit the sauna as they please, be it nude with a towel, dripping wet in swimsuits or even in workout clothes. Besides the Finnish Americans, the older generation of Korean-Americans still uses the saunas as it is available to them. The Korean-American communities in United States that have settled in urban cities such as Los Angeles county still use the sauna on a weekly basis. These businesses are common in the Koreatown district of Los Angeles. Saunas in Koreatown are built much like their predecessors in Korea, although on a smaller scale. Some saunas offer rooms that have special elements that provide different type of detoxification and/or relaxation i.e. salt rooms, jade rooms, clay fomentation room, charcoal rooms, and various steam rooms. == Traditions and old beliefs == In Finland, Estonia and [[Latvia]], the sauna is an ancient custom. It used to be a holy place, a place where women gave birth, and where the bodies of the dead were washed. There were also many beliefs and charms that were connected to sauna. It was, among other things, a place for worshipping the dead – it was thought of as such a wonderful place that even the dead would surely like to return to it. Curing diseases and casting love spells could also happen in the sauna. As in many other cultures, fire was seen as a gift from heaven in Finland, and the hearth and the sauna oven were its altars. One word in Finnish, strictly connected to sauna, is ''löyly''. It is difficult to translate precisely, but denotes the heat of the sauna room, especially the heat derived from throwing water on the hot stones of the sauna oven. Originally this word meant ''spirit'' or ''life''. In many languages which are related to Finnish, there is a word corresponding to ''löyly''. The closest example appears in the [[Estonian language]], ''leil''. The same meaning of "spirit" is also used in [[latvian language|Latvian]]. Another example is ''lil'' in [[Ostyak]], which means ''soul'', pointing to the sauna's old, spiritual essence. There still exists an old saying, "saunassa ollaan kuin kirkossa," – you should be in the sauna as in a church. ''Saunatonttu'', literally translated ''sauna elf'', is a little [[gnome]] that was believed to live in the sauna. He was always treated with respect, otherwise he might cause much trouble for people. It was customary to warm up the sauna just for the gnome every now and then, or to leave some food outside for him. It is said that he warned the people if a fire was threatening the sauna, or punished people who behaved improperly in it – for example slept, or played games, argued, were generally noisy or behaved otherwise "immorally" there. In Thailand, women spend hours in a make-shift sauna tent during a month following child birth. The steam is typically infused with several herbs. It is believed that the sauna helps the new mother's body return to its normal condition faster. ==Therapeutic sauna== {{nofootnotes}} Therapeutic sauna is the use of sauna for health purposes. It requires cycles of both hot and cold, in a predetermined manner to bring about therapeutic change. Usually it should be carried out daily over a month or so. With chronically ill people the amount of exercise that they can initially tolerate in recuperation may be insufficient to burn off excess stress hormones, so another way is needed to achieve this. The temperature changes of therapeutic sauna can help and this has other benefits as well. When first used gradual increases in heating and cooling are recommended. Therapeutic sauna reduces stress hormones and the cardiac workload is considered about half that of a walk, so initial exposure time is important also. The [[hypothalamus]] in our brain controls the balance [[homeostasis]] of the [[autonomic nervous system]] between the ACTION [[sympathetic]] and the RELAXATION [[parasympathetic]] nervous tone. The well known ‘fight or flight’ stress response produces hormones intended to be burnt off by action, but in a modern lifestyle such hormones may remain in the system. Chronic illness can be associated with altered sympathetic nervous function. Continual stress may alter the balance point of homeostasis, as can some persistent viruses. [[Allostatic load]] measurement is an emerging science of measuring with physiological tests the accumulated effect of all types of stress, over time, on the body. Four different patterns of dysfunctional allostasis have been identified, each associated with certain chronic conditions. When allostasis (the process of maintenance of homeostasis, adaptation, and survival) is dysfunctional the balance point is shifted and persistent symptoms may result. In one form of dysfunction the hypothalamus and [[HPA axis]] responsible for producing [[hormones]] is found to be hypo functioning with effects on the [[sympathetic system]] and the [[immune system]]. In particular production of hypothalamus controlled HPA axis hormones such as [[ACTH]] and [[cortisol]]; as well other hormones are affected. Other patterns of dysfunctional allostasis involve conditions where there is failure to habituate or adapt to stress and another pattern with high levels of stress hormones, causes conditions such as hypertension or high blood pressure. Therapeutic sauna has been shown to aid adaptation, reduce stress hormones, lower blood pressure and improve cardiovascular conditions.<ref name="pmid11165553">{{cite journal |author=Hannuksela ML, Ellahham S |title=Benefits and risks of sauna bathing |journal=Am. J. Med. |volume=110 |issue=2 |pages=118–26 |year=2001 |pmid=11165553| doi = 10.1016/S0002-9343(00)00671-9}}</ref><ref name="pmid9100952">{{cite journal |author=Kauppinen K |title=Facts and fables about sauna |journal=Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. |volume=813 |issue= |pages=654–62 |year=1997 |pmid=9100952| doi = 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1997.tb51764.x}}</ref><ref name="pmid17148741">{{cite journal |author=Tsatsoulis A, Fountoulakis S |title=The protective role of exercise on stress system dysregulation and comorbidities |journal=Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. |volume=1083 |issue= |pages=196–213 |year=2006 |pmid=17148741 |doi=10.1196/annals.1367.020}}</ref><ref name="pmid9629234">{{cite journal |author=McEwen BS |title=Stress, adaptation, and disease. Allostasis and allostatic load |journal=Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. |volume=840 |issue= |pages=33–44 |year=1998 |pmid=9629234| doi = 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1998.tb09546.x}}</ref><ref name="pmid10649824">{{cite journal |author=McEwen BS |title=Allostasis and allostatic load: implications for neuropsychopharmacology |journal=Neuropsychopharmacology |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=108–24 |year=2000 |pmid=10649824 |doi=10.1016/S0893-133X(99)00129-3}}</ref><ref name="pmid3218896">{{cite journal |author=Vuori I |title=Sauna bather's circulation |journal=Ann. Clin. Res. |volume=20 |issue=4 |pages=249–56 |year=1988 |pmid=3218896 |doi=}}</ref> ===Benefits=== Sauna may provide some relief to patients with [[asthma]] and chronic [[bronchitis]], and may also alleviate pain and improve joint mobility in patients with rheumatic disease. The sauna does not cause drying of the skin, and may even benefit patients with [[psoriasis]], although sweating may increase itching in patients with [[atopic dermatitis]]. Contraindications to sauna include unstable [[angina pectoris]], recent [[myocardial infarction]], and severe [[aortic stenosis]]. Sauna is safe, however, for most people with stable [[coronary heart disease]]. It is not harmful to the aged or young even infants over 3 months in moderation and does not affect wound healing. Sauna use may reduce the incidence of the common cold, and temporarily relieve the symptoms. It increases performance in endurance sport, increases plasma volume and red cell volume in athletes, decreased systolic blood pressure, significantly improved exercise tolerance, increased peak respiratory oxygen uptake, and enhanced anaerobic threshold in chronic conditions. Sauna plus multidisciplinary treatment may reduce chronic pain more effectively than multidisciplinary treatment alone. Sauna reduces chronic pain more effectively than cognitive behaviour therapy. It is indicated for rheumatic pain (with cold shower) but not for neuropathic pain. Is effective for appetite loss and mild depression. Indicated in reducing symptoms in [[Chronic Fatigue Syndrome]], and [[rheumatoid arthritis]], and indicated for [[anorexia nervosa]]. Sauna improves function in conditions such as, congestive heart failure, and high blood pressure, improves vasodilation, improves heart arrhythmia, and reduces heart rate on exercise. Sauna has been proposed for treatment of other conditions such as, [[glaucoma]], [[Sjogren syndrome]], chronic fatigue syndrome, [[fibromyalgia]], anorexia nervosa, [[obstructive lung disease]], recuperation after childbirth, and also for lifestyle related diseases of, [[diabetes]], [[arteriosclerosis]], [[obesity]], [[hypertension]], [[hyperlipidemia]], [[atherosclerosis]] and smoking induced symptoms. Sauna has also been found to reduce levels of stress hormones adrenalin and noradrenalin and to increase levels of ACTH, cortisol and beta endorphin. Sauna has been found to increase the hormone testosterone in men. Sauna also found to reduce prostaglandin F2alphaand protect against oxidative stress. It enhances activation of monocytes to bacteria and endotoxins. Other benefits of saunas; It has shown that regular saunas combined with exercise therapy can efficiently clear organic chemicals, solvents, drugs, pharmaceuticals even PCBs and heavy metals from the body. In addition a sauna followed by a cold shower has been shown to reduce pain in rheumatoid arthritis where pain is mediated by sensitised c-fibre sympathetics. Regular saunas have also been found to improve micro circulation reduce vasoconstriction and hypertension. Many symptoms of chronic illnesses may be due to vasoconstriction effects eg. cold sensitivity, pain even mood states, and sauna improves microcirculation and blood supply to constricted areas.<ref name="pmid17460879">{{cite journal |author=Kisanuki A, Daitoku S, Kihara T, Otsuji Y, Tei C |title=Thermal therapy improves left ventricular diastolic function in patients with congestive heart failure: a tissue doppler echocardiographic study |journal=Journal of cardiology |volume=49 |issue=4 |pages=187–91 |year=2007 |pmid=17460879 |doi=}}</ref><ref name="pmid17405694">{{cite journal |author=Crinnion W |title=Components of practical clinical detox programs--sauna as a therapeutic tool |journal=Alternative therapies in health and medicine |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=S154–6 |year=2007 |pmid=17405694 |doi=}}</ref><ref name="pmid16105634">{{cite journal |author=Miyamoto H, Kai H, Nakaura H, ''et al'' |title=Safety and efficacy of repeated sauna bathing in patients with chronic systolic heart failure: a preliminary report |journal=J. 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Cardiol. |volume=39 |issue=5 |pages=754–9 |year=2002 |pmid=11869837| doi = 10.1016/S0735-1097(01)01824-1}}</ref><ref name="pmid16871826">{{cite journal |author=Kukkonen-Harjula K, Kauppinen K |title=Health effects and risks of sauna bathing |journal=International journal of circumpolar health |volume=65 |issue=3 |pages=195–205 |year=2006 |pmid=16871826 |doi=}}</ref><ref name="pmid16088266">{{cite journal |author=Masuda A, Koga Y, Hattanmaru M, Minagoe S, Tei C |title=The effects of repeated thermal therapy for patients with chronic pain |journal=Psychotherapy and psychosomatics |volume=74 |issue=5 |pages=288–94 |year=2005 |pmid=16088266 |doi=10.1159/000086319}}</ref><ref name="pmid15914953">{{cite journal |author=Ikeda Y, Biro S, Kamogawa Y, ''et al'' |title=Repeated sauna therapy increases arterial endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression and nitric oxide production in cardiomyopathic hamsters |journal=Circ. 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(Maywood) |volume=228 |issue=10 |pages=1245–9 |year=2003 |pmid=14610268 |doi=}}</ref><ref name="pmid1926943">{{cite journal |author=Schmidt KL |title=[Generalized tendomyopathy (fibromyalgia): differential diagnosis, therapy and prognosis] |language=German |journal=Zeitschrift für die gesamte innere Medizin und ihre Grenzgebiete |volume=46 |issue=10-11 |pages=370–4 |year=1991 |pmid=1926943 |doi=}}</ref><ref name="pmid2596966">{{cite journal |author=Cox NJ, Oostendorp GM, Folgering HT, van Herwaarden CL |title=Sauna to transiently improve pulmonary function in patients with obstructive lung disease |journal=Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation |volume=70 |issue=13 |pages=911–3 |year=1989 |pmid=2596966 |doi=}}</ref><ref name="pmid1336021">{{cite journal |author=Vescovi PP, Coiro V, Volpi R, Giannini A, Passeri M |title=Hyperthermia in sauna is unable to increase the plasma levels of ACTH/cortisol, beta-endorphin and prolactin in cocaine addicts |journal=J. Endocrinol. Invest. |volume=15 |issue=9 |pages=671–5 |year=1992 |pmid=1336021 |doi=}}</ref><ref name="pmid2155166">{{cite journal |author=Vescovi PP, Gerra G, Pioli G, Pedrazzoni M, Maninetti L, Passeri M |title=Circulating opioid peptides during thermal stress |journal=Horm. Metab. Res. |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=44–6 |year=1990 |pmid=2155166 |doi=}}</ref><ref name="pmid17483960">{{cite journal |author=Bender T, Nagy G, Barna I, Tefner I, Kádas E, Géher P |title=The effect of physical therapy on beta-endorphin levels |journal=Eur. J. Appl. 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Med. |volume=108 |issue=31 |pages=586–8 |year=1990 |pmid=2258128 |doi=}}</ref><ref name="pmid2248758">{{cite journal |author=Ernst E, Pecho E, Wirz P, Saradeth T |title=Regular sauna bathing and the incidence of common colds |journal=Ann. Med. |volume=22 |issue=4 |pages=225–7 |year=1990 |pmid=2248758 |doi=}}</ref><ref name="pmid12015647">{{cite journal |author=Rissmann A, Al-Karawi J, Jorch G |title=Infant's physiological response to short heat stress during sauna bath |journal=Klinische Pädiatrie |volume=214 |issue=3 |pages=132–5 |year=2002 |pmid=12015647 |doi=10.1055/s-2002-30149}}</ref><ref name="pmid12841561">{{cite journal |author=Papp AA, Alhava EM |title=Sauna-bathing with sutures. A prospective and randomised study |journal=Scandinavian journal of surgery : SJS : official organ for the Finnish Surgical Society and the Scandinavian Surgical Society |volume=92 |issue=2 |pages=175–7 |year=2003 |pmid=12841561 |doi=}}</ref><ref name="pmid1866932">{{cite journal |author=Parpaleĭ IA, Prokof'eva LG, Obertas VG |title=[The use of the sauna for disease prevention in the workers of enterprises with chemical and physical occupational hazards] |language=Russian |journal=Vrachebnoe delo |volume= |issue=5 |pages=93–5 |year=1991 |pmid=1866932 |doi=}}</ref><ref name="pmid9553837">{{cite journal |author=Krop J |title=Chemical sensitivity after intoxication at work with solvents: response to sauna therapy |journal=Journal of alternative and complementary medicine (New York, N.Y.) |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=77–86 |year=1998 |pmid=9553837 |doi=}}</ref><ref name="pmid1817511">{{cite journal |author=Rea WJ, Pan Y, Johnson AR |title=Clearing of toxic volatile hydrocarbons from humans |journal=Boletín de la Asociación Médica de Puerto Rico |volume=83 |issue=7 |pages=321–4 |year=1991 |pmid=1817511 |doi=}}</ref><ref name="pmid2514627">{{cite journal |author=Kilburn KH, Warsaw RH, Shields MG |title=Neurobehavioral dysfunction in firemen exposed to polycholorinated biphenyls (PCBs): possible improvement after detoxification |journal=Arch. Environ. Health |volume=44 |issue=6 |pages=345–50 |year=1989 |pmid=2514627 |doi=}}</ref><ref name="pmid15001010">{{cite journal |author=Gutierrez E, Vazquez R, Beumont PJ |title=Do people with anorexia nervosa use sauna baths? A reconsideration of heat-treatment in anorexia nervosa |journal=Eat Behav |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=133–42 |year=2002 |pmid=15001010| doi = 10.1016/S1471-0153(01)00051-4}}</ref><ref name="pmid15090706">{{cite journal | author = Masuda A, Miyata M, Kihara T, Minagoe S, Tei C | title=Repeated sauna therapy reduces urinary 8-epi-prostaglandin F(2alpha) | journal = [[Japanese heart journal]] | volume=45 | issue=2 | pages=297–303 | year=2004 | pmid = 15090706 | doi= }}</ref> Research has also shown that adaptation to cold through short term cold stimulus, as in cold swimming, immersion (or showers) has the added benefit of improving the body's anti oxidant capabilities, with increases in glutathione and reduction of uric acid, which may mean better handling of the stresses of illness. Those that are shown to involve reduced glutathione or increased glutathione use, include; cardiovascular conditions, pulmonary diseases, diabetes, inflammatory bowel diseases, cancer, osteoporosis, aging, and after pesticide exposure. Conditions involving oxidative stress include neuro degenerative diseases, CFS, bone fracture and others. Conditions in which increased uric acid may be a risk factor include, gout, metabolic disease and vascular diseases. A reported study from the Thrombosis Institute in London into the effects of the cold bathing found that volunteers that followed a disciplined daily regime had increased immune white blood cells and the level of the bodies natural blood thinning enzymes substantially increased, improving micro circulation. It also stimulated the production of hormones such as testosterone in men, and boosted women's production of oestrogen. Cold water immersion raises thresholds of pain tolerance, and aids adaptation to cold, reduces muscle spasm, can influence the frequency of respiratory infections and improve subjective well-being. It may cause an immunological modulation in terms of the Th1-type pattern, which is a proinflammatory cytokine profile. It is involved in diseases such as arthritis, diabetes, inflammatory myopathies, inflammatory bowel disease, psoriasis, CFS, fibromyalgia, chronic pain, fatigue conditions, auto immune disease and other inflammatory conditions. Cold water adaptation reduced total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol, lowered plasma viscosity and blood pressure rate product. Cold water immersion reduces recovery time in athletes, enhances repeat performance and reduces exercise induced muscle damage. Cold water exposure challenges both the neuro-endocrine and the immune systems, reduces stress hormones and attenuates their response. Increases ADH and cortisol and increases immunomodulatory cytokines. Cold water exposure and adaptation can modify the sensory functions of hypothalamic thermoregulatory centres to lower heat loss and produce less heat during cold exposure and have immunostimulating effects. The thermogenic action of adrenaline in cold exposure produces heat and may reduce this stress hormone. 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Lett. |volume=171 |issue=3 |pages=146–53 |year=2007 |pmid=17590542 |doi=10.1016/j.toxlet.2007.05.004}}</ref><ref name="pmid17644484">{{cite journal |author=Huber WW, Parzefall W |title=Thiols and the chemoprevention of cancer |journal=Current opinion in pharmacology |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=404–9 |year=2007 |pmid=17644484 |doi=10.1016/j.coph.2007.05.005}}</ref><ref name="pmid17460201">{{cite journal |author=Rizvi SI, Maurya PK |title=Markers of oxidative stress in erythrocytes during aging in humans |journal=Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. |volume=1100 |issue= |pages=373–82 |year=2007 |pmid=17460201 |doi=10.1196/annals.1395.041}}</ref><ref name="pmid17584023">{{cite journal |author=Sheweita SA, Khoshhal KI |title=Calcium metabolism and oxidative stress in bone fractures: role of antioxidants |journal=Curr. Drug Metab. |volume=8 |issue=5 |pages=519–25 |year=2007 |pmid=17584023| doi = 10.2174/138920007780866852}}</ref><ref name="pmid17678968">{{cite journal |author=Reynolds A, Laurie C, Lee Mosley R, Gendelman HE |title=Oxidative stress and the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders |journal=Int. Rev. Neurobiol. |volume=82 |issue= |pages=297–325 |year=2007 |pmid=17678968 |doi=10.1016/S0074-7742(07)82016-2}}</ref><ref name="pmid11703165">{{cite journal |author=Logan AC, Wong C |title=Chronic fatigue syndrome: oxidative stress and dietary modifications |journal=Alternative medicine review : a journal of clinical therapeutic |volume=6 |issue=5 |pages=450–9 |year=2001 |pmid=11703165 |doi=}}</ref><ref name="pmid17823503">{{cite journal |author=Ichinose K, Kawasaki E, Eguchi K |title=Recent Advancement of Understanding Pathogenesis of Type 1 Diabetes and Potential Relevance to Diabetic Nephropathy |journal= American Journal of Nephrology|volume=27 |issue=6 |pages=554–564 |year=2007 |pmid=17823503 |doi=10.1159/000107758}}</ref><ref name="pmid17804546">{{cite journal |author=Tucci M, Quatraro C, Dammacco F, Silvestris F |title=Increased IL-18 production by dendritic cells in active inflammatory myopathies |journal=Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. |volume=1107 |issue= |pages=184–92 |year=2007 |pmid=17804546 |doi=10.1196/annals.1381.020}}</ref><ref name="pmid17785333">{{cite journal |author=DE Paepe B, Creus KK, DE Bleecker JL |title=Chemokine Profile of Different Inflammatory Myopathies Reflects Humoral versus Cytotoxic Immune Responses |journal=Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. |volume=1109 |issue= |pages=441–53 |year=2007 |pmid=17785333 |doi=10.1196/annals.1398.050}}</ref><ref name="pmid17715172">{{cite journal |author=Gaston JS |title=Cytokines in arthritis the 'big numbers' move centre stage |journal= Rheumatology|volume= 47|issue= | pages = 8|year=2007 |pmid=17715172 |doi=10.1093/rheumatology/kem203}}</ref><ref name="pmid17712836">{{cite journal |author=Fantini MC, Monteleone G, Macdonald TT |title=New players in the cytokine orchestra of inflammatory bowel disease |journal= Inflammatory Bowel Diseases|volume= 13|issue= | pages = 1419|year=2007 |pmid=17712836 |doi=10.1002/ibd.20212}}</ref><ref name="pmid11268418">{{cite journal |author=Visser JT, De Kloet ER, Nagelkerken L |title=Altered glucocorticoid regulation of the immune response in the chronic fatigue syndrome |journal=Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. |volume=917 |issue= |pages=868–75 |year=2000 |pmid=11268418 |doi=}}</ref><ref name="pmid11121511">{{cite journal |author=Elenkov IJ, Wilder RL, Chrousos GP, Vizi ES |title=The sympathetic nerve--an integrative interface between two supersystems: the brain and the immune system |journal=Pharmacol. Rev. |volume=52 |issue=4 |pages=595–638 |year=2000 |pmid=11121511 |doi=}}</ref><ref name="pmid17696269">{{cite journal |author=Hjortnaes J, Algra A, Olijhoek J, ''et al'' |title=Serum Uric Acid Levels and Risk for Vascular Diseases in Patients with Metabolic Syndrome |journal= |volume=34 |issue=9 |pages=1882–1887 |year=2007 |pmid=17696269 |doi=}}</ref><ref name="pmid17958903">{{cite journal |author=Shevchuk NA |title=Possible use of repeated cold stress for reducing fatigue in chronic fatigue syndrome: a hypothesis |journal=Behav Brain Funct |volume=3 |issue= |pages=55 |year=2007 |pmid=17958903 |doi=10.1186/1744-9081-3-55}}</ref> The therapeutic sauna with hot cycle followed by a cold cycle brings the benefits of both, forces all the blood to flow gently and evenly outwards to the skin to cool off in the heat of the sauna, and then forces it to flow evenly inwards to protect and heat the vital organs of the body when suddenly cooled. With sauna, sections of the body with chronically deprived blood, increase supply and reduce oxidative stress. As the blood supply cycles into the organs and then out to the skin it acts like a pump bringing stored chemical toxins from remote areas of the body through the microcirculation to the skin to be removed in sweat. The skin of our bodies is in effect another eliminatory organ so even when other organs are compromised in chronic illnesses or contamination, the skin through sweating can rid the body of such chemicals and toxins. The parasympathetic system governs sweat glands secretion and is increased by sauna. Sweating is used to eliminate toxic metals, just as iron loss in sweat increases with exercise in athletes. It has been shown with drugs such as caffeine, that delayed metabolic (organ) clearance was offset by a sizeable elimination in (skin) sweat by sauna. Sweat tests have shown pharmaceutical drugs are eliminated in sweat, narcotics, alkaloids and barbiturates are eliminated in sweat, and elimination increased with heat. Sweat analysis is also used for diagnosis of some disease, toxic metal excretion in sweat is used in diagnosis of chronic disease the result of contamination, and sweating used to eliminate toxic metals. The beneficial effects of therapeutic sauna are both temporary and long term, some benefits will last about 24 hrs. Adaptation and detoxification will occur after longer use when the practice can be suspended or continued if beneficial. <ref name="pmid16810134">{{cite journal |author=Petrofsky JS, Lohman E, Lee S, ''et al'' |title=The influence of alterations in room temperature on skin blood flow during contrast baths in patients with diabetes |journal=Med. Sci. Monit. |volume=12 |issue=7 |pages=CR290–5 |year=2006 |pmid=16810134 |doi=}}</ref><ref name="pmid7879403">{{cite journal |author=Preisinger E, Quittan M |title=[Thermo- and hydrotherapy] |language=German |journal=Wiener medizinische Wochenschrift (1946) |volume=144 |issue=20-21 |pages=520–6 |year=1994 |pmid=7879403 |doi=}}</ref><ref name="pmid10444630">{{cite journal |author=Brenner IK, Castellani JW, Gabaree C, ''et al'' |title=Immune changes in humans during cold exposure: effects of prior heating and exercise |journal=J. Appl. Physiol. |volume=87 |issue=2 |pages=699–710 |year=1999 |pmid=10444630 |doi=}}</ref><ref name="pmid10735978"/><ref name="pmid8917906">{{cite journal |author=Jezová D, Juránková E, Mosnárová A, Kriska M, Skultétyová I |title=Neuroendocrine response during stress with relation to gender differences |journal=Acta neurobiologiae experimentalis |volume=56 |issue=3 |pages=779–85 |year=1996 |pmid=8917906 |doi=}}</ref><ref name="pmid11510874">{{cite journal |author=Chambaz A, Meirim I, Décombaz J |title=Urinary caffeine after coffee consumption and heat dehydration |journal=International journal of sports medicine |volume=22 |issue=5 |pages=366–72 |year=2001 |pmid=11510874| doi = 10.1055/s-2001-15646}}</ref><ref name="pmid8757411">{{cite journal |author=Mader RM, Rizovski B, Steger GG, Wachter A, Kotz R, Rainer H |title=Exposure of oncologic nurses to methotrexate in the treatment of osteosarcoma |journal=Arch. Environ. Health |volume=51 |issue=4 |pages=310–4 |year=1996 |pmid=8757411 |doi=}}</ref><ref name="pmid433459">{{cite journal |author=Ishiyama I, Nagai T, Nagai T, Komuro E, Momose T, Akimori N |title=The significance of drug analysis of sweat in respect to rapid screening for drug abuse |journal=Z. Rechtsmed. |volume=82 |issue=4 |pages=251–6 |year=1979 |pmid=433459| doi = 10.1007/BF02092036}}</ref><ref name="pmid10572984">{{cite journal |author=Huestis MA, Oyler JM, Cone EJ, Wstadik AT, Schoendorfer D, Joseph RE |title=Sweat testing for cocaine, codeine and metabolites by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry |journal=J. Chromatogr. B Biomed. Sci. Appl. |volume=733 |issue=1-2 |pages=247–64 |year=1999 |pmid=10572984| doi = 10.1016/S0378-4347(99)00246-7}}</ref><ref name="pmid8210068">{{cite journal |author=Haeckel R, Hänecke P |title=The application of saliva, sweat and tear fluid for diagnostic purposes |journal=Ann. Biol. Clin. (Paris) |volume=51 |issue=10-11 |pages=903–10 |year=1993 |pmid=8210068 |doi=}}</ref><ref name="pmid1427342">{{cite journal |author=Fuzaĭlov IuM |title=[The role of the sweat glands in excreting antimony from the body in people living in the biogeochemical provinces of the Fergana Valley] |language=Russian |journal=Gigiena truda i professional'nye zabolevaniia |volume= |issue=5 |pages=13–5 |year=1992 |pmid=1427342 |doi=}}</ref><ref name="pmid1882227">{{cite journal |author=Omokhodion FO, Crockford GW |title=Lead in sweat and its relationship to salivary and urinary levels in normal healthy subjects |journal=Sci. Total Environ. |volume=103 |issue=2-3 |pages=113–22 |year=1991 |pmid=1882227| doi = 10.1016/0048-9697(91)90137-4}}</ref><ref name="pmid4711652">{{cite journal |author=Lovejoy HB, Bell ZG, Vizena TR |title=Mercury exposure evaluations and their correlation with urine mercury excretions. 4. Elimination of mercury by sweating |journal=Journal of occupational medicine. : official publication of the Industrial Medical Association |volume=15 |issue=7 |pages=590–1 |year=1973 |pmid=4711652 |doi=}}</ref><ref name="pmid3238426">{{cite journal |author=Lilley SG, Florence TM, Stauber JL |title=The use of sweat to monitor lead absorption through the skin |journal=Sci. Total Environ. |volume=76 |issue=2-3 |pages=267–78 |year=1988 |pmid=3238426| doi = 10.1016/0048-9697(88)90112-X}}</ref><ref name="pmid13027599">{{cite journal |author=BUCCELLATO G |title=[Elimination of arsenic in sweat 24 hours successively after injection of arsenobenzol and quantitative elimination following administration of BAL.] |language=Undetermined |journal=Rassegna di dermatologia e di sifilografia |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=165–72 |year=1952 |pmid=13027599 |doi=}}</ref><ref name="pmid6825307">{{cite journal |author=Paulev PE, Jordal R, Pedersen NS |title=Dermal excretion of iron in intensely training athletes |journal=Clin. Chim. Acta |volume=127 |issue=1 |pages=19–27 |year=1983 |pmid=6825307| doi = 10.1016/0009-8981(83)90071-2}}</ref> ===Safe use=== Saunas can be dangerous. Heat prostration or the even more serious [[hyperthermia]] (heat stroke) can result. Prolonged stay in a sauna may lead to loss of electrolyte from the body, the same as after rigorous exercise. Risks of dehydration leading to heat stroke in more sensitive individual can occur and may be reduced by regular sipping of water or isotonic drinks, but not alcohol, during the sauna. Many of the sauna therapeutic trials referenced above used a regular schedule of at least 5 days a week and often daily for one, to three months. In some countries the local gymnasium is usually the closest and most convenient and some pool, major sport, or even resort complexes also contain a sauna. Therapeutic Sauna was carried out after gentle exercise within the capability of the person without exacerbating symptoms say at the gym where both can be included into a daily program. When in the sauna a towel can be sat upon for hygiene or a towel put over the head if the face feels too hot but the body feels comfortable. Most adjustment of temperature in a sauna usually comes from, - amount of water thrown on the heater, makes it hotter. - how long you stay in the sauna - where you sit or lie in the sauna It is cooler to sit in the lower benches - not too close to the heater elements, and not right up the top either, as the heat rises and will be hotter there. Provided the sauna is not crowded, lying on a bench, will give more even temperature over the body. The duration and the heat can be gradually increased over time to adapt to sauna. Perspiration is a sign of your autonomic responses trying to cool you. If at any time it feels unbearably hot, feel faint or ill, go straight outside and sit in the cool, have a cool drink of water, when able have a mild shower to cool down. Next time make the sauna shorter, sit in a cooler place, use less water on the radiator, if a wet sauna, but avoid hyperthermia. Some saunas have a thermostat to adjust temperature but the management and other users should be consulted, ask first. Temperature on different parts of the body can be adjusted by shielding from the steam radiator with a towel. Few people can sit directly in front of the heater without feeling too hot from radiant heat, but their overall body temperature is insufficient. As the person’s body is often the coolest object in a sauna room, steam will condense into water on the skin; this can be confused with perspiration. In an infrared dry sauna, the heaters produce infrared rays that penetrate the skin layers and heat more deeply, for safety reasons water should not placed on these types of heaters. Again if uncomfortable; sit away from the heaters until adapted more. Remember the cool down part of the cycle is as important as the heating. A good practice is to take a few moments after exiting a sauna before entering a cold plunge, and to enter a cold plunge by stepping into it gradually, rather than immediately immersing fully. Until used to having a full cold shower, start with a warm one then gradually make it colder so that the shock is not so great. If you step out of the shower and feel cold or shiver it is enough, the shiver is a sign of the autonomic responses, trying to warm you. This is a signal that you are ready for the sauna again. If however you feel ill later or during that day, then the next day try a less hot sauna and warmer longer cool down. In summer any after effects like headache or nausea will likely come from insufficient cool down after the sauna, or from dehydration, failure to drink enough fluids. Sleep disturbances can also occur if not cooled down properly, even though not feeling hot, the heat is in the core of the body and may disrupt sleep as the body tries to cool at night. In summer a cycle can be started with a cold shower. A session is about 10 minutes a time in the sauna, followed by full short cold showers, to 5 minutes depending on the time of year, repeated 3 times each daily session. Remember also that therapeutic sauna is best in conjunction with prior exercising. <ref name="pmid17706676">{{cite journal |author=Buguet A |title=Sleep under extreme environments: Effects of heat and cold exposure, altitude, hyperbaric pressure and microgravity in space |journal= Journal of the Neurological Sciences|volume= 262|issue= | pages = 145|year=2007 |pmid=17706676 |doi=10.1016/j.jns.2007.06.040}}</ref> <ref name="pmid16916892">{{cite journal |author=Mündel T, Hooper PL, Bunn SJ, Jones DA |title=The effects of face cooling on the prolactin response and subjective comfort during moderate passive heating in humans |journal=Exp. Physiol. |volume=91 |issue=6 |pages=1007–14 |year=2006 |pmid=16916892 |doi=10.1113/expphysiol.2006.034629}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist|2}} == See also == <div style="-moz-column-count:3; column-count:3;"> * [[Balneotherapy]] * [[Bathtub]] * [[Body treatment]] * [[Clothes free movement]] * [[Hot spring]] * [[Hot tub]] * [[Hydrotherapy]] * [[Mud bath]] * [[Onsen]] * [[Public bathing]] * [[Sauna belt]] * [[Soapland]] * [[Spa]] ** [[Day spa]] ** [[Destination spa]] ** [[Spa town]] * [[Steam shower]] * [[Sudatorium]] * [[Sweat therapy]] * [[Taiwanese hot springs]] * [[Thermal bath]] * [[Turkish bath]] * [[World Sauna Championships]] </div> {{nudity}} ==External links== {{commonscat|Sauna}} * [http://www.sauna.fi/sweatbaths.html The Finnish Sauna Society] [[Category:Bathing]] [[Category:Finnish culture]] [[Category:English words and phrases of foreign origin]] [[Category:Nudity]] [[Category:Rooms]] {{Link FA|eo}} {{Link FA|hu}} {{Link FA|he}} [[cv:Мунча]] [[cs:Sauna]] [[da:Sauna]] [[de:Sauna]] [[et:Saun]] [[el:Σάουνα]] [[es:Sauna]] [[eo:Saŭno]] [[fr:Sauna]] [[ga:Sabhna]] [[ko:사우나]] [[it:Sauna]] [[he:סאונה]] [[ka:საუნა]] [[lt:Sauna]] [[hu:Szauna]] [[nl:Sauna]] [[ja:サウナ風呂]] [[no:Badstue]] [[pl:Sauna]] [[pt:Sauna]] [[ru:Сауна]] [[simple:Sauna]] [[fi:Suomalainen sauna]] [[sv:Bastu]] [[tr:Sauna]] [[yi:שוויצבאד]] [[zh:桑拿]]