Savannah Sparrow 413732 217110275 2008-06-04T17:26:38Z タチコマ robot 421426 robot Adding: [[pl:Bagiennik żółtobrewy]] {{Taxobox | name = Savannah Sparrow | image = Passerculus sandwichensis.JPG | image_width = 200px | image_caption = Summer bird, Alaska.<br/>Probably ''P. s. anthinus'' | status = LC | status_system = iucn3.1 | regnum = [[Animal]]ia | phylum = [[Chordata]] | classis = [[Aves]] | ordo = [[Passeriformes]] | subordo = [[Passeri]] | infraordo = [[Passerida]] | superfamilia = [[Passeroidea]] | familia = [[Emberizidae]] | genus = '''''Passerculus''''' | genus_authority = [[Charles Lucien Bonaparte|Bonaparte]], [[1838]] | species = '''''P. sandwichensis''''' | binomial = ''Passerculus sandwichensis'' | binomial_authority = ([[Johann Friedrich Gmelin|Gmelin]], 1789) | subdivision_ranks = [[Subspecies]] | subdivision = Some 10-20, see article text }} The '''Savannah Sparrow''' ('''''Passerculus sandwichensis''''') is a small [[American sparrow]]. It is the only widely accepted member of the [[genus]] '''''Passerculus'''''. Recent comparison of [[mtDNA]] [[NADH dehydrogenase]] [[subunit]] 2 and 3 [[DNA sequence|sequence]]s indicates that the '''Ipswich Sparrow''', formerly usually considered a good species (as '''''Passerculus princeps'''''), is a well-marked [[subspecies]] of the Savannah Sparrow, whereas the southwestern subspecies should be recognized as distinct species [[Large-billed Sparrow]] (''Passerculus rostratus'').<ref name = zinketal2005>Zink ''et al.'' (2005)</ref> It is named after [[Savannah, Georgia]] where one of the first specimens of this bird was collected. This [[passerine]] [[bird]] breeds in [[Alaska]], [[Canada]], northern, central and [[Pacific Ocean|Pacific]] coastal [[USA]], [[Mexico]] and [[Guatemala]]. The Pacific and Mexican breeders are resident, but other populations are [[bird migration|migratory]], wintering from the southern United States to northern [[South America]]. It is a very rare vagrant to western [[Europe]]. ==Description== This species has a typically sparrow-like dark-streaked brown back, and whitish underparts with brown or blackish breast and flank streaking. It has a yellowish or whitish crown and eyebrow stripes. The cheeks are brown and the throat white. The Savannah Sparrow is a very variable species, with numerous [[subspecies]], several of which have been split as separate species at various times. The different forms vary principally in the darkness of the plumage, with Alaskan and interior races the palest, and southwestern coastal forms the darkest; by and large ths agrees with the new species limits. The Savannah Sparrows proper (see [[#Savannah Sparrows proper|below]]) are very similar and migrant birds can not usually be related to a breeding population with certainty. The resident or partially migratory subspecies are well distinguishable by size and, particularly between groups, coloration. The song is mixture of ''chirps'' and trills. The flight call is a thin ''seep''. ==Behavior== These birds forage on the ground or in low bushes. They mainly eat seeds, but insects are also eaten in the breeding season. They form flocks in the winter to migrate. ==Systematics== Seventeen subspecies (including the Large-billed Sparrows) are currently recognized. Four additional subspecies are not generally accepted. The subspecies are usually divided into several groups: ==='''Savannah Sparrows proper'''=== All are migratory. * ''P. s. labradorius'', breeds in [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]], [[Labrador]], and N [[Quebec]] * ''P. s. oblitus'', breeds in N [[Ontario]] and [[Manitoba]] * ''P. s. savanna'' ('''Eastern Savannah Sparrow'''), breeds in the NE USA and adjacent Canada (includes ''P. s. mediogriseus'') * ''P. s. sandwichensis'' ('''Aleutian Savannah Sparrow'''), breeds on the [[Aleutian Islands]] and W [[Alaskan Peninsula]] * ''P. s. anthinus'', breeds in the remainder of Alaska, south and east to central [[British Columbia]] and north of the [[Great Plains]] to Manitoba * ''P. s. brooksi'' ('''Dwarf Savannah Sparrow'''), breeds in southernmost British Columbia to northernmost [[California]] * ''P. s. alaudinus'', breeds in coastal northern and central California * ''P. s. nevadensis'', breeds in the N Great Plains and the [[Great Basin]] * ''P. s. brunnescens'', breeds from central Mexico south to Guatemala (includes ''P. s. rufofuscus'') ''P. s. wetmorei'' is a doubtful subspecies which may breed in the mountains of Guatemala. It is known from only 5 specimens, collected June 11-17, 1897, in [[Huehuetenango Department]].{{Fact|date=February 2007}} ===Ipswich Sparrow=== Formerly considered a distinct species<ref name = zinketal2005/>, some post-breeding dispersal. * ''P. s. princeps'', breeds almost exclusively on [[Sable Island]] :The Ipswich Sparrow is somewhat larger and paler in colour than other eastern Savannah Sparrows. The breast streaks are narrower and pale brown. Some birds overwinter on the island; others migrate south along the Atlantic coast, usually departing later and returning sooner than mainland birds. Some birds interbreed with ''P. s. savanna'' in [[Nova Scotia]]. These birds frequently raise three broods in a year. This bird was first observed in winter on the dunes near the town of [[Ipswich, Massachusetts]]. ===[[Large-billed Sparrow]]s=== The '''Large-billed Sparrows proper''' are 2-3 dark, large and strong-billed subspecies: * ''Passerculus rostratus rostratus'' (or ''P. s. rostratus''), which breed on the Gulf Coast of NE [[Baja California]] and NW [[Sonora]] (some post-breeding dispersal). * ''P. r. atratus'' (or ''P. s. atratus''), resident on the coast of central [[Sonora]] to central [[Sinaloa]] (resident) [[Image:Passerculus sandwichensis.jpg|thumb|right|Winter bird, [[Bolsa Chica Ecological Reserve]], [[California]]. Probably ''P. r./s. beldingi'']] The '''Belding's (Savannah/Large-billed) Sparrows''' are all-year residents of [[salt marsh]]es of the [[California]]n Pacific coast. They are dark, rufous, and have rather long but not very hefty bills. * ''P. r. beldingi'' (or ''P. s. beldingi''), resident on the Pacific Coast from [[Morro Bay]], California, to [[El Rosario]], Baja California (includes ''P. r./s. bryanti'') * ''P. r. anulus'' (or ''P. s. anulus''), resident around [[Sebastián Vizcaíno Bay]], Baja California * ''P. r. guttatus'' (or ''P. s. guttatus''), resident around [[San Ignacio Lagoon]] * ''P. r. magdalenae'' (or ''P. s. magdalenae''), resident around [[Magdalena Bay]] The '''San Benito (Savannah/Large-billed) Sparrow''' is a resident bird of the [[Islas San Benito]] off Baja California; a stray bird was observed on [[Cedros Island]] on April 21, 1906<ref>Thayer & Bangs (1907)</ref> * ''P. r. sanctorum'' (or ''P. s. sanctorum'') :This is a large-bodied and large-billed subspecies, similar to ''rostratus''. They utilize different habitat and their breeding season does not seem to coincide with that of Belding's Sparrows<ref>For late April 1906, Thayer & Bangs (1907) report nestlings, young birds molting into adult plumage, but no eggs anymore. Rising ''in'' Zink ''et al.'' (2005) found no breeding activity in late April 1999. Consequently, breeding seems to take place in the winter months, with the last young fledging in April/May.</ref>. However, their bill size is due to [[convergent evolution]] and their habitat choice simply to the lack of alternatives on their barren island home; altogether, it appears to be a fairly recent offshoot from the Belding's Sparrows group. It appears as distinct [[evolution]]arily from these as does the Ipswich Sparrow from the Savannah Sparrow proper group, only that there seems to have been more [[gene flow]] and/or a larger [[founder population]] in the case of the latter.<ref name = zinketal2005 /> ==Footnotes== <references/> ==References== * {{IUCN2006|assessors={{aut|BirdLife International}}|year=2004|id=53557|title=Passerculus sandwichensis|downloaded=12 May 2006}} Database entry includes justification for why this species is of least concern * {{aut|Byers, Clive; Olsson, Urban & Curson, Jon}} (1995): ''Sparrows and Buntings: A Guide to the Sparrows and Buntings of North America and the World''. Houghton Mifflin, Boston. <small>ISBN 0-395-73873-3</small> * {{aut|Thayer, John E. & Bangs, Outram}} (1907): Birds Collected by W. W. Brown, Jr., on Cerros [''sic''], San Benito and Natividad Islands in the Spring of 1906, with Notes on the Biota of the Islands. ''[[Condor (journal)|Condor]]'' '''9'''(3): 77-81. <small>{{doi|10.2307/1361136}}</small> [http://elibrary.unm.edu/sora/Condor/files/issues/v009n03/p0077-p0081.pdf PDF fulltext] * {{aut|Zink, Robert M.; Rising, James D.; Mockford, Steve; Horn, Andrew G.; Wright, Jonathan M.; Leonard, Marty & Westberg, M.C.}} (2005): Mitochondrial DNA variation, species limits, and rapid evolution of plumage coloration and size in the Savannah Sparrow. ''[[Condor (journal)|Condor]]'' '''107'''(1): 21–28. <small>{{DOI|10.1650/7550}}</small> (HTML abstract) ==External links== *[http://www.speciesatrisk.gc.ca/search/speciesDetails_e.cfm?SpeciesID=49 Species at risk - Ipswich Sparrow] *[http://www.birds.cornell.edu/AllAboutBirds/BirdGuide/Savannah_Sparrow.html Savannah Sparrow Species Account] - Cornell Lab of Ornithology *[http://www.sdakotabirds.com/species/savannah_sparrow_info.htm Savannah Sparrow Information and Photos] - South Dakota Birds and Birding *[http://www.mbr-pwrc.usgs.gov/id/framlst/i5420id.html Savannah Sparrow ''Passerculus sandwichensis''] - USGS Patuxent Bird Identification InfoCenter <!-- ==Further reading== <div class="reflist4" style="height: 220px; overflow: auto; padding: 3px" > ===Book=== * Rising JD. (1980). ''Inter Populational Size Variation in Savanna Sparrows Passerculus-Sandwichensis''. THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA. SECOND INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF SYSTEMATIC AND EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY, VANCOUVER, B.C., CANADA, JULY 17-24, 1980. I+441P. UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA: VANCOUVER, B.C., CANADA. PAPER. 1980. P429. * Wheelwright, N. T. and J. D. Rising. 1993. ''Savannah Sparrow (Passerculus sandwichensis)''. In ''The Birds of North America'', No. 45 (A. Poole and F. Gill, Eds.). Philadelphia: The Academy of Natural Sciences; Washington, D.C.: The American Ornithologists’ Union. ===Thesis=== * Bingman VP. Ph.D. (1981). ''ONTOGENY OF A MULTIPLE STIMULUS ORIENTATION SYSTEM IN THE SAVANNAH SPARROW (PASSERCULUS SANDWICHENSIS)''. State University of New York at Albany, United States -- New York. * Bradley RA. M.A. (1974). ''GEOGRAPHIC VARIATION IN THE SONG OF BELDING'S SAVANNAH SPARROW (PASSERCULUS SANDWICHENSIS BELDINGI)''. California State University, Long Beach, United States -- California. * Chew GL. M.A. (1979). ''Species, geographic and individual trends of variation in the song of the Savannah sparrow, Passerculus sandwichensis''. Dalhousie University (Canada), Canada. * Dixon CL. Ph.D. (1972). ''A POPULATION STUDY OF SAVANNAH SPARROWS ON KENT ISLAND IN THE BAY OF FUNDY''. University of Michigan, United States -- Michigan. * Freeman-Gallant CR. Ph.D. (1997). ''Ecology and evolution of male parental care in Savannah Sparrows''. Cornell University, United States -- New York. * LaPointe G. M.Sc. (1983). ''Bilan spatio-temporel de l'activite du pinson des pres (Passerculus sandwichensis) pendant le cycle reproducteur''. Universite Laval (Canada), Canada. * Pitocchelli J. M.Sc. (1981). ''Song dialects, and vocal development of Savannah Sparrows (Passerculus sandwichensis labradorius, Howe) breeding in Newfoundland and the St. Pierre et Miquelon Islands''. Memorial University of Newfoundland (Canada), Canada. * Reid ML. M.Sc. (1986). ''SINGING VIGOUR AND MATE CHOICE IN IPSWICH SPARROWS (PASSERCULUS SANDWICHENSIS PRINCEPS)''. Carleton University (Canada), Canada. * Rogers CM. M.S. (1982). ''THE EFFECT OF AGGRESSION ON BREEDING TERRITORY SIZE IN THE SAVANNAH SPARROW PASSERCULUS SANDWICHENSIS''. Michigan State University, United States -- Michigan. * Rogers EI. Ph.D. (1990). ''The influence of habitat quality and gender on the variable mating system of a territorial passerine, the savannah sparrow''. Michigan State University, United States -- Michigan. * Sung H-C. Ph.D. (2005). ''Song variation and male reproductive success in the Savannah sparrow songs, Passerculus sandwichensis''. The University of Western Ontario (Canada), Canada. * Temple M. M.Sc. (2001). ''Microsatellite analysis of extra-pair fertilizations in the Ipswich sparrow (Passerculus sandwichensis princeps)''. Dalhousie University (Canada), Canada. * Wagner SJ. Ph.D. (2004). ''Variation in levels of monoamines and their metabolites in the brains of Savannah sparrows (Passerculus sandwichensis)''. Clemson University, United States -- South Carolina. * Weatherhead PJ. Ph.D. (1978). ''THE ECOLOGY AND BEHAVIOR OF REPRODUCTION IN A TUNDRA POPULATION OF SAVANNAH SPARROWS''. Queen's University at Kingston (Canada), Canada. * Weatherhead PJ. Ph.D. (1978). ''The ecology and behavior of reproduction in a tundra population of Savannah sparrows''. Queen's University at Kingston (Canada), Canada. ===Articles=== * Able KP & Able MA. (1990). ''Ontogeny of Migratory Orientation in the Savannah Sparrow Passerculus-Sandwichensis Calibration of the Magnetic Compass''. Animal Behaviour. vol '''39''', no 5. p. 905-913. * Able KP & Able MA. (1990). ''Ontogeny of Migratory Orientation in the Savannah Sparrow Passerculus-Sandwichensis Mechanism at Sunset''. Animal Behaviour. vol '''39''', no 6. p. 1189-1198. * Able KP & Able MA. (1993). ''Magnetic orientation in the Savannah sparrow''. Ethology. vol '''93''', no 4. p. 337-343. * Able KP & Able MA. (1996). ''The flexible migratory orientation system of the Savannah sparrow (Passerculus sandwichensis)''. Journal of Experimental Biology. vol '''199''', no 1. p. 3-8. * Alsop FJ, III. (1977). ''Savannah Sparrow Passerculus-Sandwichensis Extends Its Breeding Range into Upper Eastern Tennessee''. American Birds. vol '''31''', no 6. p. 1101-1102. * Baptista LF. (1984). ''El-Nino and a Brumal Breeding Record of an Insular Savannah Sparrow Passerculus-Sandwichensis-Sanctorum''. Wilson Bulletin. vol '''96''', no 2. p. 302-303. * Bedard J & Lapointe G. (1984). ''Banding Returns Arrival Times and Site Fidelity in the Savannah Sparrow Passerculus-Sandwichensis''. Wilson Bulletin. vol '''96''', no 2. p. 196-205. * Bedard J & Lapointe G. (1984). ''The Savannah Sparrow Passerculus-Sandwichensis Territorial System Can Habitat Features Be Related to Breeding Success''. Canadian Journal of Zoology. vol '''62''', no 9. p. 1819-1828. * Bedard J & Lapointe G. (1985). ''Influence of Parental Age and Season on Savannah Sparrow Passerculus-Sandwichensis Reproductive Success''. Condor. vol '''87''', no 1. p. 106-110. * Bedard J & McNeil JN. (1979). ''Protocalliphora-Hirudo New-Record Diptera Calliphoridae Infesting Savannah Sparrow Passerculus-Sandwichensis Aves Fringillidae in Eastern Quebec Canada''. Canadian Entomologist. vol '''111''', no 1. p. 111-112. * Bedard J & Meunier M. (1983). ''Parental Care in the Savannah Sparrow Passerculus-Sandwichensis''. Canadian Journal of Zoology. vol '''61''', no 12. p. 2836-2843. * Bingman VP. (1983). ''Importance of Earth Magnetism for the Sunset Orientation of Migratory Naive Savannah Sparrows Passerculus-Sandwichensis''. Monitore Zoologico Italiano. vol '''17''', no 4. p. 395-400. * Bingman VP. (1983). ''Magnetic Field Orientation of Migratory Savannah Sparrows Passerculus-Sandwichensis-Savannah with Different 1st Summer Experience''. Behaviour. vol '''87''', no 1-2. p. 43-53. * Bradley RA. (1977). ''Geographic Variation in the Song of Beldings Savannah Sparrow Passerculus-Sandwichensis-Beldingi''. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum Biological Sciences. vol '''22''', no 2. p. 57-100. * Bradley RA. (1994). ''Cultural change and geographic variation in the songs of the Belding's Savannah sparrow (Passerculus sandwichensis beldingi)''. Bulletin Southern California Academy of Sciences. vol '''93''', no 3. p. 91-109. * Brower AE. (1973). ''An Aberrantly Colored Savannah Sparrow from Maine''. Auk. vol '''90''', no 1. p. 206-207. * Broyd SJ. (1985). ''SAVANNAH SPARROW - NEW TO THE WESTERN PALEARCTIC''. British Birds. vol '''78''', no 12. p. 647-656. * Burnell K. (1998). ''Cultural variation in savannah sparrow, Passerculus sandwichensis, songs: an analysis using the meme concept''. Animal Behaviour. vol '''56''', p. 995-1003. * Chew L. (1981). ''GEOGRAPHIC AND INDIVIDUAL VARIATION IN THE MORPHOLOGY AND SEQUENTIAL ORGANIZATION OF THE SONG OF THE SAVANNAH SPARROW (PASSERCULUS-SANDWICHENSIS)''. Canadian Journal of Zoology-Revue Canadienne De Zoologie. vol '''59''', no 4. p. 702-713. * Chew L. (1983). ''FINITE STATE GRAMMARS FOR DIALECTS OF THE ADVERTISING SONG OF THE SAVANNAH SPARROW (PASSERCULUS-SANDWICHENSIS)''. Behavioural Processes. vol '''8''', no 1. p. 91-96. * Cooper BA & Murphy EC. (1985). ''Savannah Sparrow Passerculus-Sandwichensis Sings a White-Crowned Sparrow Zonotrichia-Leucophrys Song''. Animal Behaviour. vol '''33''', no 1. p. 330-331. * Cooper BA & Murphy EC. (1985). ''SAVANNAH SPARROW SINGS A WHITE-CROWNED SPARROW SONG''. Animal Behaviour. vol '''33''', no FEB. p. 330-331. * Davis SD, Williams JB, Adams WJ & Brown SL. (1984). ''The Effect of Egg Temperature on Attentiveness in the Beldings Savannah Sparrow Passerculus-Sandwichensis-Beldingi''. Auk. vol '''101''', no 3. p. 556-566. * Dixon CL. (1978). ''Breeding Biology of the Savannah Sparrow on Kent Island''. Auk. vol '''95''', no 2. p. 235-246. * Ellis PM & Riddiford NJ. (1992). ''Savannah sparrow in Shetland: Second record for the western Palearctic''. British Birds. vol '''85''', no 10. p. 561-564. * Freeman-Gallant CR. (1996). ''Microgeographic patterns of genetic and morphological variation in Savannah sparrows (Passerculus sandwichensis)''. Evolution. vol '''50''', no 4. p. 1631-1637. * Freeman-Gallant CR. (1997). ''Extra-pair paternity in monogamous and polygynous Savannah sparrows, Passerculus sandwichensis''. Animal Behaviour. vol '''53''', no 2. p. 397-404. * Freeman-Gallant CR, O'Connor KD & Breuer ME. (2001). ''Sexual selection and the geography of Plasmodium infection in Savannah sparrows (Passerculus sandwichensis)''. [[Oecologia]]. vol '''127''', no 4. p. 517-521. * Freeman-Gallant CR, Wheelwright NT, Meiklejohn KE & Sollecito SV. (2006). ''Genetic similarity, extrapair paternity, and offspring quality in Savannah sparrows (Passerculus sandwichensis)''. Behavioral Ecology. vol '''17''', no 6. p. 952-958. * Freeman-Gallant CR, Wheelwright NT, Meiklejohn KE, States SL & Sollecito SV. (2005). ''Little effect of extrapair paternity on the opportunity for sexual selection in savannah sparrows (Passerculus sandwichensis)''. Evolution. vol '''59''', no 2. p. 422-430. * Gobeil RE. (1968). ''The Double Scratch in the Genus Passerculus Behavior Passerculus-Sandwichensis''. Wilson Bulletin. vol '''80''', no 3. p. 334-335. * Goldstein DL, Williams JB & Braun EJ. (1990). ''OSMOREGULATION IN THE FIELD BY SALT-MARSH SAVANNAH SPARROWS PASSERCULUS-SANDWICHENSIS-BELDINGI''. Physiological Zoology. vol '''63''', no 4. p. 669-682. * Gustafson DK. (1971). ''Savannah Sparrow Wintering in Waukesha''. Passenger Pigeon. vol '''33''', no 4. * Johnson OW & Ohmart RD. (1973). ''Some Features of Water Economy and Kidney Micro Structure in the Large-Billed Savanna Sparrow Passerculus-Sandwichensis-Rostratus''. Physiological Zoology. vol '''46''', no 4. p. 276-284. * Jones AL, Shriver WG, Bulgin NL, Lockwood R & Vickery PD. (2003). ''A probable grasshopper X savannah sparrow hybrid singing a song sparrow song''. Wilson Bulletin. vol '''115''', no 3. p. 231-236. * Jorgensen PD & Ferguson HL. (1982). ''Clapper Rail Rallus-Longirostris-Levipes Preys on Savannah Sparrow Passerculus-Sandwichensis-Beldingi''. Wilson Bulletin. vol '''94''', no 2. * La Pointe G & Bedard J. (1984). ''Seasonal and Individual Variability of Behavior Rates in Male Savannah Sparrows Passerculus-Sandwichensis''. Biology of Behaviour. vol '''9''', no 4. p. 343-356. * Lapointe G & Bedard J. (1986). ''Savannah Sparrow Passerculus-Sandwichensis Reproductive Success''. Canadian Field Naturalist. vol '''100''', no 2. p. 264-267. * Liu L, Brookey J, Dimse S, Williams JB & Tallman G. (1981). ''Genetic Variation in Serum Enzymes of Beldings Savannah Sparrows Passerculus-Sandwichensis-Beldingi''. Journal of Heredity. vol '''72''', no 6. p. 438-440. * McLaren IA. (1968). ''Censuses of the Ipswich Sparrow on Sable Island Nova-Scotia Canada Passerculus-Princeps Passerculus-Sandwichensis''. Canadian Field Naturalist. vol '''82''', no 2. p. 148-150. * Meunier M & Bedard J. (1984). ''Nestling Foods of the Savannah Sparrow Passerculus-Sandwichensis''. Canadian Journal of Zoology. vol '''62''', no 1. p. 23-27. * Moore FR. (1980). ''SOLAR CUES IN THE MIGRATORY ORIENTATION OF THE SAVANNAH SPARROW, PASSERCULUS-SANDWICHENSIS''. Animal Behaviour. vol '''28''', no AUG. p. 684-704. * Moore FR. (1982). ''REVERSE TURNING AND ANGLE COMPENSATION IN A MIGRATORY PASSERINE, PASSERCULUS-SANDWICHENSIS''. Behavioural Processes. vol '''7''', no 3. p. 259-266. * Moore FR. (1984). ''AGE-DEPENDENT VARIABILITY IN THE MIGRATORY ORIENTATION OF THE SAVANNAH SPARROW (PASSERCULUS-SANDWICHENSIS)''. Auk. vol '''101''', no 4. p. 875-880. * Moore FR. (1985). ''INDIVIDUAL VARIABILITY IN THE MIGRATORY ORIENTATION OF THE SAVANNAH SPARROW, PASSERCULUS-SANDWICHENSIS''. Zeitschrift Fur Tierpsychologie-Journal of Comparative Ethology. vol '''67''', no 1-4. p. 144-153. * Moore FR. (1985). ''INTEGRATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL STIMULI IN THE MIGRATORY ORIENTATION OF THE SAVANNAH SPARROW (PASSERCULUS-SANDWICHENSIS)''. Animal Behaviour. vol '''33''', no MAY. p. 657-663. * Moore FR. (1987). ''MOONLIGHT AND THE MIGRATORY ORIENTATION OF SAVANNAH SPARROWS (PASSERCULUS-SANDWICHENSIS)''. Ethology. vol '''75''', no 2. p. 155-162. * Muheim R & Akesson S. (2002). ''Clock-shift experiments with Savannah sparrows, Passerculus sandwichensis, at high northern latitudes''. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. vol '''51''', no 4. p. 394-401. * Nagata H & Ishimoto A. (2000). ''First detailed description of captured Savannah Sparrow Passerculus sandwichensis in Ibaraki Prefecture''. Japanese Journal of Ornithology. vol '''49''', no 1. p. 55-58. * Nero RW. (1996). ''A one-winged Savannah sparrow''. Blue Jay. vol '''54''', no 3. * Ouellet H. (1991). ''SAVANNAH SPARROW ATTENDS NEST OF LAPLAND LONGSPUR''. Bird Behaviour. vol '''9''', no 1-2. p. 30-33. * Radvanyi A, Kroeger P, Busby DG & Shaw GG. (1986). ''Responses of Quail Coturnix-Coturnix Pheasants Phasianus-Colchicus and Sparrows Passerculus-Sandwichensis to One Oral Dose of Dimethoate and to Consumption of Dimethoate Treated Bran Baits''. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination & Toxicology. vol '''36''', no 4. p. 616-621. * Rising JD. (1979). ''SEXUAL DIMORPHISM OF SAVANNAH SPARROWS (PASSERCULUS-SANDWICHENSIS)''. American Zoologist. vol '''19''', no 3. p. 963-963. * Rising JD. (1987). ''Geographic Variation in Testis Size in Savannah Sparrows Passerculus-Sandwichensis''. Wilson Bulletin. vol '''99''', no 1. p. 63-72. * Rising JD. (1987). ''Geographic Variation of Sexual Dimorphism in Size of Savannah Sparrows Passerculus-Sandwichensis a Test of Hypotheses''. Evolution. vol '''41''', no 3. p. 514-524. * Rising JD. (1988). ''Geographic Variation in Sex Ratios and Body Size Wintering Flocks of Savannah Sparrows Passerculus-Sandwichensis''. Wilson Bulletin. vol '''100''', no 2. p. 183-203. * Rising JD. (1989). ''SEXUAL DIMORPHISM IN PASSERCULUS-SANDWICHENSIS AS IT IS''. Evolution. vol '''43''', no 5. p. 1121-1123. * Rising JD. (2001). ''Geographic variation in size and shape of Savannah Sparrows (Passerculus sandwichensis)''. Studies in Avian Biology. vol '''23''', p. 1-65. * Rogers CM. (1985). ''Growth Rate and Determinants of Fledgling Weight in Michigan-Breeding Savannah Sparrows Passerculus-Sandwichensis''. Condor. vol '''87''', no 2. p. 302-303. * Ross HA. (1980). ''Growth of Nestling Ipswich Sparrows Passerculus-Sandwichensis in Relation to Season Habitat Brood Size and Parental Age''. Auk. vol '''97''', no 4. p. 721-732. * Ross HA. (1980). ''THE REPRODUCTIVE RATES OF YEARLING AND OLDER IPSWICH SPARROWS, PASSERCULUS-SANDWICHENSIS-PRINCEPS''. Canadian Journal of Zoology-Revue Canadienne De Zoologie. vol '''58''', no 9. p. 1557-1563. * Ross HA & McLaren IA. (1981). ''Lack of Differential Survival among Young Ipswich Sparrows Passerculus-Sandwichensis-Princeps''. Auk. vol '''98''', no 3. p. 495-502. * Sung H-C & Handford P. (2006). ''Songs of the Savannah Sparrow: structure and geographic variation''. Canadian Journal of Zoology. vol '''84''', no 11. p. 1637-1646. * Threilfall W & Cannings RJ. (1979). ''Growth of Nestling Savannah Sparrows Passerculus-Sandwichensis''. Bird Banding. vol '''50''', no 2. p. 164-166. * Weatherhead PJ. (1980). ''SEXUAL DIMORPHISM IN 2 SAVANNAH SPARROW POPULATIONS''. Canadian Journal of Zoology-Revue Canadienne De Zoologie. vol '''58''', no 3. p. 412-415. * Weatherhead PJ & Robertson RJ. (1978). ''INTRASPECIFIC NEST PARASITISM IN THE SAVANNAH SPARROW''. Auk. vol '''95''', no 4. p. 744-745. * Weatherhead PJ & Robertson RJ. (1980). ''ALTRUISM IN THE SAVANNAH SPARROW''. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. vol '''6''', no 3. p. 185-186. * Weatherhead PJ & Robertson RJ. (1980). ''Sexual Recognition and Anti Cuckoldry Behavior in Savannah Sparrows Passerculus-Sandwichensis''. Canadian Journal of Zoology. vol '''58''', no 6. p. 991-996. * Welsh DA. (1975). ''SAVANNAH SPARROW BREEDING AND TERRITORIALITY ON A NOVA-SCOTIA DUNE BEACH''. Auk. vol '''92''', no 2. p. 235-251. * Wheelwright NT & Beagley JC. (2005). ''Proficient incubation by inexperienced Savannah Sparrows Passerculus sandwichensis''. Ibis. vol '''147''', no 1. p. 67-76. * Wheelwright NT & Mauck RA. (1998). ''Philopatry, natal dispersal, and inbreeding avoidance in an island population of Savannah Sparrow''. Ecology. vol '''79''', no 3. p. 755-767. * Wheelwright NT & Seabury RE. (2003). ''Fifty : fifty offspring sex ratios in Savannah Sparrows (Passerculus sandwichensis)''. Auk. vol '''120''', no 1. p. 171-179. * Wiens JA. (1971). ''Egg Dumping by the Grasshopper Sparrow in a Savannah Sparrow Nest''. Auk. vol '''88''', no 1. p. 185-186. * Williams JB & Hansell H. (1981). ''Bio Energetics of Captive Beldings Savannah Sparrows Passerculus-Sandwichensis-Beldingi''. Comparative Biochemistry & Physiology A. vol '''69''', no 4. p. 783-788. * Williams JB & Nagy KA. (1984). ''Daily Energy Expenditure of Savannah Sparrows Passerculus-Sandwichensis Comparison of Time Energy Budget and Doubly Labeled Water Estimates''. Auk. vol '''101''', no 2. p. 221-229. * Williams JB & Nagy KA. (1984). ''Validation of the Doubly Labeled Water Technique for Measuring Energy Metabolism in Savannah Sparrows Passerculus-Sandwichensis''. Physiological Zoology. vol '''57''', no 3. p. 325-328. * Williams JB & Nagy KA. (1985). ''Daily Energy Expenditure by Female Savannah Sparrows Passerculus-Sandwichensis Feeding Nestlings''. Auk. vol '''102''', no 1. p. 187-190. * Williams JB & Nagy KA. (1985). ''Water Flux and Energetics of Nestling Savannah Sparrows Passerculus-Sandwichensis in the Field''. Physiological Zoology. vol '''58''', no 5. p. 515-525. * Williams JB & Prints A. (1986). ''Energetics of Growth in Nestling Savannah Sparrows Passerculus-Sandwichensis a Comparison of Doubly Labeled Water and Laboratory Estimates''. Condor. vol '''88''', no 1. p. 74-83. * Zink RM, Dittmann DL, Cardiff SW & Rising JP. (1991). ''Mitochondrial DNA Variation and the Taxonomic Status of the Large-Billed Savannah Sparrow''. Condor. vol '''93''', no 4. p. 1016-1019. </div> --> [[Category:Passerculus]] [[Category:Birds of North America]] [[Category:Birds of Central America]] [[Category:Birds of the Greater Antilles]] [[Category:Birds of the United States]] [[Category:Birds of Bermuda]] [[Category:Birds of Saint Pierre and Miquelon]] [[fr:Bruant des prés]] [[ja:クサチヒメドリ]] [[pl:Bagiennik żółtobrewy]]