Scandium(III) chloride
2682177
211632410
2008-05-11T10:03:14Z
Optigan13
3457187
clean up using [[Project:AutoWikiBrowser|AWB]]
{{Chembox new
| Name = Scandium(III) chloride
| ImageFile = Scandium(III) chloride.jpg
<!-- | ImageSize = 200px -->
| ImageName = Scandium(III) chloride
| OtherNames = scandium chloride<br />scandium trichloride
| Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers
| RTECS = VQ8925000
}}
| Section2 = {{Chembox Properties
| Formula = ScCl<sub>3</sub>
| MolarMass = 151.31 g/mol
| Appearance = grayish-white crystals
| Density = 2.39 g/mL, solid
| Solvent = other solvents
| SolubleOther = soluble in H<sub>2</sub>O<br />insoluble in EtOH
| MeltingPt = 960 °C
| BoilingPt =
}}<!--
| [[Standard enthalpy change of fusion|Std enthalpy change<br />of fusion]], Δ<sub>fus</sub>''H''<sup><s>o</s></sup>
| -925.1 kJ/mol
|-
| [[Crystal Structure]]
| [[Hexagonal (crystal system)|hexagonal]] close-packed
|-
-->
| Section7 = {{Chembox Hazards
| ExternalMSDS = [https://fscimage.fishersci.com/msds/98752.htm External MSDS]
| MainHazards = irritant
}}<!--
| [[NFPA 704]]
| {{NFPA 704 | Health = 1 | Flammability = 0 | Reactivity = 0}}
|-
-->
| Section8 = {{Chembox Related
| OtherCpds = [[scandium(III) fluoride]]<br />[[scandium(III) nitrate]]
}}
}}
'''Scandium(III) chloride''' is an [[ionic compound]] also known as scandium chloride and scandium trichloride. It is composed of one [[scandium]] and three [[chlorine]] atoms. Each chlorine atom takes one of scandium’s three [[valence electrons]], resulting in 3Cl<sup>-</sup> and Sc<sup>3+</sup>. The ensuing formula is ScCl<sub>3</sub>{{ref|Greenwood}}.
==Chemical and physical properties==
Scandium(III) chloride is a white crystalline solid with the formula ScCl<sub>3</sub>. Typical for an ionic solid, it is high-melting, liquefying at 960 °C{{ref|Frederikse}}. Both exhibit hexagonal [[close-packing|close-packed]] (hcp) [[crystal structures]], but it is their [[bond energy]] that accounts for the melting points’ difference.
Scandium(III) chloride is primarily of interest in the research laboratory and numerous suppliers (see below) offer both the [[anhydrous]] form and [[hydrate|hexahydrate]] (ScCl<sub>3</sub>•6H<sub>2</sub>O).
Like other compounds of Sc, the chlorides are dominated by the III oxidation state. Interesting reduced forms of Sc can however be prepared by reducing the trichloride with Sc metal (see below).
==Preparation{{ref|inorg}}==
Scandium(III) chloride is synthesized by the action of [[hydrogen chloride]] on elemental scandium or [[scandium(III) oxide]]. [[Carbon tetrachloride]] can also be used:
::2Sc<sub>(s)</sub> + 6HCl<sub>(l)</sub> → 2ScCl<sub>3(s)</sub> + 3H<sub>2(g)</sub>
==Reactions of scandium(III) chloride==
*Scandium(III) chloride’s was used in the first preparation of metallic scandium in 1937. [[Scandium#History|Fischer]] and collaborators synthesized the metal through an [[electrolysis]] of a [[eutectic]] melt of scandium(III) chloride and other salts at 700-800 °C.{{ref|Metal}}.
*Reaction of ScCl<sub>3</sub> with [[tetrahydrofuran]] yields ScCl<sub>3</sub>(THF)<sub>3</sub> as white crystals. This THF-soluble complex is a key synthetic intermediate.
*ScCl<sub>3</sub> has been converted to its dodecyl sulfate salt, which is used as a "Lewis acid-surfactant combined catalyst" (LASC) in aldol-like reactions.
*ScCl<sub>3</sub> has proven to be reactive toward Sc metal to give rise to a broad family of scandium chlorides where the Sc has an oxidation state<3.
::Sc<sub>(s)</sub> + ScCl<sub>3</sub> (950 °C) → Sc<sub>5</sub>Cl<sub>8</sub>
::Sc<sub>(s)</sub> + ScCl<sub>3</sub> (890 °C) → Sc<sub>7</sub>Cl<sub>12</sub> → Sc(Sc<sub>6</sub>Cl<sub>12</sub>)
<!--would be nice to discuss the structures-->
==Other uses==
Scandium(III) chloride is found in [[metal halide lamp|halide lamps]], [[optical fiber]]s, electronic ceramics, and [[lasers]]{{ref|Metall}}.
==Handling and safety considerations==
Scandium(III) chloride is [[hygroscopic]] it should be stored in a [[desiccator]].
==References==
{{Citationstyle|date=September 2007}}
{{reflist}}
# {{note|Greenwood}}Greenwood, N.N.; Earnshaw, A. (1998). [http://www.knovel.com/knovel2/Toc.jsp?BookID=402&VerticalID=0 Chemistry of the Elements (2nd Edition)].
# {{note|Frederikse}}Frederikse, H.P.R.; Lide, David R. (1998). [http://www.hbcpnetbase.com/ CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (78th Edition)].
# {{note|inorg}}Subbarao, E.C.; Wallace, W.E. (1980) ''Science and Technology of Rare Earth Metals''. (Academic Press) pp. 16
# {{note|Metal}}Metal Suppliers Online. (2000). [http://www.suppliersonline.com/research/Charts/periodic/021Scandium.asp Scandium Chloride].
# {{note|Metall}}Metall Rare Earth Limited. (2006). [http://www.metall.com.cn/sccl.htm Scandium Chloride]
==Journal citations==
*Manzer, L. E., "Tetrahydrofuran Complexes of Selected Early Transition Metals", Inorganic Syntheses, 1982, volume 21, page 135-40.
*Hwu, S. J.; Dudis, D. S. and Corbett, J. D., "Synthesis, structure, and properties of the infinite-chain compounds scandium chloride carbide, Sc<sub>5</sub>Cl<sub>8</sub>C and scandium chloride nitride, Sc<sub>5</sub>Cl<sub>8</sub>N", Inorganic Chemistry, 1987, volume 26, page 469-73
*Corbett, J. D., "Trichlorides of the rare earth elements, yttrium, and scandium", Inorganic Syntheses, 1983, volume 22, page 39-42
*Meyer, G. and Corbett, J. D., "Reduced ternary halides of scandium: RbScX<sub>3</sub> (X = chlorine, bromine) and CsScX<sub>3</sub> (X = chlorine, bromine, iodine)", Inorganic Chemistry, 1981, volume 20, page 2627-31.
*Corbett, J. D.; Daake, R. L.; Poeppelmeier, K. R. and Guthrie, D. H., "Metal-metal bonded clusters in transition metal Groups 3 and 4. Synthesis and structure of three M<sub>6</sub> X<sub>12</sub>-type clusters for scandium and zirconium", Journal of the American Chemical Society, 1978, volume 100, page 652-4.
*Poeppelmeier, K. R. and Corbett, J. D., "Metal-metal bonding in reduced scandium halides. Synthesis and crystal structure of scandium monochloride", Inorganic Chemistry, 1977, volume 16, page 294-7.
==External links==
[[Category:Scandium compounds]]
[[Category:Chlorides]]
[[Category:Metal halides]]