Scania
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219813787
2008-06-17T00:05:39Z
Pia L
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population number reverted, source added (number rounded off, correct number as of 31 Mar 2008 in footnote)
{{two other uses||Swedish commercial vehicle manufacturer|Scania (company)}}
{{redirect|Skåne|the current administrative county|Skåne County}}
{{Infobox Landskap
|fullname = Scania
|name = Scania (Skåne)
|land = [[Götaland]]
|county = [[Skåne County]]
|dialects = [[Scanian (linguistics)|Scanian]]
|area = 10,939
|population_estimate = 1,184,500
|population_estimate_year = 2006
|flower = [[Leucanthemum vulgare|Oxeye daisy]]
|flower_swe = Prästkrage
|flower_lat = [[Leucanthemum vulgare]]
|animal = [[Deer|Red deer]]
|bird = [[Red kite]]
|fish = [[Eel]]
|coatofarms = [[Image:Skåne vapen.svg|Coat of Arms|80px]]|map=[[Image:FC-Skåne, Sweden.png|Map]]
}}
[[Image:Flag of Skåne.svg|right|thumb|175px|The [[Flag of Skåne]]. Introduced 1902 (could be older); used by [[Skåne Regional Council]] since 1999 <ref>Newsletter of Skåne Regional Council, No. 2, 1999. <!-- Link: http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/se-scani.html --> </ref>]]
'''Scania''' ({{Audio|sv-Skåne.ogg|''Skåne''}} in [[Swedish language|Swedish]])<ref>"Skåne", "Skane" or "Skaane" are sometimes also used in [[English language|English]] texts.</ref> is a geographical region on the southernmost tip of the [[Scandinavian peninsula]], a traditional [[provinces of Sweden|province]] (''landskap'') in the [[Kingdom of Sweden]], before 1658 a province in the [[Kingdom of Denmark]] and part of the historical [[lands of Denmark]]. To the north, it borders the provinces [[Halland]], [[Småland]] and [[Blekinge]], to the east and south the [[Baltic Sea]], and to the west the [[Oresund|Oresund strait]]. It is part of the transnational [[Oresund Region]] and the historical region [[Skåneland]] (Terra Scaniae or "Scania land"). Around 130 km long from north to south, Scania covers less than 3% of Sweden's total area. The population of approximately 1,200,000<ref>Statistics Sweden. [http://www.scb.se/templates/tableOrChart____236124.asp Folkmängd i riket, län och kommuner 31 mars 2008 och befolkningsförändringar kvartal 1 2008]: "Skåne: 1 202 646". SCB, 13 May 2008. Retrieved 16 June 2008.</ref> represents 13% of Sweden's total population.
Scania's historical connection to Denmark, the vast fertile [[plain|plains]], the [[deciduous]] forests and the relatively mild climate make the province culturally and physically distinct from the [[National emblem|emblematic]] Swedish [[cultural landscape]] of forests and small [[Hamlet_%28place%29|hamlets]].<ref>Germundsson, Tomas (2005). "[http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~content=a713685633~db=all~order=page Regional Cultural Heritage versus National Heritage in Scania’s Disputed National Landscape.]" ''International Journal of Heritage Studies'', Vol. 11, No. 1, March 2005, pp. 21–37. (ISSN 1470–3610).</ref>
==Administration==
Like the other [[provinces of Sweden]], the province of Scania serves no administrative or political purposes, but is an exclusively historical and cultural entity.<ref>The Swedish provinces were officially replaced by counties in 1634, before Scania's integration into Sweden, but Scania became one of the historical or traditional provinces of Sweden when the province concept was revived in the late 19th century. For more on the province concept's revival, see: Jacobsson, Benny (2000). [http://people.su.se/~benny/Uppland.htm "Konstruktion av landskap. Exemplet Uppland"]. ''Idéhistoriska perspektiv''. Ed. Ingemar Nilsson, Arachne 16, Göteborg 2000, p. 109-119. Retrieved 20 Oct. 2006. (In Swedish).</ref>
[[Image:Administrative_division_of_denmark_in_medieval_times.jpg|left|thumb|250px|The medieval [[Hundred (administrative division)|hundreds]] of Scania.]]
An earlier administrative and political function of the province was to serve as a core area for one of the three provincial [[thing (assembly)|things]] that together elected the [[king of Denmark]]. The first Danish administrative sub-divisioning of Scania occurred as part of the centralization process, when the province became divided into administrative units called [[Hundred (country subdivision)|hundreds]] (''herreder'' in Danish). The hundreds were possibly based on older, already existing units,<ref>Helle, Knut, ed. (2003). [http://books.google.com/books?id=PFBtfXG6fXAC&pg=PA182&dq=herreder+denmark&sig=qXNJMslBFtVvkhF1FRwDTtA--Sc The Cambridge History of Scandinavia]. Cambridge University Press, 2003. ISBN 0521472997, p. 183.</ref> but the establishment of the new form of hundreds was prompted by an increase in royal power during the [[High Middle Ages]]. These differed from the provincial thing areas in that they were not local communities joined under a governing assembly but [[top-down]] regional divisions established to ensure royal authority. These medieval Danish hundreds were used to implement military obligations and to expedite the collection of renders due to the king in the provinces. They were first established in [[Jutland]], were they replaced previous administrative units called ''syssel''. According to some scholars, they were introduced in Scania possible as early as the 11th century.<ref> Sawyer, Birgit and P. H. Sawyer (1993). ''Scandinavia: From Conversion to Reformation, Circa 800-1500''. U of Minnesota Press. ISBN:0816617392, p. 85.</ref>
In the 13th century, a new [[fiscal]] system was introduced and the hundreds were gradually included into larger administrative units called ''[[len]]'', with a castle serving as the administrative center. This new administrative development was a result of the increased power of the [[aristocracy]]. In each ''len'', a [[noble]] man was put in charge, with the title ''lensmand''.<ref>Bonney, Richard (1995). [http://books.google.com/books?id=JfkroPor9jUC&pg=PA110&lpg=PA110&dq=danish+len&source=web&ots=VGnoSVHjdB&sig=uNg1znZPgN3uAU_giktRELGYulk&hl=en Economic Systems and State Finance]. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0198205457, p.110.</ref>
[[Image:JohanChristopherToll.jpg|thumb|100px|right|[[Johan Christopher Toll]] (1743 – 1817), the last [[Swedish Governors-General#Scania|Governor-General of Scania]].]]
Under Swedish administration, several different administrative divisions have been in effect in the province. For most of the period between 1658 and 1719, Scania was part of a [[Dominions_of_Sweden#Scandinavian_Dominion|dominion]] called ''Skånska Generalguvernementet'' in Swedish. During the era of the dominion, Scania was subdivided into several different versions of early counties, which were subordinated a [[Swedish Governors-General#Scania|General-Governor]] for most of the period. In 1719, the Scanian dominion was suspended and the province was divided into two administrative counties, [[Kristianstad County]] and [[Malmöhus County]], which had the same function and organization as other Swedish counties. With the exception of a short period 1801-1809 when the dominion was reintroduced, this county division was in effect until 1997, at which point a larger administrative unit, [[Skåne County]], was created. The new county covers all of the province, with the addition of a small [[parish]] in [[Båstad Municipality]], Östra Karup (43.57 km² and 2,000 inhabitants), which is part of the adjacent province [[Halland]].
===Modern regional and administrative bodies===
{{see|Skåne County|Region Skåne|Municipalities of Sweden}}
The present [[Skåne County|Skåne County Administrative Board]], is a [[Government Agencies in Sweden|government agency]], and the [[List of Skåne Governors|Skåne Governor's]] seat of residence is the town of [[Malmö]]. Within the county, there are currently 33 [[municipalities of Sweden|municipalities]]<ref>Region Skåne.[http://www.skane.se/templates/Page.aspx?id=56606 Municipalities in Skåne]. Official site. Retrieved 24 August 2007.</ref> (''kommuner'' in Swedish), the largest being [[Malmö Municipality]] (280,000 inhabitants), [[Helsingborg Municipality]] (124,000), [[Lund Municipality]] (103,000 inhabitants) and [[Kristianstad Municipality]] (75,000 inhabitants). Of the total Scanian population, about 16 percent are foreign-born.<ref>[http://www.m.lst.se/m/Om_Lanet/ Skåne i siffror]. ''Den skånska resan mot framtiden''. Länsstyrelsen i Skåne län, 14 February 2008. Retrieved 12 April 2008.</ref> The municipalities have municipal governments, similar to [[city commission government|city commissions]], and are further divided into parishes. The parishes of Scania, once a part of the core area for the ancient [[List_of_religious_leaders_in_1220#Scandinavia|Archdiocese of Lund]], were later units used by the [[Church of Denmark]], and they are today used by the [[Church of Sweden]], but they also serve as a divisioning measure for the Swedish [[population registration in Sweden|population registration]].
In 1999, a region was implemented on a trial basis in Scania, with a regional council, [[Region Skåne]], responsible for the overall political organization and the development of the region. The regional assembly is currently the highest political body in the region and its members are elected by the Scanians themselves<ref name="RS2">Region Skåne. [http://www.skane.se/templates/Page.aspx?id=43835 Democracy-Increased autonomy]. Official site. Retrieved 24 August 2007.</ref>, as opposed to the county administrative council that guards the interest of the state in the region under the chairmanship of the [[List of County Governors of Sweden|county governor]] (''landshövding'' in Swedish).
==Heraldry==
{{see|Swedish heraldry}}
[[Image:Malmö stads vapenbrev, 1437.jpg|thumb|right|Letter from [[Eric of Pomerania]] dated 1437, with a description of the arms granted the [[Malmö|City of Malmö]].]]
The [[coat of arms]] for the province are based on the Danish era arms for the city of [[Malmö]]. The Malmö coat of arms were granted in [[1437]] during the [[Kalmar Union]] by [[Eric of Pomerania]] and contains a [[Pomerania]]n [[griffin]]. The province coat of arms was created and granted for the funeral of [[Charles X Gustav of Sweden]] in [[1660]]. <ref>Clara Nevéus, Bror Jacques de Wærn: ''Ny svensk vapenbok''. Riksarkivet 1992. (In Swedish)</ref>. It is represented with a [[duke|ducal]] [[coronet]], and the formal description ([[blazon]]) is: ''"Or, a Griffin's head erased Gules, crowned Azure and armed Azure, when it should be armed."''
Coat of arms:
{{Begin flag gallery}}
{{Flag entry|Width=125|Image=Malmö emblem.png|Caption=[[Malmö|City of Malmö]] (1437)<br>}}
{{Flag entry|Width=125|Image=Malmö vapen.svg|Caption=[[Malmö Municipality]]<br>(revised 1974)}}
{{Flag entry|Width=125|Image=Skåne vapen.svg|Caption=Scania <br> (1660, revised 1939)}}
{{End flag gallery}}
{{Begin flag gallery}}
{{Flag entry|Width=125|Image=Kristianstad län vapen.svg|Caption=[[Kristianstad County]]<br>(revised 1939)}}
{{Flag entry|Width=125|Image=Malmöhus län vapen.svg|Caption=[[Malmöhus County]]<br>(revised 1939)}}
{{Flag entry|Width=125|Image=Skåne län vapen.svg|Caption=[[Skåne County]]<br>(1997)}}
{{End flag gallery}}
The arms for the new county is based on the coat of arms for [[Kristianstad County]] and [[Malmöhus County]], which in turn were based on the province arms. The Skåne County coat of arms have the red and yellow colors of the province arms reversed and a crown, beak and tongue in yellow instead of blue. When the county arms is shown with a Swedish royal crown, it represents the County Administrative Board, which is the regional presence of (royal) government authority. The griffin's head of the provincial coat of arms is also the region's arms, but with a different [[tincture (heraldry)|tinctures]].<ref>[http://www.skane.se/templates/Page.aspx?id=2862 Vårt vapen]. Region Skåne. (In Swedish). Retrieved 4 April 2008.</ref> The 33 [[Municipalities of Sweden|municipalities]] within the county also have coat of arms.
==Etymology==
The names ''Scania'' and ''[[Scandinavia]]'' are considered to have the same etymology. <ref>Haugen, Einar (1976). ''The Scandinavian Languages: An Introduction to Their History''. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1976.</ref><ref>Helle, Knut (2003). "Introduction". ''The Cambridge History of Scandinavia''. Ed. E. I. Kouri et al. Cambridge University Press, 2003. ISBN 0-521-47299-7. p. XXII. "The name Scandinavia was used by classical authors in the first centuries of the Christian era to identify Skåne and the mainland further north which they believed to be an island."</ref><ref>Olwig, Kenneth R. "Introduction: The Nature of Cultural Heritage, and the Culture of Natural Heritage—Northern Perspectives on a Contested Patrimony". ''International Journal of Heritage Studies'', Vol. 11, No. 1, March 2005, p. 3: The very name 'Scandinavia' is of cultural origin, since it derives from the Scanians or Scandians (the Latinised spelling of Skåninger), a people who long ago lent their name to all of Scandinavia, perhaps because they lived centrally, at the southern tip of the peninsula."</ref><ref>Østergård, Uffe (1997). "The Geopolitics of Nordic Identity – From Composite States to Nation States". ''The Cultural Construction of Norden''. Øystein Sørensen and Bo Stråth (eds.), Oslo: Scandinavian University Press 1997, 25-71.</ref> The name is possibly derived from the Germanic root *Skaðin-awjo, which appears in [[Old Norse]] as Skáney.<ref>Anderson, Carl Edlund (1999). Formation and Resolution of Ideological Contrast in the Early History of Scandinavia. PhD dissertation, Department of Anglo-Saxon, Norse & Celtic (Faculty of English), University of Cambridge, 1999. </ref> According to some scholars, the Germanic stem can be reconstructed as *''Skaðan-'' meaning "danger" or "damage" (English ''scathing'', German ''Schaden'').<ref name="Helle">Helle, Knut (2003). "Introduction". ''The Cambridge History of Scandinavia.'' Ed. E. I. Kouri et al. Cambridge University Press, 2003. ISBN 0-521-47299-7.</ref> [[Skanör-Falsterbo|Skanör]] in Scania, with its long Falsterbo reef, has the same stem (''skan'') combined with -''ör'', which means "sandbanks".
In the [[Alfred the Great|Alfredian]] translation of [[Orosius]] and [[Wulfstan of Hedeby|Wulfstan]]'s travel accounts, the [[Old English]] form ''Sconeg'' appears.<ref name="North">North, Richard (1997). ''Heathen Gods in Old English Literature''. Cambridge University Press: 1997, ISBN 0521551838, p.192.</ref><ref>Svenskt ortnamnslexikon, 2003</ref> Frankish sources mention a place called ''Sconaowe''; [[Æthelweard (historian)|Aethelweard]], an Anglo-Saxon historian, wrote about ''Scani'';<ref>Björkman,Erik (1973). [http://books.google.com/books?id=wKUMAAAAIAAJ&q=Sconaowe&dq=Sconaowe&lr=&pgis=1 Studien über die Eigennamen im Beowulf]. M. Sändig, ISBN 3500284701, p. 99.</ref> and in [[Beowulf]]'s fictional account, the names ''Scedenige'' and ''Scedeland'' appear as names for what appears to be a Danish land.<ref name="North" />
== History ==
[[Image:ScanianLaw B74.jpg|thumb|200px|right| The oldest known manuscript with the [[Scanian Law]], dating to the 13th century.]]
''Main articles: [[History of Scania]] and [[Skåneland]]''
Historically the province of Scania was a part of the Eastern Province of Denmark, referred to as [[Terra Scania]] in medieval texts, as ''Skåneland'' or "Skånelandskapen" in later Swedish texts<ref>Swedish Academy (2006). [http://g3.spraakdata.gu.se/saob/show.phtml?filenr=1/253/64676.html#SKÅNELAND SAOB]. (In Swedish). Retrieved 20 Oct. 2006.</ref> and as ''Skånelandene'' in Danish.<ref>Danish National Archives. [http://www.sa.dk/ra/godehistorier/skaane/lensregnskaberne2.htm Lensregnskaberne 1560-1658]. (In Danish). Retrieved 20 Oct. 2006.</ref>). Together with [[Jutland]] and [[Zealand]], the other two [[Lands of Denmark]], this land formed a Danish state in the 9th century. Common for the provinces of Skåneland were the [[Scanian Law]] and the Scanian [[Thing (assembly)]].
===1658-1680===
Following the [[Treaty of Roskilde]] in 1658, Scania together with all Danish lands east of Oresund became a possession of the Swedish [[The Crown|Crown]]. As a dominion (''generalguvernement'' in Swedish), like other conquered and unintegrated territories within the [[Dominions of Sweden]], this region was ruled by a [[Swedish Governors-General|Governor-General]], the highest representatives of the Swedish monarch. After a [[coup]] in [[Bornholm]], during which the Swedish Commanding Officer [[Johan Printzensköld]] was killed, Bornholm was returned to Denmark following the [[Treaty of Copenhagen]] in 1660.<ref>Terra Scaniae. [http://www.ts.skane.se/o.o.i.s?id=766&fact_id=1081&page=5 Kuppförsök mot svenskarna 1658]. ''Försvenskningens första skede''. (In Swedish). Retrieved 7 January 2006.</ref> Scania, together with Halland and Blekinge remained a dominion, ruled by ta common Governor-General, [[Gustaf Otto Stenbock]].<ref>Terra Scaniae. [http://www.ts.skane.se/o.o.i.s?id=766&fact_id=218&page=1 Herr generalguvernör]. (In Swedish). Retrieved 8 January 2007.</ref>
The Governor-General's seat of residence was in [[Malmö]]. Initially, he had four county governors under his command: one in Halland County, one in Kristianstad County (which included the province Blekinge), one in Helsingborg County and one in Landskrona County. In 1666, the [[University of Lund]] was established as a means of further integration of the newly acquired provinces.
The region's status as a dominion was suspended in 1669 but recreated in 1676 before the start of the [[Scanian War]].<ref name="TS2">Terra Scaniae. [http://www.ts.skane.se/o.o.i.s?id=766&fact_id=3362 Skånes län efter 1658], p. 1-4. (In Swedish). Retrieved 8 January 2007.</ref> During 1676-1679, Scania, with the exception of Malmö, was again under Danish administration, but the peace dictated by France on behalf of Sweden in the [[Treaty of Lund]] (1679) returned Scania to Swedish administration.<ref name="TS2" /> The 1676-1679 war between Denmark and Sweden over Scania was devastating for the people of Scania. It ended in a draw, after much destruction of property and suffering for the civilian population.
===1680-1690===
[[Image:Charles XI, Battle of Lund.jpg|left|thumb|[[Charles XI]] at the [[Battle of Lund]], 1676. Painting by Johan Philip Lemke, 1684]][[Image:CarlXI.jpg|thumb|1690 portrait of Charles XI with a lion - a symbol for military prowess, fidelity, royal dignity and power.]] Section 9 of the Roskilde peace treaty had initially ensured cultural autonomy in Scania and in an additional agreement, signed at the [[Malmö Recess]] in 1662, Sweden guaranteed that the old laws and privileges of Scania would continue to apply in the region. The Malmö Recess agreement further ensured that Scanian noblemen, priests and peasants would be allowed to send representatives to the [[Riksdag of the Estates|Swedish parliament]].<ref>Oresundstid. [http://www.oresundstid.dk/dansk/engelsk/oresundstid/1600/side12-tekst.htm The Swedification of Scania]. ''17th century''. Retrieved 7 January 2007.</ref>
However, in 1680 Sweden’s first era of [[absolute monarchy]] was ushered in as the Swedish king [[Charles XI]] managed to convince the [[Diet (assembly)|Diet]], (the [[Riksdag of the Estates]], an early form of [[Swedish Parliament]]) to declare the king "a Christian ruler with absolute power to rule his kingdom at his discretion".<ref name="Upton">Upton, Anthony F. (1998). ''Charles XI and Swedish Absolutism, 1660-1697''. Cambridge University Press, 1998. ISBN 0521573904.</ref> In 1682, the Diet downgraded the Council of State to a [[King's Council]] and gave the king unlimited powers to legislate without the need for confirmation from the Diet.<ref name="Upton" /> A decision not to honor the agreement of the Malmö Recess soon followed and a tougher Swedification program was implemented in Scania, aiming to create uniformity within the Swedish kingdom.<ref>Terra Scaniae. [http://www.ts.skane.se/o.o.i.s?id=766&fact_id=1071 Hårdare försvenskning]. (In Swedish). Retrieved 7 January 2006.</ref> Scania was allowed to retain its old laws and customs until 1683, at which point the Swedish administration persuaded the Scanian aristocracy to waive the Scanian laws and privileges in favor of the new Swedish law and church ordinance, as a condition for allowing Scanians to have representation in the Swedish parliament.<ref name="TS2" />
An entire staff of Swedish politicians, artists, poets and scholars were engaged in creating an image of the king as an instrument of God and a personification of the apocalyptic "Lion of the North", a form of symbolic imagery first introduced for [[Gustav II Adolf]]. The propaganda was not only aimed at convincing the Swedish population of the king's divinely ordained power, but was also part of a campaign to present Sweden to the world as an imperial power of considerable wealth and military glory.<ref>Stadin, Kekke. "The Masculine Image of a Great Power: Representations of Swedish imperial power c. 1630–1690". ''Scandinavian Journal of History'' Vol. 30, No. 1. March 2005, pp. 61–82. ISSN 0346-8755.</ref> The conquest and domination of Scania was an important theme in the art commissioned by the court to glorify the king. Many works of art from the era show Charles XI as a victorious warrior in Scania and on the central panel of [[Jacques Foucquet]]’s monumental ceiling painting in the Stockholm Royal Palace, Charles XI is depicted with "the goddess of Scania" at his feet.<ref>Olin, Martin (2005). "Kungliga rum – maktmanifestation och distribution". ''Historikermöte 2005'', Konstvetenskapliga institutionen. Published online (in English) by the Department of History, Uppsala University, [http://www.hist.uu.se/historikermote05/program/Monarki/S46-Olinpaper.pdf in pdf-format].</ref>
===After 1690===
[[Image:Scaniaemap.jpg|thumb|right|250px|1710 map of [[Skåneland]] titled "''Nova Tabula Scaniae''" (''New Map of Scania''). The map depicts three provinces: "''Provincias Scaniam, Hallandiam, et Blekingiam''" (Scania, [[Halland]] and [[Blekinge]]).]][[Image:Helsingborg City Hall 2.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Helsingborg]] City Hall, with [[Oresund|Oresund Strait]] and the Danish shoreline in the background]]
Halland and Blekinge were successively removed from the Skåneland dominion and became fully integrated into the Swedish Kingdom, while the counties of Scania were joined into one county. By 1693, only Scania County was left a dominion, with a special, not fully integrated, status. It retained its autonomy with a parliament known as the ''Lantdag''.
Scania's status was changed on May 9, 1719, when it was divided into two counties, [[Malmöhus County]] and [[Kristianstad County]], and became fully integrated, with two county governors and an administration identical to the other Swedish counties. However, the hostilities between Denmark and Sweden during the [[Napoleonic Wars]] caused Sweden to revert Scania's status again and a General-Governor was reintroduced. Between 1801 and 1809, [[Johan Christopher Toll]] was appointed General-Governor of Scania, with the county governors of Kristianstad County and Malmöhus County answering to him.<ref name="TS2" /> On January 1, 1997, the two Scanian counties were joined into the present Skåne County and in 1999, a regional pilot project was introduced.
;Swedish — Danish rivalry
Scania's geographical location on the southern end of the [[Scandinavian peninsula]] has promoted strong political and economical ties with Denmark throughout the major portion of the provinces's history. The strait separating the towns [[Helsingborg]] and [[Helsingør]] is only 4 km wide, while the forrested terrain to the north through [[Småland]] was hard to traverse and acted as a natural barrier before the establishment railways and other modern [[infrastructure]]. Since the end of the [[Kalmar Union]], Scania has been the focal point of conflict and rivalry between Denmark and Sweden. By possessing both sides of the [[Oresund|Øresund Strait]], Denmark had effective control over the entrance to the [[Baltic Sea]] and was able to monopolize trade through the sound. From the 15th century, Denmark started to collect a [[Sound Toll]], a transitory due from all foreign ships passing through the strait, whether ''en route'' to or from Denmark or not. The Sound Toll constituted a substrantial source of income for the Danish crown, up until the 19th century<ref>Jespersen, Knud J. V. (2004) . [http://www.palgrave.com/pdfs/0333659171.pdf A History of Denmark]. Palgrave Macmillian. ISBN 0333659171, p. 3.</ref> and was resented by the Swedish Crown.
In the [[Treaty of Bromsebro]] in 1645, Sweden's representatives stipulated toll freedom in Oresund for the country, and after this point, Sweden was exempted from paying the Danish Sound Toll. <ref name="Verzijl">Verzijl, J. H. W. et al. (1971). [http://books.google.com/books?id=zywLH61IN9UC&pg=PA132&dq=oresund+toll+sound+toll&lr=&sig=5GY-wSBCOG6ixmRbsMTV3vUKCHc#PPA133,M1 International law in historical perspective]. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. ISBN:9028600515, p. 133-138.</ref> However, this arrangement came to an end in 1720, when the [[Treaty of Fredriksborg]] officially ended Sweden's toll free status. Denmark continued to collect Sound Toll until 1857. <ref name="Verzijl" />
The status of Scania and the influence Scania has on the relationship between Denmark and Sweden are still contentious issues in the [[nationalism|nationalistic]] discourse in the two countries. One of the state nationalist parties, the [[Sweden Democrats]], is active in Scania and has launched frequent campaigns in the province under the slogan "[[Keep Sweden Swedish]]", a slogan which party spokesmen pronounced was their "most important message" during the 2006 election campaign.<ref>Can, Mustafa. [http://www.dn.se/DNet/jsp/polopoly.jsp?d=1042&a=59907 I Sveriges namn] ("In the name of Sweden"). ''Dagens Nyheter'', 28 September 2002. (In Swedish).</ref> A member of the nationalist [[Danish People's Party]] created another stir in December 2007 by announcing that he would like to see Scania, Halland and Blekinge reunited with Denmark, if they expressed such a desire through a referendum.<ref>[http://www.thelocal.se/9490/20071223/ "Danish politician stakes claim to Swedish territory"]. The Local, 23 December 2007.</ref><ref>[http://www.aftonbladet.se/nyheter/article1514813.ab "Han vill ge Skåne till Danmark"] (He wants to give Scania to Denmark). Aftonbladet, 22 December 2007. (In Swedish).</ref> In response to the debate and the controversy erupting over the statement, several of the major Swedish newspapers conducted informal polls asking its Scanian readership, "Which country do you want to belong to?" and Swedes in general "Do you think we should give away Scania to Denmark?". The results of the polls in the Scanian newspapers [[Helsingborgs Dagblad]], [[Kristianstad Bladet]] and [[Norra Skåne]] indicated that about half of those participating favored Sweden, half favored Denmark.<ref name="Helsingborgs Dagblad">[http://hd.se/skane/2007/12/22/droemmar-om-stor-danmark "Skåne blir danskt?"] (Scania becomes Danish?). Helsingborgs Dagblad, 22 December 2007. (In Swedish).</ref> In the larger national polls conducted by the Swedish newspapers [[Expressen]], [[Svenska Dagbladet]] and [[Aftonbladet]] (the latter eliciting more than 182,000 responses), about 50 percent of the votes were cast in favor of the suggestion that Sweden should give Scania to Denmark and 50 percent were against.<ref>[http://politiken.dk/indland/article450166.ece "Svenskerne: Skåne hører til Danmark"] (The Swedes: Scania belongs to Denmark). Politiken.dk, 23 December 2007. (In Danish).</ref> <ref>[http://wwwc.aftonbladet.se/vss/special/storfragan/visa/0,1937,31033,00.html Resultat: Tycker du att vi ska ge bort Skåne till Danmark?]. (Poll results: Do you think we should give away Scania to Denmark?). Aftonbladet, 22 December 2007.</ref> The least amount of votes in the Scanian newspapers' polls were cast in favor of the alternative "neither country",<ref name="Helsingborgs Dagblad" /> a result which is in line with the conclusions drawn in comparative [[political science]] studies in regards to the issue of [[secession]] in Scania.<ref name="Sorens" />
==Regional politics==
There are no [[independence movement]]s organized for electoral contests in Scania,<ref name="Sorens">Sorens, Jason (2005). [http://cps.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/38/3/304 The Cross-Sectional Determinants of Secessionism in Advanced Democracies]. Comparative Political Studies, Vol. 38, No. 3, 304-326 (2005). DOI: 10.1177/0010414004272538 2005 SAGE Publications.</ref> although some of the small, [[populism|populist]] parties with seats in various municipalities have from time to time placed [[secession]] in combination with [[opposition to immigration|anti-immigration measures]] on their [[party platform]]s. A coalition of 16 small populist parties (Skånes Väl) held 6 seats of 149 in the regional council during the period 1998-2002, but in Region Skåne's 2002 election, they lost all their seats. In 2006, one of the 16 parties in the coalition, the small populist anti-immigration party [[Skåne Party|Skånepartiet]], made an unsuccessful bid for seats in the [[Swedish general election, 2006|general election of Sweden]], receiving 11 votes nationally.
As a part of the process of [[decentralization]] in Sweden, and as a part of the regionalist efforts in Scania, separatism thus plays a negligible role. According to some scholars, separatist driven activities may however run parallel with the [[top-down]] driven region-building efforts put in place to promote regional development, as well as the efforts by regional actors to promote and protect Scanian culture, and therefore, separatism may contribute to the mobilization of mutually supporting forces, especially in border areas like Scania where cross-border cooperation is important.<ref>Tägil, Sven (2000). "Regions in Europe – a historical perspective". ''[http://www.mah.se/upload/IMER/Program/IPES/02.pdf Border Regions in Comparison]''. Ed. Hans-Åke Persson. Studentlitteratur, Lund. ISBN 9144018584, p. 18: "Together, [the] processes of decentralization, separatism and region building may proceed in parallel and can mobilise mutually supporting forces. This is especially likely in border areas where today co-operating cross-border regions are emerging throughout Europe. [...] For instance, Malmoe is a peripheral city in relation to Stockholm, but is the most central area in Sweden from a continental viewpoint! Today many old conflict areas and risk zones in Europe have been transformed into areas of co-operation and development. Both within and outside the European Union, cross-border collaboration is burgeoning. This form of regionalisation neutralises international borders and nibbles at the sovereign state."</ref>
===Decentralization===
During Sweden's financial crisis in the early and mid-1990s, Scania, [[Västra Götaland]] and [[Norrbotten]] were among the hardest hit in the country, with high unemployment rates as a result.<ref name="McCallion">McCallion, Malin Stegmann (2004). [http://www.essex.ac.uk/ecpr/events/jointsessions/paperarchive/uppsala/ws25/McCallion.pdf The Europeanisation of Swedish Regional Government]. ''Policy Networks in Sub National Governance: Understanding Power Relations''. Paper 8, Workshop 25, European Consortium of Political Research. 2004 Joint Sessions of Workshops, Uppsala, Sweden.</ref> In response to the crisis, the County Governors were given a task by the government in September of 1996 to co-ordinate various measures in the counties to increase economic growth and employment by bringing in regional actors.<ref name="McCallion" /> The first proposal for regional autonomy and a regional parliament had been introduced by the [[Socialdemokraterna|Social Democratic Party]]'s local districts in Scania and [[Västra Götaland]] already in 1993. When Sweden joined the [[European Union]] two years later, the concept "[[Regions of Europe]]" came in focus and a more regionalism-friendly approach was adopted in national politics.<ref name="Peterson" /> These factors contributed to the subsequent transformation of Skåne County into one of the first "trial regions" in Sweden in 1999, established as the country's first "regional experiment".<ref name="Peterson">Peterson, Martin (2003). [http://www.iccr-international.org/europub/docs/europub-d2-annex6.pdf "The Regions and Regionalism: Regionalism in Sweden"]. ''CoR Report Sweden''. The Interdisciplinary Centre for Comparative Research in the Social Sciences, EUROPUB Case Study (WP2).</ref>
The relatively strong regional identity in Scania is often referred to in order to explain the general support in the province for the [[decentralization]] and [[regionalization]] efforts introduced by the Swedish government.<ref>Kramsch,Olivier and Olivier Thomas (2004). [http://books.google.com/books?id=1Cg72tzG8AYC&pg=PT185&dq=%22loyalty+of+the+people+stammering+from+the+strong+scanian+identity%22&sig=xovGq49FbCmQh5dA3q_SR1hsgKQ Cross-border Governance in the European Union]. Routledge, 2004, ISBN:0415315417.</ref> On the basis of large scale interview investigations about [[Region Skåne]] in the region, scholars have found that the prevailing trend among the inhabitants of Scania is to "[look] upon their region with more positive eyes and a firm reliance that it would deliver the goods in terms of increased democracy and constructive results out of economic planning".<ref>Peterson, Martin (2003). [http://www.iccr-international.org/europub/docs/europub-d2-annex6.pdf "The Regions and Regionalism and Regionalism: Regionalism in Sweden"]. ''CoR Report Sweden'', The Interdisciplinary Centre for Comparative Research in the Social Sciences, EUROPUB Case Study (WP2). Final Report.</ref> The [[regionalism (politics)|regionalist]] [[grassroots]] organizations in Scania generally oppose separatism and [[nationalism]], while embracing [[multi-culturalism]], cross-border activities and Swedish EU membership.<ref>[http://www.scania.org/ssf/contacts/manifesto.htm The Scanian Manifesto]. The Foundation for the Future of Scania, 2000.</ref><ref>Björk, Gert and Henrik Persson. [http://www.skanelandsframtid.org/debatt/utatriktat.htm "Fram för ett öppet och utåtriktat Skåne"]. (Let Scania be open and extroverted). Sydsvenskan, 20 May 2000. Reproduced by FSF. (In Swedish). Retrieved 3 April 2008.</ref><ref name="SRI">[http://www.scanianinstitute.edu/ Regionalism]. Scanias Regionala Institut. (In Swedish). Retrieved 11 April 2008.</ref>
== Geography and environmental factors==
[[Image:Land of Skåne.png|thumb|left|Land usage in Scania, showing woods, fields and residential areas]]
[[Image:Skåne_countryside_near_Svarte_in_Sweden.jpg|thumb|right|Image from south-eastern Scania, overlooking a crop field (most likely [[barley]])]]
[[Image:Malmö_view_from east.jpg|thumb|right|The south-western Scanian countryside, with Malmö (viewed from the east) in the distance.]]
[[Image:Turning Torso 1.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Turning Torso]], a skyscraper in [[Malmö]], the largest city in Skåne.]]
[[Image:ScaniaSoderasen.jpg|thumb|175px|right| Nature trail through Scanian [[beech]] woods at the public forests of [[Söderåsen]].]]
The geography of Scania was shaped by the last [[ice age]], the [[Weichsel glaciation]], a time when it was totally covered with ice. The [[Terrain|relief]] in Scania's south-western landscape is formed by thick [[Quaternary]] deposits from sediment accumulation during the glaciations.<ref name="Lidmar" /> [[Hallandsåsen]] and [[Söderåsen]] are major landmarks but contrary to popular belief, they are not ridges left behind by the retreating ice but [[Horst (geology)|horst]]s formed by inversion tectonic activity along the [[Tornquist Tectonic zone]] in the [[late Cretaceous]]. The Scanian horsts run in a North-West to South-West direction, marking the southwest border of [[Fennoscandia]].<ref name="Lidmar">Lidmar-Bergström, Karna and Jens-Ove Näslund (2005). "Uplands and Lowlands in Southern Sweden". In ''The Physical Geography of Fennoscandia''. Ed. Matti Seppälä. Oxford University Press, 2005, pp. 255-261. ISBN 0199245908.</ref>
Unlike some of the other regions of Sweden, the Scanian landscape is not [[mountainous]]. With the exception of the lake-rich and densely forested northern parts ([[Göinge]]), the rolling hills in the north-west (the [[Bjäre]] and [[Kullaberg|Kulla]] peninsulas) and the beech-woods clad areas extending from the slopes of the horsts, a sizeable portion of Scania's terrain consists of [[plain|plains]]. The low profile and the open landscape distinguish Scania from the other geographical regions of Sweden which consist mainly of waterway-rich, cool mixed, [[coniferous forest]]s, [[taiga|boreal taiga]] and [[alpine tundra]].<ref>Österberg, Klas (2001). [http://www.internat.naturvardsverket.se/index.php3?main=/documents/nature/nacatego/forests/moreinf/regions.htm Forest - Geographical Regions]. The Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, 25 Jan. 2001. Retrieved 4 Nov. 2006.</ref> Stretching from the north-western to the south-eastern parts of Scania is a belt of [[deciduous]] forests following the [[Linderödsåsen]] ridge, and previously marking the border between [[Malmöhus County]] and [[Kristianstad County]]. Denser [[fir]] forests are found in the north-eastern [[Göinge]] parts along the border with the forest dominated province of [[Småland]].
The two major plains, [[Söderslätt]] in the south-west och [[Österlen]] in the south-east, consist of highly fertile agricultural land - the yield per unit area is higher than in any other region in Sweden. The Scanian plains are an important resource for the rest of Sweden since between 25-50% of the total production of various types of cereals come from the region. In addition, close to 90% of Sweden's [[sugar beet]]s are grown in Scania.<ref>SCB. ''Jordbruksstatistisk årsbok 2006''. (Agricultural Statistic Yearbook 2006). Published online in [http://www.scb.se/statistik/_publikationer/JO1901_2005A01_BR_08_JO01SA0601.pdf pdf-format] by Statiska Centralbyrån ([http://www.scb.se/templates/Listning1____44032.asp Statistics Sweden]). (In Swedish). Retrieved 10 January 2007.</ref> The soil is among the most fertile in the world.
The [[Kullaberg]] Nature Preserve in northwest Scania is home to several [[rare species]] including Spring vetchling, ''[[Lathyrus]] sphaericus''. <ref>Hogan, C.M. (2004). ''Kullaberg environmental analysis''. Lumina Technologies prepared for municipality of Höganäs, Aberdeen Library Archives, Aberdeen, Scotland, July 17, 2004.</ref>
*Highest mountain: [[Söderåsen]], 212 [[metres]]
*Lowest spot: [[Kristianstad]], -2.7 [[metres]] (also the lowest spot in all Sweden)
*Largest lake: [[Ivö Lake|Ivösjön]]
*National parks: [[Dalby Söderskog]], [[Söderåsen]], [[Stenshuvud]]
Scania was historically divided into 14 [[charter]]ed [[List of cities in Sweden|towns]] and 23 [[Hundreds of Sweden|hundreds]].
===Cities===
Over 90% of Scania's population live in [[urban areas of Sweden|urban areas]].<ref>The Foundation for Recreational Areas in Scania. [http://www.skaneleden.org/Templates/sleden_tmpl_01.aspx?pageId=101 "Information about the Skaneled Trails"]. Region Skåne. Retrieved 20 Oct. 2006</ref> In 2000, the [[Oresund bridge]] - the longest combined road and rail bridge in Europe, linked [[Malmö]] and [[Copenhagen]], making Scania's population part of a 3.6 million total population in the [[Oresund Region]]. In 2005, the region had 9,200 commuters crossing the bridge daily, the vast majority of them from Malmö to Copenhagen.<ref>Peter, Laurence. [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/5339726.stm "Bridge shapes new Nordic hub"]. BBC News, 14 Sep. 2006. Retrieved 20 Oct. 2006.</ref>
The below list of towns all held [[City status in Sweden]] until the term was abolished in Sweden in 1971 in favour of municipalities. In Danish times, other towns had been granted a [[royal charter]], but the towns remained small.
*[[Eslöv]] (1911)
*[[Falsterbo]] (approximately 1200, merged with Skanör in 1754)
*[[Helsingborg]] (1085)
*[[Hässleholm]] (1914)
*[[Höganäs]] (1936)
*[[Kristianstad]] (1622)
*[[Landskrona]] (1413)
*[[Lund]] (approximately 990)
*[[Malmö]] (approximately 1250)
*[[Simrishamn]] (approximately 1300)
*[[Skanör]] (approximately 1200, merged with Falsterbo in 1754)
*[[Trelleborg]] (approximately 1200)
*[[Ystad]] (approximately 1200)
*[[Ängelholm]] (1516)
===Hundreds===
<table><tr valign=top><td>
*[[Albo Hundred]]
*[[Bara Hundred]]
*[[Bjäre Hundred]]
*[[Frosta Hundred]]
*[[Färs Hundred]]
*[[Gärd Hundred]]
*[[Göinge Eastern Hundred]]
*[[Göinge Western Hundred]]
*[[Harjager Hundred]]
*[[Herrestad Hundred]]
*[[Ingelstad Hundred]]
*[[Järrestad Hundred]]
<td>
*[[Ljunit Hundred]]
*[[Luggude Hundred]]
*[[Onsjö Hundred]]
*[[Oxie Hundred]]
*[[Rönneberg Hundred]]
*[[Skytt Hundred]]
*[[Torna Hundred]]
*[[Vemmenhög Hundred]]
*[[Villand Hundred]]
*[[Åsbo Northern Hundred]]
*[[Åsbo Southern Hundred]]
</table>
== Transport ==
''See also: [[Skåne commuter rail]]''
The [[motorway]] built between between Malmö and Lund in 1953 was the first [[List of motorways in Sweden|motorway in Sweden]]. With the opening of the [[Oresund bridge]] between [[Malmö]] and [[Copenhagen]] (the longest combined road and rail bridge in Europe) in 2000, the Swedish motorways were linked with [[European route E20]] in Denmark, and the two countries' railway systems were physically connected. Before the bridge was built there were [[train ferry|train ferries]] operated between Helsingborg and Helsingør. There are also train ferries to and from[[ Germany]] and [[Poland]].
Scania has three major public airports, [[Malmö Airport]], [[Ängelholm-Helsingborg Airport]] and [[Kristianstad Airport]]. One of the oldest airports in the world still in use is located in Scania, namely [[Ljungbyhed Airport]], in operation since 1910. Starting in 1926, the
Swedish Air force used the airport for flight training, and up until the military school was moved to the nearby Ängelholm F10 Wing in 1997,
the airport was extremely busy. In the late 1980s, it was Sweden's busiest airport, with a record high of more than 1,400 take-offs and landings per day.<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20050907012811/http://www.tfhs.lu.se/english/skolan/6.html Ljungbyhed airport - ESTL]. Fact sheet created by [http://www.lusa.lu.se Lund University School of Aviation]. Retrieved 22 January 2007.</ref>
The major ports of Scania are Malmö Harbour and [[Helsingborg]] Harbour. Ferry connections across the [[Baltic Sea]] operate from several smaller ports as well.
== Culture ==
[[Image:ScaniaFarm.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Traditional half-timbered farm of the southern plains in Scania.]]
Scania's long-running and sometimes intense trade relations with other communities along the coast of the European continent through history has made the culture of Scania distinct from other geographical regions of Sweden. Its open landscape, often described as a colorful patchwork quilt of corn and rape fields, and the relatively mild climate at the southern tip of the Scandinavian peninsula, have inspired many Swedish artists and authors to compare it to European regions like [[Provence]] in southern [[France]] and [[Zeeland]] in the [[Netherlands]]. <ref>Linnaeus, Carl (1750). ''Skånska resa'' (Scanian Journey).</ref> Among the many authors who have described the "foreign" continental elements of the Scanian landscape, diet and customs are [[August Strindberg]] and [[Carl Linnaeus]]. In 1893 August Strindberg wrote about Scania: "In beautiful, large wave lines, the fields undulate down toward the lake; a small deciduous forest limits the coastline, which is given the inviting look of the Riviera, where people shall walk in the sun, protected from the north wind. [...] The Swede leaves the plains with a certain sense of comfort, because its beauty is foreign to him." In another chapter he states: "The Swedes have a history that is not the history of the South Scandinavians. It must be just as foreign as [[Gustav Vasa|Vasa’s]] history is to the Scanian."<ref>Strindberg, August (1893). "Skånska landskap med utvikningar". ''Prosabitar från 1890-talet''. Bonniers , Stockholm, 1917. (In Swedish).</ref>
In [[Ystad]] singer-songwriter [[Michael Saxell]]'s popular Scanian anthem Om himlen och Österlen (Of Heaven and Österlen), the flat, rolling hill landscape is described as appearing to be a little closer to heaven and the big, unending sky.
===Architecture===
''See also: [[List of castles in Scania]]''
[[Image:Helsingborg Jacob Hansens hus2.jpg|thumb|200px|right| The house of magistrate Jacob Hansen in [[Helsingborg]], Scania, built 1641.]]
[[Image:Södra Åsum Old Church.jpg|right|200px|thumb|The Old Church of Södra Åsum in the municipality of [[Sjöbo]] — a typical example of a Danish [[medieval]] church.]]
Traditional Scanian architecture is shaped by the limited availability of wood; it incorporates different applications of the building technique called [[half-timbering]]. In the cities, the infill of the façades consisted of bricks,<ref>Albertsson, Rolf. "Half-timbered houses". Section in [http://www.malmo1692.nu/Eng/index.htm Malmö 1692 - a historical project]. Malmö City Culture Department and Museum of Foteviken. Retrieved 16 January 2007.</ref> whereas the country-side half-timbered houses had infill made of clay and straw.<ref>Oresundstid.[http://www.oresundstid.dk/dansk/engelsk/oresundstid/1700/billeder/04-01-04.htm Images: Half-timbered house in Scania]. Retrieved 16 January 2007.</ref> Unlike many other Scanian towns, the town of [[Ystad]] has managed to preserve a rather large core of its half-timbered architecture in the city center - over 300 half-timbered houses still exist today.<ref>Ystad Municipality. [http://www.ystad.se/Ystadweb.nsf/docsbycodename/turismen Welcome to Ystad]. Official site. Retrieved 16 January 2007.</ref> Many of the houses in Ystad were built in the renaissance style that was common in the entire [[Oresund Region]], and which has also been preserved in [[Elsinore]] (Helsingør). Among Ystad's half-timbered houses is the oldest such building in Scandinavia, ''Pilgrändshuset'' from 1480.<ref>Ystad Municipality. [http://www.ystad.se/ystadweb.nsf/AllDocuments/201E2A086038B91DC1257140002DC9C1 A walk through the centuries], section "Pedestrian street". Official site. Retrieved 16 January 2007.</ref>
In [[Göinge]], located in the northern part of Scania, the architecture was not shaped by a scarcity of wood, and the pre-17th century farms consisted of graying, recumbent timber buildings around a small grass and cobblestone courtyard. Only a small number of the original Göinge farms remain today. During two campaigns, the first in 1612 by [[Gustav II Adolf]] and the second by [[Charles XI]] in the 1680s, entire districts were leveled by fire.<ref>A letter from the Swedish king Gustav II Adolf describes a raid in 1612: "We have been in Scania and we have burned most of the province, so that 24 parishes and the town of Vä lie in ashes. We have met no resistance, neither from cavalry nor footmen, so we have been able to rage, plunder, burn and kill to our hearts' content. We had thought of visiting Århus in the same way, but when it was brought to our knowledge that there were Danish cavalry in the town, we set out for Markaryd and we could destroy and ravage as we went along and everything turned out lucky for us." (Quoted and translated by Oresundstid in the section [http://www.oresundstid.dk/dansk/engelsk/oresundstid/1600/side03-tekst.htm The Kalmar War 1611-13].</ref> In Örkened Parish, in what is now eastern [[Osby Municipality]], the buildings were destroyed to punish the different villages for their protection of members of the [[Snapphane]] movement in the late 17th century.<ref>Herman Lindquist (1995).'' Historien om Sverige – storhet och fall''. Norstedts Förlag, 2006. ISBN 9113015354. (In Swedish).</ref> An original, 17th century Göinge farm, ''Sporrakulla Farm'', has been preserved in a forest
called Kullaskogen, a [[nature reserve]] close to Glimåkra in [[Östra Göinge]]. According to the local legend, the farmer saved the farm in the first raid of 1612 by setting a forest fire in front of it, making the Swedish troops believe that the farm had already been plundered and set ablaze.<ref>[http://www.skaneleden.org/Templates/sleden_tmpl_01.aspx?pageId=27#sexb Skåneleden: 6B. Breanäsleden] (In Swedish). Official site by The Foundation for Recreational Areas in Scania and Region Skåne. See also [http://www.turism.skanenordost.se/profil_lasmer.lasso?id=90&lang=sv Göingebygden], official site by Skåne Nordost Tourism Office and [http://www.osby.se/turism The Snapp-hane Kingdom]. Official site by Osby Tourism Office.</ref>
[[Image:Sweyn_Coinfront.jpg|thumb|100px|left| [[Sweyn Forkbeard]]'s coin, likely minted in Lund between 994 and 1013 AD.]] A number of Scanian towns flourished during the [[Viking Age]]. The city of [[Lund]] is believed to have been founded by the Viking-king [[Sweyn Forkbeard]].<ref name="lund" /> Scanian craftsmen and traders were prospering during this era and Denmark's first and largest mint was established in Lund. The first Scanian coins have been dated to 870 AD.<ref name="Hauberg">Hauberg, P. (1900). ''Myntforhold og Udmyntninger i Danmark indtil 1146''. D. Kgl. Danske Vidensk. Selsk. Skr., 6. Række, historisk og filosofisk Afd. V. I.,
[http://www.gladsaxegymnasium.dk/2/hauberg/hbg1a.htm Chapter III: Danmarks Mynthistorie indtil 1146], and [http://www.gladsaxegymnasium.dk/2/hauberg/hbg1e.htm Chapter V: Myntsteder] published online by Gladsaxe Gymnasium. (In Danish). Retrieved 10 January 2007.</ref> The archaeological excavations performed in the city indicate that the oldest known [[stave church]] in Scania was built by Sweyn Forkbeard in Lund in 990.<ref name="lund">City of Lund.
[http://www.lund.se/templates/Page____21316.aspx Touchdowns in the History of Lund]. Official site for the City of Lund. Retrieved 10 January 2006.</ref> In 1103, Lund was made the archbishopric for all of Scandinavia.<ref name="TSLund" />
Many of the old churches in today's Scanian landscape stem from the [[medieval]] age, although many church renovations, extensions and destruction of older buildings took place in the 16th and 19th century. From those that have kept features of the authentic style, it is still possible to see how the [[medieval]], [[Romanesque architecture|Romanesque]] or [[Renaissance_architecture#Scandinavia|Renaissance]] churches of Danish Scania looked like. Many Scanian churches have distinctive [[Crow-stepped gable]]s and sturdy church porches, usually made of stone.
The first version of [[Lund Cathedral]] was built in 1050, in [[sandstone]] from [[Höör]], on the initiative of [[Canute the Holy]].<ref name="TSLund">Terra Scaniae. [http://www.ts.skane.se/o.o.i.s?id=863&product_id=236&func=view Lunds Domkyrka]. (In Swedish). Retrieved 11 January 2007.</ref> The oldest parts of today's cathedral are from 1085, but the actual cathedral was constructed during the first part of the 12th century with the help of stone cutters and sculptors from the [[River Rhine|Rhine valley]] and [[Italy]], and was ready for use in 1123. It was consecrated in 1145 and for the next 400 years, Lund became the
ecclesiastical power center for Scandinavia and one of the most important cities in Denmark.<ref name="lund" /> The cathedral was altered in the
16th century by architect [[Adam van Düren]] and later by [[Carl Georg Brunius]] and [[Helgo Zetterwall]].
[[Image:Lund skyline februari 2005.jpg|thumb|625px|center|Lund skyline, with the Cathedral towers.]]
Scania also has churches built in the [[Gothic architecture|gothic]] style, such as Saint Petri Church in [[Malmö]], dating from the early 14th century. Similar buildings can be found in all [[Hansa]] cities around the [[Baltic Sea]] (such as [[Helsingborg]] and [[Rostock]]). The parishes in the countryside did not have the means for such extravagant buildings. Possibly the most notable countryside church is the ancient and untouched stone church in [[Dalby, Skåne, Sweden|Dalby]]. It is the oldest stone church in Sweden, built around the same time as Lund cathedral. After the Lund Cathedral was built, many of the involved workers travelled
around the province and used their acquired skills to make baptism fonts, paintings and decorations, and naturally architectural constructions.
[[Image:Vittskövle slott.jpg|thumb|200px|right| Vittskövle Castle.]]
Scania has 240 castles and country estates - more than any other province in Sweden.<ref>Region Skåne (2006). [[http://www.skane.se/templates/Page.aspx?id=151922 What is typical Skåne?]. Official site. Retrieved 22 January 2007.</ref> Many of them received their current shape during the 16th century, when new or remodeled castles started to appear in greater numbers, often erected by the reuse of stones and material from the original 11th-15th century castles and abbeys found at the estates. Between 1840 and 1900, the [[landed nobility]] in Scania built and rebuilt many of the castles again, often by modernizing previous buildings at the same location in a style that became typical for Scania. The style is a mixture of different architectural influences of the era, but frequently refers back to the style of the 16th century castles of the Reformation era, a time when the large estates of the Catholic church were made Crown property and the abbeys bartered or sold to members of the aristocracy by the Danish king.<ref>Terra Scaniae. [http://www.ts.skane.se/o.o.i.s?id=743&time=1600-talet 1600-talet]. (In Swedish). Retrieved 27 January 2007.</ref> For many of the 19th century remodels, Danish architects were called in. According to some scholars, the driving force behind the use of historical Scanian architecture, as interpreted by 19th century Danish architects using [[Renaissance_architecture#Netherlands| Dutch Renaissance]] style, was a wish to refer back to an earlier era when the aristocracy had special privileges and political power in relation to the Danish king.<ref>Bjurklint Rosenblad, Kajsa. ''Scenografi för ett ståndsmässigt liv: adelns slottsbyggande i Skåne 1840-1900''. Malmö: Sekel, 2005. ISBN 9197522236. [http://theses.lub.lu.se/postgrad/search.tkl?field_query1=pubid&query1=hum_368&recordformat=display Abstract in English] at Scripta Academica Lundensia, Lund University.</ref>
===Language, literature and art===
''See also: [[Scanian (linguistics)]]''
[[Scanian (linguistics)|Scanian]] dialects have various local native idioms and speech patterns, and realizes diphthongs and South Scandinavian [[Uvular trill]], as opposed to the supradental /r/-sound characteristic of spoken [[Standard Swedish]]. They are very similar to the dialect of [[Danish language|Danish]] spoken in [[Bornholm]], [[Denmark]]. The [[prosody (linguistics)|prosody]] of the Scanian dialects has more in common with [[German language|German]], [[Danish language|Danish]] and [[Dutch language|Dutch]] (and sometimes also with [[English language|English]], although to a lesser extent) than with the prosody of central Swedish dialects.<ref>Gårding, Eva (1974). "Talar skåningarna svenska" (Do Scanians speak Swedish). ''Svenskans beskrivning''. Ed. Christer Platzack. Lund: Institutionen för nordiska språk, 1973, p 107, 112. (In Swedish)</ref>.
Famous Scanian authors include [[Victoria Benedictsson]], (1850–1888) from Domme, [[Trelleborg Municipality|Trelleborg]], who wrote about the inequality of women in the 19th century society, but who also authored regional stories about Scania, such as ''From Skåne'' of 1884; [[Ola Hansson]]<ref>"Poems" of 1884 and "Notturno" of 1885 celebrate the natural beauty and folkways of Scania. The result of a globetrotting life style, Ola Hansson's later poetry had various continental influences, but like many other Scanian writers', his authorship often reflected the tension between cosmopolitan culture and regionalism. For larger trends and a historic perspective on Scanian literature, see Vinge, Louise (ed.) ''Skånes litteraturhistoria del I'', ISBN 9156410484, and ''Skånes litteraturhistoria del II'', ISBN 9156410492, Corona: Malmö, 1996-1997. (In Swedish).</ref> (1860-1925) from Hönsinge, Trelleborg; [[Vilhelm Ekelund]] (1880-1949) from Stehag, [[Eslöv]]; [[Fritiof Nilsson Piraten]] (1895-1972) from Vollsjö, [[Sjöbo]]; [[Hjalmar Gullberg]] (1898-1961) from [[Malmö]]; [[Artur Lundkvist]] (1906-1991) from Hagstad, [[Perstorp]]; [[Hans Alfredsson]] (born 1931) and [[Jacques Werup]] (born 1945), both from Malmö. [[Birgitta Trotzig]] (born 1929) from Gothenburg has written several historic novels set in Scania, such as ''The Exposed'' of 1957, which describes life in 17th century Scania with a primitive country priest as its main character and the 1961 novel ''A Tale from the Coast'', which recounts a legend about human suffering and is set in Scania in the 15th century.
A printing-house was established in the city of Malmö in 1528. It became instrumental in the propagation of new ideas and during the 16th century, Malmö became the center for the Danish reformation.<ref>Infotek Öresund. [http://www2.malmo.stadsbibliotek.org/nivelo/normal.po?sida=1177 Litteraturhistoria, Malmö]. Fact sheet produced by Infotek Öresund, a cooperative project between the public libraries of Helsingborg, Elsinore, Copenhagen and Malmö, published online by Malmö Public Library, 4 November 2005. (In Swedish).</ref>
[[Image:ScaniaCostumes.jpg|thumb|175px|right|Traditional Scanian nuptial array in Auguste Racinet's ''Le costume historique''.]]
Scanian culture, as expressed through the medium of textile art, has received international attention during the last decade.<ref>See for example: [http://www.khalili.org/4_SWEDISH/4_EXHIBIT_boston.htm Monument to Love] and [http://www.khalili.org/4_SWEDISH/4_EXHIBIT_paris.htm Textiles de Scania des XVIIIe et XIXe Siècles]. Scanian textiles from the Khalili Collection exhibited at the Swedish Cultural Centre in Paris and the Boston University Art Gallery. Retrieved 15 January 2007.</ref> The art form, often referred to as Scanian Marriage Weavings, flourished from 1750 for a period of 100 years, after which it slowly vanished. Consisting of small textile panels mainly created for wedding ceremonies, the art is strongly symbolic, often expressing ideas about fertility, longevity and a sense of hope and joy.<ref>Keelan, Major Andrew and Wendy Keelan. [http://www.khalili.org/4_SWEDISH/4_COLLECT.htm The Khalili Collection - An Introduction]. The Khalili Family Trust. Retrieved 15 January 2007.</ref> The Scanian artists were female weavers working at home, who had learned to weave at a young age, often in order to have a marriage chest filled with beautiful tapestries as a dowry.<ref name="Hansen" />
According to international collectors and art scholars, the Scanian patterns are of special interest for the striking similarities with [[Ancient Rome|Roman]], [[Byzantine]] and [[Asia|Asian]] art. The designs are studied by art historians tracing how portable decorative goods served as transmitters of art concepts from culture to culture, influencing designs and patterns along the entire length of the ancient trade routes.<ref name="Hansen" /> The Scanian textiles show how goods traded along the [[Silk Road]] brought [[Copt|Coptic]], [[Anatolian]], and [[China|Chinese]] designs and symbols into the folk art of far away regions like Scania, where they were reinterpretated and integrated into the local culture. Some of the most ancient designs in Scanian textile art are pairs of birds facing a tree with a "Great Bird" above, often symbolized simply by its wings.<ref name="Hansen">Hansen, Viveka (1997). ''Swedish Textile Art: Traditional Marriage Weavings from Scania.'' Nour Foundation: 1997. ISBN 1874780072.</ref> Regionally derived iconography include mythological Scanian river horses in red (''bäckahästar'' in Swedish), with horns on their foreheads and misty clouds from their nostrils.<ref name="Hansen" /> The horse motif has been traced to patterns on 4th and 5th century Egyptian fabrics, but in Scanian art it is transformed to illustrate the [[Norse mythology|Norse]] river horse of Scanian folklore.<ref>Lundström, Lena (2003). "Vattenväsen i väverskans händer". Curator's description of the exhibition "Aqvaväsen" at Trelleborgs Museum in ''Vårt Trelleborg'', 2:2003, pp. 20-21. Available online in [http://www.trelleborg.se/upload/upload/2003/VrtTrelleborg/vt203.pdf pdf format]. (In Swedish).</ref>
== Dukes ==
{{main|Dukes of Swedish Provinces}}
The title of duke was reintroduced in Sweden in 1772 and since this time, Swedish Princes have been created [[Dukes of Sweden|Dukes]] of various provinces, although this is a solely nominal title.
The Dukes of Skåne are:
* [[Charles XV of Sweden|Crown Prince Carl]] (from his birth in 1826 until he became King in 1859)
* [[Gustav VI Adolf of Sweden|Crown Prince Gustaf Adolf]] (from his birth in 1882 until he became King in 1950)
From his marriage, in 1905, King [[Gustaf VI Adolf]] had his summer residence at [[Sofiero]] palace in [[Helsingborg]]. He and his family spent their summers there, and the cabinet meetings held there during the summer months forced the ministers to arrive by night train from [[Stockholm]]. He died at [[Helsingborg]] Hospital in 1973.
== See also ==
*[[Scania Market]]
*[[Öresund]]
*[[Skåneland]]
== Notes ==
{{reflist|2}}
== References ==
* Albertsson, Rolf (2007). "[http://www.malmo1692.nu/Eng/index.htm Half-timbered houses]". ''Malmö 1692 - a historical project''. Malmö City Culture Department and Museum of Foteviken. Retrieved 16 January 2007.
* Anderson, Carl Edlund (1999). ''Formation and Resolution of Ideological Contrast in the Early History of Scandinavia''. PhD dissertation, Department of Anglo-Saxon, Norse & Celtic (Faculty of English), University of Cambridge, 1999.
* Björk, Gert and Henrik Persson. "Fram för ett öppet och utåtriktat Skåne". ''Sydsvenskan'', 20 May 2000. Reproduced by FSF. (In Swedish). Retrieved 3 April 2008.
* Bjurklint Rosenblad, Kajsa (2005). ''Scenografi för ett ståndsmässigt liv: adelns slottsbyggande i Skåne 1840-1900.'' Malmö: Sekel, 2005. ISBN 9197522236.
*Bonney, Richard (1995). ''Economic Systems and State Finance''. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0198205457.
* Craig, David J. (2003). [http://www.bu.edu/bridge/archive/2003/08-29/arts.html "Monument to Love"]. Boston University Bridge, 29 August 2003,· Vol. VII, No. 1. Retrieved 2 April 2008.
* Danish National Archives (2006). [http://web.archive.org/web/20061014213811/http://www.sa.dk/ra/godehistorier/skaane/lensregnskaberne2.htm Lensregnskaberne 1560-1658]. (In Danish). Retrieved 20 Oct. 2006.
* City of Lund (2006).''[http://www.lund.se/templates/Page____21316.aspx Touchdowns in the History of Lund]''. Retrieved 10 January 2006.
* Gårding, Eva (1974). "Talar skåningarna svenska". ''Svenskans beskrivning''. Ed. Christer Platzack. Lund: Institutionen för nordiska språk, 1973. (In Swedish)
* Germundsson, Tomas (2005). "Regional Cultural Heritage versus National Heritage in Scania’s Disputed National Landscape." ''International Journal of Heritage Studies'', Vol. 11, No. 1, March 2005. ISSN 1470–3610.
* Hansen, Viveka (1997). ''Swedish Textile Art: Traditional Marriage Weavings from Scania''. Nour Foundation: 1997. ISBN 1874780072.
* Hauberg, P. (1900).'' Myntforhold og Udmyntninger i Danmark indtil 1146''. D. Kgl. Danske Vidensk. Selsk. Skr., 6. Række, historisk og filosofisk Afd. V. I., [http://www.gladsaxegymnasium.dk/2/hauberg/hbg1a.htm Chapter III: Danmarks Mynthistorie indtil 1146], and [http://www.gladsaxegymnasium.dk/2/hauberg/hbg1e.htm Chapter V: Myntsteder], Gladsaxe Gymnasium. (In Danish). Retrieved 10 January 2007.
* Haugen, Einar (1976). ''The Scandinavian Languages: An Introduction to Their History''. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1976.
*Helle, Knut, ed. (2003). ''The Cambridge History of Scandinavia''. Cambridge University Press, 2003. ISBN 0521472997.
* Hogan, C.M. (2004). ''Kullaberg environmental analysis''. Lumina Technologies, Aberdeen Library Archives, Aberdeen, Scotland, 17 July 2004.
* Jacobsson, Benny (2000). "[http://people.su.se/~benny/Uppland.htm Konstruktion av landskap. Exemplet Uppland]". ''Idéhistoriska perspektiv''. Ed. Ingemar Nilsson, Arachne 16, Göteborg 2000, p. 109-119. Retrieved 20 Oct. 2006.
* Jespersen, Knud J. V. (2004) . ''A History of Denmark''. Palgrave Macmillian. ISBN 0333659171.
* Keelan, Major Andrew and Wendy Keelan (2006). [http://www.khalili.org/swedish-collection.html The Khalili Collection]. The Khalili Family Trust. Retrieved 1 April 2008.
* Lidmar-Bergström, Karna and Jens-Ove Näslund (2005). "Uplands and Lowlands in Southern Sweden". ''The Physical Geography of Fennoscandia''. Ed. Matti Seppälä. Oxford University Press, 2005. ISBN 0199245908.
* Lindquist, Herman (1995). ''Historien om Sverige – storhet och fall''. Norstedts Förlag, 2006. ISBN 9113015354. (In Swedish).
* Linnaeus, Carl (1750). ''Skånska resa''. (In Swedish).
* Lund University School of Aviation (2005). [http://web.archive.org/web/20050907012811/http://www.tfhs.lu.se/english/skolan/6.html Ljungbyhed airport - ESTL]. Retrieved 22 January 2007.
* Lundström, Lena (2003). "Vattenväsen i väverskans händer". ''Vårt Trelleborg'', 2:2003. (In Swedish).
* Malmö Public Library (2005). [http://www2.malmo.stadsbibliotek.org/nivelo/normal.po?sida=1177 Litteraturhistoria, Malmö]. ''Infotek Öresund'', 4 November 2005. (In Swedish).
*Nevéus, Clara and Bror Jacques de Wærn (1992). ''Ny svensk vapenbok''. Riksarkivet 1992. (In Swedish)
* Olin, Martin (2005). "[http://www.hist.uu.se/historikermote05/program/Monarki/S46-Olinpaper.pdf Royal Galleries in Denmark and Sweden around 1700]. ''Kungliga rum – maktmanifestation och distribution''. Historikermöte 2005, Uppsala University. Retrieved 2 April 2008.
* Olwig, Kenneth R. (2005). "Introduction: The Nature of Cultural Heritage, and the Culture of Natural Heritage—Northern Perspectives on a Contested Patrimony". ''International Journal of Heritage Studies'', Vol. 11, No. 1, March 2005.
* Oresundstid (2008). "[http://www.oresundstid.dk/kap/baggrund.aspx?id=2&forsideid=642,642#420 The Swedification of Scania]", "[http://www.oresundstid.dk/kap/baggrund.aspx?id=7&forsideid=613,613 Renaissance Houses: Half-timbered houses]". Retrieved 2 April 2008.
* Österberg, Klas (2001). [http://www.internat.naturvardsverket.se/index.php3?main=/documents/nature/nacatego/forests/moreinf/regions.htm Forest - Geographical Regions]. The Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, 25 Jan. 2001. Retrieved 4 November 2006.
* Østergård, Uffe (1997). "The Geopolitics of Nordic Identity – From Composite States to Nation States". ''The Cultural Construction of Norden''. Øystein Sørensen and Bo Stråth (eds.), Oslo: Scandinavian University Press 1997.
* Peter, Laurence (2006). "[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/5339726.stm Bridge shapes new Nordic hub]". BBC News, 14 Sep. 2006. Retrieved 20 Oct. 2006.
* Region Skåne (2007). [http://www.skane.se/templates/Page.aspx?id=56606 Municipalities in Skåne], [http://www.skane.se/templates/Page.aspx?id=43835 Democracy-Increased autonomy].[http://www.skane.se/templates/Page.aspx?id=151922 What is typical Skåne?]. Retrieved 22 January 2007.
* SCB (2007). [http://www.scb.se/statistik/_publikationer/JO1901_2005A01_BR_08_JO01SA0601.pdf "Skördar"]. ''Jordbruksstatistisk årsbok 2006''. Statiska Centralbyrån. (In Swedish). Retrieved 10 January 2007.
* Skåne Regional Council (1999). ''Newsletter''. , No. 2, 1999.
* Stadin, Kekke (2005). "The Masculine Image of a Great Power: Representations of Swedish imperial power c. 1630–1690". ''Scandinavian Journal of History'', Vol. 30, No. 1. March 2005, pp. 61–82. ISSN 0346-8755.
* Stiftelsen för fritidsområden i Skåne (2006).[http://www.skaneleden.org/Templates/sleden_tmpl_01.aspx?pageId=27#sexb Skåneleden: 6B]. ''Breanäsleden'' (In Swedish), [http://www.skaneleden.org/Templates/sleden_tmpl_01.aspx?pageId=101 Information about the Skaneled Trails]. The Foundation for Recreational Areas in Scania and Region Skåne. Retrieved 11 April 2008.
* Strindberg, August (1893). "Skånska landskap med utvikningar". ''Prosabitar från 1890-talet''. Bonniers , Stockholm, 1917. (In Swedish).
* SAOB (2008). [http://g3.spraakdata.gu.se/saob/show.phtml?filenr=1/255/65064.html#SKÅNELAND Skåneland.](In Swedish). Retrieved 2 April 2008.
*Sawyer, Birgit and P. H. Sawyer (1993). ''Scandinavia: From Conversion to Reformation, Circa 800-1500''. U of Minnesota Press. ISBN:0816617392.
* Sorens, Jason (2005). "The Cross-Sectional Determinants of Secessionism in Advanced Democracies". ''Comparative Political Studies'', Vol. 38, No. 3, 304-326 (2005). DOI: 10.1177/0010414004272538 2005 SAGE Publications.
* Språk- och Folkminnesinstitutet (2003). ''Svenskt Ortnamnslexikon''. Uppsala, 2003. (In Swedish)
* Tägil, Sven (2000). "Regions in Europe – a historical perspective". In ''Border Regions in Comparison''. Ed. Hans-Åke Persson. Studentlitteratur, Lund. ISBN 9144018584.
* Terra Scaniae (2008). [http://www.ts.skane.se/fakta/skaanes-lan-efter-1658 ''Skånes län efter 1658''], [http://www.ts.skane.se/fakta/haardare-forsvenskning ''Hårdare försvenskning''], [http://www.ts.skane.se/fakta/forsvenskningens-forsta-skede "Kuppförsök mot svenskarna 1658"], [http://www.ts.skane.se/fakta/skaanska-kyrkor#lunds_domkyrka_section "Lunds Domkyrka"], [http://www.ts.skane.se/tid/1600 ''1600-talet''], [http://www.ts.skane.se/fakta/generalguvernorens-uppgifter ''Generalguvernörens uppgifter''].(In Swedish). Retrieved 2 April 2008.
* Upton, Anthony F. (1998). ''Charles XI and Swedish Absolutism, 1660-1697''. Cambridge University Press, 1998. ISBN 0521573904.
* Vinge, Louise (ed.) ''Skånes litteraturhistoria'', Corona: Malmö, 1996-1997, Part I, ISBN 9156410484, and Part II, ISBN 9156410492. (In Swedish).
* Ystad Municipality (2007). [http://www.ystad.se/Ystadweb.nsf/docsbycodename/turismen Welcome to Ystad] and [http://www.ystad.se/Ystadweb.nsf/AllDocuments/C7605627BFE06797C125730E0023A73E "Pedestrian street"]. ''A walk through the centuries''. Retrieved 16 January 2007.
== External links ==
===Official links===
*[http://www.skane.se/default.aspx?id=54721 Region Skåne] - The regional public body of Scania
*[http://www.strovomraden.se/Templates/strov_tmpl_01.aspx?pageId=269 Scania's Public Recreational Areas] - Region Skåne's public forests and parks
*[http://skane.com/cmarter/cmarter.asp?doc=1367 Skåne] - Region Skåne's official website for culture, heritage and tourism
*[http://www.m.lst.se/m/Om_Lansstyrelsen/In+English/ Skåne County] - County Administration Board
*[http://www.skaneleden.se/Templates/sleden_tmpl_01.aspx?pageId=273 Skåneleden] - Public nature trails through Scania
=== Organisations ===
*[http://www.oresundregion.org/2fa92ef4 Oresund Region] - The regional body of the Oresund Region
*[http://www.oresundstid.dk/dansk/engelsk/oresundstid/ Øresundstid] - A cooperative educational project established by Scanian and Danish history teachers, funded by EUs InterregIIIA-program, the Danish Department of Education and others, 2004-2006.
*[http://www.regionmuseet.m.se/eng/e_nav.html Regional Museum] - Museum in Kristianstad
*[http://www.kfsk.se/index_engelsk.htm Skåne Local authorities in cooperation] - A cooperation between Scania's 33 municipalities
*[http://www.skaneshembygdsforbund.se/index.html Skånes hembygdsförbund] (in Swedish) - Heritage conservation organization
*[http://www.ts.skane.se/ovrigt/in-english-about-terra-scaniae Terra Scaniae] - History project established for Scanian schools, financed with subsidies from the Region of Scanias culturedepartment – Kultur Skåne – and the Foundation Culture of the Future, established by the Swedish Government.
{{Provinces of Sweden}}
[[Category:Provinces of Sweden]]
[[Category:Skåne| ]]
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