Scholastic wrestling 1893219 223112412 2008-07-02T17:01:01Z 128.135.36.136 {{ dablink|This article is about scholastic wrestling. For the styles of wrestling practiced internationally, see [[Freestyle wrestling]] or [[Greco-Roman wrestling]].}} [[Image:Determined.jpg|thumb|350px|Scholastic wrestling is essentially [[collegiate wrestling]], with some slight modifications. It is currently practiced in 48 of the 50 [[U.S. state|states]] in the [[United States]].]] '''Scholastic wrestling''' is the commonly-used name of the style of [[amateur wrestling]] practiced at the [[high school]] and [[middle school|middle (junior high) school]] level in the [[United States]]. The wrestling style is essentially '''[[collegiate wrestling]]''', with some slight modifications. Scholastic wrestling is also practiced in various wrestling clubs among younger participants and is more well known in those instances as '''folkstyle wrestling'''. According to an Athletics Participation Survey taken by the [[National Federation of State High School Associations]], boys' wrestling ranked eighth in terms of the number of schools sponsoring teams, with 9,445 schools participating in the 2006-07 school year. Also, 257,246 boys participated in the sport during that school year, making scholastic wrestling the sixth most popular sport among high school boys.<ref>{{cite web | last = National Federation of State High School Associations | first = | authorlink = National Federation of State High School Associations | coauthors = | title = Participation in High School Sports Increases Again; Confirms NFHS Commitment to Stronger Leadership | work = | publisher = [[National Federation of State High School Associations|NFHS]] | date = 2006-09-18 | url = http://www.nfhs.org/web/2006/09/participation_in_high_school_sports_increases_again_confirms_nf.aspx | format = | doi = | accessdate = 2007-09-12 }} </ref> Scholastic wrestling is currently practiced in 48 of the 50 states; only [[Arkansas]] and [[Mississippi]] do not officially sanction scholastic wrestling for high schools and middle schools. Arkansas will begin sanctioning high school wrestling starting in the 2008-09 season.<ref>[http://www.nwanews.com/adg/Sports/209697/ NWAnews.com :: Northwest Arkansas' News Source<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> ==History== [[Image:Wrestling glenninvite002.jpg|thumb|180px|In scholastic wrestling, great emphasis is placed on one wrestler's control of the opponent on the mat.]] {{main|History of collegiate wrestling}} The history of scholastic wrestling in the [[United States]] is closely tied to the development of its college counterpart. The [[Eastern Intercollegiate Wrestling Association]] held its first tournament in 1905, which soon sparked many more wrestling tournaments for both [[college]] and [[university]] students and [[high school]] students.<ref> "Wrestling, Freestyle" by Michael B. Poliakoff from ''Encyclopedia of World Sport: From Ancient Times to the Present'', Vol. 3, p. 1191, eds. David Levinson and Karen Christensen (Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, Inc., 1996). </ref> Today, the various state high school associations also host annual wrestling championships for individuals and for teams. ==Weight Classes== {{Further|[[Wrestling weight classes]]}} Scholastic wrestling is regulated by the [[National Federation of State High School Associations|National Federation of State High School Associations (NFHS)]]. Each state high school association has adopted its wrestling rules, with each making some modifications. Every high school is expected to practice wrestling at two levels: [[varsity team|varsity]] and [[junior varsity team|junior varsity]], although wrestling at the freshmen (ninth grade) level is becoming more widespread. The NFHS generally sets the standard for weight classes for high school-level dual meets, multiple duals, and tournaments. In most [[U.S. state|states]], high school wrestlers can compete at 14 different weight classes, ranging from {{convert|103|lb|abbr=on}} to the Heavyweight division of up to 285 lb.<ref>{{cite book | last = [[National Federation of State High School Associations]] | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = 2007-08 NFHS Wrestling Rules Book | publisher = [[National Federation of State High School Associations|NFHS]] | date = [[2007-09-15]] | location = | pages = p. 19 | url = | doi = | id = | isbn = }}</ref> Other [[U.S. state|states]] have additional or modified weight classes such as the {{convert|96|lb|abbr=on}} weight class in states such as [[New York (state)|New York]],<ref> {{cite web | last = [[New York State Public High School Athletic Association]] | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = 2007-2008 NYSPHSAA Handbook | work = pp. 72-73 | publisher = [[New York State Public High School Athletic Association|NYSPHSAA]] | date = [[2007-08-01]] | url = http://www.nysphsaa.org/handbook/pdf/handbook_0708.pdf | format = | doi = | accessdate = 2008-06-30 }} </ref> the {{convert|98|lb|abbr=on}} and {{convert|105|lb|abbr=on}} weight classes in states such as [[Montana]],<ref> {{cite web | last = [[Montana High School Association]] | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = 2007-08 Montana High School Association Handbook | work = p. 199 | publisher = [[Montana High School Association|MHSA]] | date = [[2007-08-01]] | url = http://www.mhsa.org/Handbook/2007-08Handbook/2007-08-Wrestling.pdf | format = | doi = | accessdate = 2007-09-15 }} </ref> and the {{convert|180|lb|abbr=on}} weight class in states such as [[Texas]].<ref> {{cite web | last = [[University Interscholastic League]] | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = 2007-08 Wrestling Manual | work = p. 38 | publisher = [[University Interscholastic League|UIL]] | date = [[2007-08-01]] | url = http://www.uil.utexas.edu/athletics/manuals/wrestling/pg30_47reg_season.pdf | format = | doi = | accessdate = 2007-09-15 }} </ref> Weight classes for junior varsity, freshman, and middle school teams may differ from state to state. Each state high school association that sanctions wrestling also has a defined weight-control plan that prohibits excessive weight loss and dehydration during the season. The plan would include at least a minimum seven percent [[body fat]] for males and 12 percent body fat for females.<ref>{{cite book | last = [[National Federation of State High School Associations]] | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = 2007-08 NFHS Wrestling Rules Book | publisher = [[National Federation of State High School Associations|NFHS]] | date = [[2007-09-15]] | location = | pages = p. 10 | url = | doi = | id = | isbn = }}</ref> These weight control plans include provisions for weight assessment by the school's athletics medical staff, and certification of the lowest allowable weight class with the team's head coach and the person that performs the weight assessment. Often, this is done online through the website of the state high school association or the [[National Wrestling Coaches Association|National Wrestling Coaches Association (NWCA)]]. After the date of certification, a growth allowance of two pounds in each weight class may be allowed in some states. Many tournaments offer an allowance of one or two pounds, allowing wrestlers to compete in a certain class if they are within the allowance of making the weight limit for that class. All of this is done in order to protect the wrestler's health. ==Structure of the Season - Dual Meets and Tournaments== [[Image:Wrestling falconfrenzy084.jpg|thumb|200px|Although legal and good for the pin, the hold pictured here, the figure-4 to the head, is an example of a hold that would be deemed a ''technical violation'' if done in the neutral position. It is also seen in better detail below.]][[Image:Wrestling states145 edit.jpg|thumb|200px|The figure-4 to the head for the fall.]] The high school wrestling season usually begins in late [[October]] or early [[November]] and continues until [[February]] or [[March]] (depending on, if individual wrestlers or teams qualify for a regional, sectional, or state championship). Normally, two different [[high school]]s would compete in what is known as a '''dual meet'''. It is possible for there also to be a '''multiple dual''', where more than two wrestling teams compete against each other at the same event on the same day. For example, one high school wrestling team may face another wrestling team for the first dual, and then a third wrestling team for the second dual. Also, those two wrestling teams may compete against each other in a dual meet as well. High schools often compete in regional, city-, or county-wide leagues. ===Dual Meets=== Dual meets usually take place on evenings during the [[school week]] (Monday through Friday), or on Saturday mornings, afternoons, or evenings during the wrestling season and begin with weigh-ins, shoulder-to-shoulder, at a maximum of one hour before the meet begins. Wrestlers may wrestle up only one weight class above the weight class that they are placed in, with some exceptions. If a wrestler fails to make weight, he either has to forfeit or weigh-in at a higher class. If a wrestler is suspected by a referee or coach of having a communicable skin disease, the wrestler can either be disqualified or provide written documentation from a physician that the skin disease is not communicable. If a meet physician is on-site, his or her judgment would overrule such documentation.<ref>{{cite book | last = [[National Federation of State High School Associations]] | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = 2007-08 NFHS Wrestling Rules Book | publisher = [[National Federation of State High School Associations|NFHS]] | date = [[2007-09-15]] | location = | pages = pp. 19-20 | url = | doi = | id = | isbn = }}</ref> Dual meets often feature one or two pound allowances, but in order to qualify for a league championship, wrestlers are required to weigh in without the benefit of a pound allowance (at '''scratch weight''') a certain number of times during the dual meet season. In all cases, after weigh-ins, the referee coordinates the random draw, which determines the sequence of weight classes for the dual meet.<ref>{{cite book | last = [[National Federation of State High School Associations]] | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = 2007-08 NFHS Wrestling Rules Book | publisher = [[National Federation of State High School Associations|NFHS]] | date = [[2007-09-15]] | location = | pages = pp. 9, 27 | url = | doi = | id = | isbn = }}</ref> After the random draw, the referee will call the wrestlers from each team who have been designated as captains. One of the captains will call a disk toss. The disk will then fall to the floor and determine: 1) which team has the choice of position at the start of the second period and 2) which one of the team's members is to appear first at the scorer's table when called by the referee for each weight class.<ref>{{cite book | last = [[National Federation of State High School Associations]] | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = 2007-08 NFHS Wrestling Rules Book | publisher = [[National Federation of State High School Associations|NFHS]] | date = [[2007-09-15]] | location = | pages = pp. 9-10, 27 | url = | doi = | id = | isbn = }}</ref>The wrestler-captain who won the disk toss may choose the even or odd weight classes. That is, he may choose the weight classes, from lowest to highest, that are numbered evenly or oddly. The first weight class chosen in the random draw is odd. Thus, the rest of the weight classes are even and odd accordingly. For example, if the {{convert|119|lb|abbr=on}} weight class is chosen in the random draw, then the 119 lb, 130 lb, {{convert|140|lb|abbr=on}}, etc. weight classes would be odd, and the 125 lb, 135 lb, {{convert|145|lb|abbr=on}}, etc. weight classes would be even. This order would work in the traditional sequence until the last even weight class of 112 lb.[[Image:2nsun47.jpg|frame|right|Figure four to the head]]<ref>{{cite book | last = [[National Federation of State High School Associations]] | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = 2007-08 NFHS Wrestling Rules Book | publisher = [[National Federation of State High School Associations|NFHS]] | date = [[2007-09-15]] | location = | pages = pp. 31-32 | url = | doi = | id = | isbn = }}</ref> During a dual meet, both the junior varsity and varsity squads from the two involved schools compete against each other. The format of competition is as follows: '''1.''' The top junior varsity wrestler of each school compete against each other in an order determined by the random draw. The first weight class drawn starts the competition, with the following weight classes proceeding in order. For example, if the {{convert|152|lb|abbr=on}} weight class was drawn first, the matches would follow after that weight class up to the {{convert|285|lb|abbr=on}} match. The matches would then revert to {{convert|103|lb|abbr=on}} and proceed to {{convert|145|lb|abbr=on}}. The dual meet would then commence with each school's top junior varsity wrestler in the first weight class drawn. After that, the top junior varsity wrestlers then compete in the succeeding weight classes. Often if more than one junior varsity wrestler is at a certain weight class for each school, the coaches will hold an '''exhibition match''' which does not count towards the junior varsity team score but allows the wrestlers to gain more competitive experience. Sometimes matches are not scored for a winning team, allowing wrestlers to focus on skills and technique rather than winning. Sometimes if one school has two junior varsity wrestlers at the same weight and the other school only has one, the lone wrestler may wrestle both the other's wrestlers. It is also common for junior varsity wrestlers to compete against wrestlers one or two weight classes above or below them. '''2.''' After a break, the varsity matches commence in the same fashion as the junior varsity matches. However, there are no exhibition matches at the varsity level. Freshmen wrestling matches could also begin during the same time, or before the junior varsity matches. ===Tournaments=== [[Image:Jon Goncalves001.jpg|thumb|250px|Often, a defensive wrestler will attempt to ''bridge'' (when in a supine position, to lift one's body up by the neck with the back arched away from the mat and only the feet and hands or the feet and head on the mat<ref> ''Webster's Sports Dictionary'', p. 57, (Springfield, MA: G. & C. Merriam Co. (now Merriam-Webster), 1976). </ref>) out to escape the opponent's hold, particularly in a near fall or pin situation.]] Often, many [[high school]]s in the [[United States]] will compete in what is known as a '''tournament'''. This allows many schools to establish their rankings, not only for individual student-wrestlers, but also for high school teams as a whole (e.g. city, county, regional, sectional, and state wrestling championships). Tournaments are often sponsored by a high school or a state high school association and are held on Friday, Saturday, Sunday, or over any two days during the [[weekend]]. Admission is often charged to cover costs and make a small profit for the host. A tournament committee usually administers the event and after individual and team entries have been verified, the officials then determine the order of the matches (called "drawing") by certain brackets (e.g. brackets of eight, 16, etc.). The tournament officials when doing this drawing take into account each wrestler's win-loss record, previous tournament placements, and other factors that indicate the wrestler's ability. With that in mind, wrestlers who are noticed as having the most superior records are bracketed so that two top-ranked superior wrestlers in each weight class do not compete against each other in an early round. This is called '''seeding'''. A tournament begins with weigh-ins, shoulder-to-shoulder, starting two hours or less before competition begins. An allowance of one pound is granted for each subsequent day of the tournament, up to a maximum of two pounds.<ref>{{cite book | last = [[National Federation of State High School Associations]] | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = 2007-08 NFHS Wrestling Rules Book | publisher = [[National Federation of State High School Associations|NFHS]] | date = [[2007-09-15]] | location = | pages = pp. 19-20, 49-51 | url = | doi = | id = | isbn = }}</ref> With the drawing and weigh-ins completed, wrestlers then compete in two brackets in each of the 14 weight classes. Often, a tournament host will field a '''house team''' composed of junior varsity wrestlers from competing schools when there are open slots in the brackets. Tournaments are usually either varsity or junior varsity competitions. If there are not enough wrestlers to fill up the bracket in a weight class in the first round, a '''bye''' will be awarded to a wrestler who does not have to compete against another wrestler in his pairing. After taking account the number of byes, the first round in each weight class then begins. Most high school wrestling tournaments are in [[double elimination]] format. The last two wrestlers in the upper (championship) bracket wrestle for first place in the finals, with the loser winning second place. In other words, a wrestler cannot place higher than third if he is knocked down to the lower (consolation) bracket by losing in the championship semifinals. This is largely the result of time constraints: one-day tournaments often last into the evening. If the winner of the consolation bracket were allowed to challenge the winner of the championship bracket in the championship, the tournament could continue well past midnight before finishing.<ref name=WRB5051>{{cite book | last = [[National Federation of State High School Associations]] | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = 2007-08 NFHS Wrestling Rules Book | publisher = [[National Federation of State High School Associations|NFHS]] | date = [[2007-09-15]] | location = | pages = pp. 50-51 | url = | doi = | id = | isbn = }}</ref> Depending on how many places are scored, the consolation rounds would then commence, beginning among all of the wrestlers who lost to the winners of a certain round. For example, in tournaments scoring eight places, consolation rounds would begin with all of the wrestlers who lost to the winners of the first round matches. After the championship semifinals, the losers in the semifinals would be cross-bracketed into the consolation semifinals. The winner of the consolation finals would then win third place, with the loser winning fourth place. In tournaments where six places are awarded, the losers of the consolation semifinals would wrestle for fifth place, with the loser winning sixth place. If eight places are awarded, the losers of the consolation quarterfinals would wrestle for seventh place, with the loser winning eighth place, and so on. After the championships finals, the awards ceremony usually takes place with plaques, medals, trophies, or other awards given to the individual and team winners with the highest placements. Precise rules for tournaments may vary from one event to the next.<ref name=WRB5051 /> Each state or geographic area features two or three "elite" tournaments every year. These events are by invitation only. Hence, the commonly-used name for them, '''Invitationals'''. Tournament sponsors (which are usually high schools, though sometimes colleges and universities) invite the best varsity wrestlers from their area to compete against each other. Many elite tournaments last two or even three days. For this reason, elite tournaments are often scheduled during the school's winter break. Between one season and the next, postseason tournaments and preseason tournaments are often held in scholastic wrestling and also in [[freestyle wrestling|freestyle]] and [[Greco-Roman wrestling|Greco-Roman]]. The most active wrestlers often take part in those to sharpen their skills and techniques. Also, clinics and camps are often held for both wrestlers and their coaches to help refresh old techniques and gain new strategies. ==Layout of the Mat== The match takes place on a thick rubber '''mat''' that is shock-absorbing to ensure safety. A large '''outer circle''' at least {{convert|28|ft|m}} in diameter that designates the wrestling area is marked on the mat. The circumference line of that circle is called the '''boundary line'''. The wrestling area is surrounded by a '''safety mat area''' (or protection area) that is at least five inches in width. The mat area is designated by the use of contrasting colors or a two-inch wide line, which is out of bounds. The wrestlers are within bounds when the supporting points (the weight-bearing points of the body, such as the [[Foot|feet]], [[hands]], [[knees]], [[buttocks]], etc.) of either wrestler are inside this boundary line.<ref name=WRB11>{{cite book | last = [[National Federation of State High School Associations]] | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = 2007-08 NFHS Wrestling Rules Book | publisher = [[National Federation of State High School Associations|NFHS]] | date = [[2007-09-15]] | location = | pages = p. 11 | url = | doi = | id = | isbn = }}</ref> The mat can be no thicker than four inches (102 mm) nor thinner than a mat which has the shock-absorbing qualities of at least 1-inch PVC vinyl-covered foam. Inside the outer circle is usually an '''inner circle''' about {{convert|10|ft|m}} in diameter, designated by the use of contrasting colors or a two-inch wide line. Wrestlers are encouraged to stay within this inner circle or else they risk being penalized for stalling (that is, deliberately attempting to slow down the action of the match). Each wrestler begins action at a '''starting line''' inside the inner circle that is three feet long. Two one-inch lines close the ends of the starting lines and are marked <span style="color:red;">red</span> for the wrestler from the visiting team and <span style="color:green;">green</span> for the wrestler from the home team. The two starting lines are {{convert|12|in|mm}} from outside to outside and form a rectangle in the middle of the wrestling area. This rectangle designates the starting positions for the three periods. All mats that are in sections are secured together. Additional padding may be added under the mat to protect the wrestlers.<ref name=WRB11 /> For younger age groups, one mat may be divided into halves or quarters so that multiple matches may be staged on a single mat. ==Equipment== [[Image:Pinned three seconds later.jpg|thumb|275px|Pinning is the supreme goal in all wrestling, as it also scores the most points in team competitions. This near fall situation is about to turn into a [[Pin (amateur wrestling)|pin (fall)]] in three seconds.]] * A '''[[Wrestling singlet|singlet]]''' is a one-piece wrestling garment made of [[spandex]] that should provide a tight and comfortable fit for the wrestler. It is made from [[nylon]] or [[lycra]] and prevents an opponent from using anything on the wrestler as leverage. The singlets are usually light or dark depending on whether the wrestlers are competing at home or abroad, and they are usually designed according to the school's or club's team colors. Wrestlers also have the option of wearing '''[[leggings]]''' with their singlets.<ref>{{cite book | last = [[National Federation of State High School Associations]] | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = 2007-08 NFHS Wrestling Rules Book | publisher = [[National Federation of State High School Associations|NFHS]] | date = [[2007-09-15]] | location = | pages = pp. 16-17 | url = | doi = | id = | isbn = }}</ref> * A special pair of '''[[Wrestling shoes|shoes]]''' is worn by a wrestler to increase his mobility and flexibility. Wrestling shoes are light and flexible in order to provide maximum comfort and movement. Usually made with rubber soles, they help give the wrestler's feet a better grip on the mat.<ref name=WRB17>{{cite book | last = [[National Federation of State High School Associations]] | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = 2007-08 NFHS Wrestling Rules Book | publisher = [[National Federation of State High School Associations|NFHS]] | date = [[2007-09-15]] | location = | pages = p. 17 | url = | doi = | id = | isbn = }}</ref> * '''[[Wrestling headgear|Headgear]]''', equipment worn around the ears to protect the wrestler, is mandatory in scholastic (collegiate or folkstyle) wrestling.<ref name=WRB17 /> Headgear is worn to decrease the participant's own risk for injury, as there is the potential to develop [[cauliflower ear]]. * In addition, special equipment, such as '''face masks''', '''braces''', '''[[mouthguards]]''', '''hair coverings''', '''knee pads''', or '''armbands''' may be worn by either wrestler. Anything worn that prevents normal movement or execution of holds is prohibited.<ref>{{cite book | last = [[National Federation of State High School Associations]] | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = 2007-08 NFHS Wrestling Rules Book | publisher = [[National Federation of State High School Associations|NFHS]] | date = [[2007-09-15]] | location = | pages = pp. 18-19 | url = | doi = | id = | isbn = }}</ref> ==The Match== [[Image:Wrestling falconfrenzy039.jpg|thumb|200px|At the start of the first period, the two wrestlers are in the neutral position, as shown.]][[Image:Wrestling falconfrenzy158.jpg|thumb|200px|Usually at the start of the second and third periods, both wrestlers start in the referee's position, with one wrestler on the bottom with hands spread out and feet held together, and one wrestler on the top with his hand around the opponent's waist for control.]] A bout between two wrestlers of the same weight class is called a '''match'''. It consists of three periods totaling six minutes,<ref>Matches in the consolation round of a tournament may consist of three periods, with the first period of one or two minutes, and the second and third periods being two minutes each. {{cite book | last = [[National Federation of State High School Associations]] | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = 2007-08 NFHS Wrestling Rules Book | publisher = [[National Federation of State High School Associations|NFHS]] | date = [[2007-09-15]] | location = | pages = p. 31 | url = | doi = | id = | isbn = }}</ref> with an [[Overtime (sports)|overtime]] round if necessary if the score is tied at the end of regulation. High school matches are one minute shorter than college and university matches - not having collegiate wrestling's three-minute first period.<ref> {{cite web | last = [[National Collegiate Athletic Association]] | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = 2008 NCAA Wrestling Rules and Interpretations | work = pp. WR-10, WR-39 | publisher = [[National Collegiate Athletic Association|NCAA]] | date = [[2007-08-31]] | url = http://www.ncaa.org/library/rules/2008/2008_wrestling_rules.pdf | format = | doi = | accessdate = 2007-09-06 }} </ref> Additionally, college wrestling uses the concept of "time advantage" or "riding time",<ref> {{cite web | last = [[National Collegiate Athletic Association]] | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = 2008 NCAA Wrestling Rules and Interpretations | work = p. WR-23 | publisher = [[National Collegiate Athletic Association|NCAA]] | date = [[2007-08-31]] | url = http://www.ncaa.org/library/rules/2008/2008_wrestling_rules.pdf | format = | doi = | accessdate = 2007-09-06 }} </ref> while high school wrestling does not. Varsity matches may be longer than junior varsity and freshmen matches in some states. Any differences in the length of time are explained by the fact that junior varsity and freshmen wrestlers are presumed to be younger, less skilled, and possibly in poorer shape than varsity wrestlers, though this may not always be the case. Period lengths vary for age groups below high school and are different from state to state. The main official at the wrestling match is the '''[[Referee#Wrestling (amateur)|referee]]''', who is responsible for starting and stopping the match; observing all holds; signaling points; calling penalties such as illegal holds, unnecessary roughness, fleeing the mat, or flagrant misconduct; and finally observing a full view of and determining the pin (or fall).<ref>{{cite book | last = [[National Federation of State High School Associations]] | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = 2007-08 NFHS Wrestling Rules Book | publisher = [[National Federation of State High School Associations|NFHS]] | date = [[2007-09-15]] | location = | pages = pp. 13-14 | url = | doi = | id = | isbn = }}</ref> There can also be one '''assistant referee''' (especially at tournaments) that helps the referee with making any difficult decisions and in preventing error.<ref>{{cite book | last = [[National Federation of State High School Associations]] | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = 2007-08 NFHS Wrestling Rules Book | publisher = [[National Federation of State High School Associations|NFHS]] | date = [[2007-09-15]] | location = | pages = p. 15 | url = | doi = | id = | isbn = }}</ref> Also, a '''scorer''' with '''assistant scorers''' are there to record the points of the two individual wrestlers. Finally, a match or meet '''timekeeper''' may be present to note the match time, timeouts and work with the scorers.<ref>{{cite book | last = [[National Federation of State High School Associations]] | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = 2007-08 NFHS Wrestling Rules Book | publisher = [[National Federation of State High School Associations|NFHS]] | date = [[2007-09-15]] | location = | pages = p. 16 | url = | doi = | id = | isbn = }}</ref> *'''Pre-match''' Each wrestler is called by the referee, reports to the scorer's table, steps onto the mat, and may put on a <span style="color:green;">green</span> (for the home team) or <span style="color:red;">red</span> (for the visiting team) anklet about three inches wide which the referee will use to indicate scoring. The referee then asks both wrestlers to shake hands, and blows his whistle to begin the first period.<ref>{{cite book | last = [[National Federation of State High School Associations]] | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = 2007-08 NFHS Wrestling Rules Book | publisher = [[National Federation of State High School Associations|NFHS]] | date = [[2007-09-15]] | location = | pages = pp. 19, 25, 31 | url = | doi = | id = | isbn = }}</ref> *'''First Period''' The first period begins with both wrestlers in the '''neutral (standing) position'''. The neutral position has the two wrestlers facing each other on their feet with a slight crouch with their arms in from of them at or above waist level.<ref> ''Webster's Sports Dictionary'', p. 282, (Springfield, MA: G. & C. Merriam Co. (now Merriam-Webster), 1976). </ref> Each wrestler starts with a foot on opposite sides of the starting rectangle. The [[referee]] then asks both wrestlers to shake hands, and then signals the start of the match by blowing his whistle. The match commences with each wrestler attempting to ''takedown'' his opponent. The first period in [[high school]] [[Varsity team|varsity]] wrestling matches is two minutes long.<ref name=WRB31>{{cite book | last = [[National Federation of State High School Associations]] | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = 2007-08 NFHS Wrestling Rules Book | publisher = [[National Federation of State High School Associations|NFHS]] | date = [[2007-09-15]] | location = | pages = p. 31 | url = | doi = | id = | isbn = }}</ref> In junior varsity and freshmen matches, the first period can be two minutes, 90 seconds, or one minute long. *'''Second Period''' After the first period ends, one wrestler will have the choice of starting position in the second period. In dual meets, this is determined by the colored disk toss that took place before the meet began. In tournaments, the referee will toss a colored disk, and the winner of that disk toss will have the choice of position. There are a variety of choices. The wrestler could choose between the neutral (standing) position, or as is most commonly chosen to begin in a place called the '''referee's position'''. This is where both wrestlers begin action at the center of the mat with one wrestler (in the '''defensive starting position''') on the bottom with his hands spread apart in front of the forward starting line and his knees spread apart behind the rear starting line with his legs held together. The other wrestler on the top (in the '''offensive starting position''') then kneels beside him with one arm wrapped around the bottom wrestler's waist and the other hand on the opponent's near elbow for control.<ref>{{cite book | last = [[National Federation of State High School Associations]] | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = 2007-08 NFHS Wrestling Rules Book | publisher = [[National Federation of State High School Associations|NFHS]] | date = [[2007-09-15]] | location = | pages = pp. 26, 31-32 | url = | doi = | id = | isbn = }}</ref><ref> ''Webster's Sports Dictionary'', p. 348, (Springfield, MA: G. & C. Merriam Co. (now Merriam-Webster), 1976). </ref> Most often, the wrestler with the choice chooses the top position, in order to remain on the offensive; however, since riding time is not calculated in high school wrestling, the top position does not offer as much of an advantage. If the wrestler chooses the bottom position, it would be ostensible to score points for a reversal or an escape and subsequent takedown. The wrestler could also defer his choice to the beginning of the third period. [[Image:The Escape.jpg|thumb|225px|One of the scholastic wrestlers pictured here is escaping from his opponent's control for one point.]] More recently, another starting position has been allowed, known as the '''optional start'''. After the offensive wrestler indicates his intention to the referee, the referee lets the defensive wrestler adjust and begin in the same manner as in the referee's position. The offensive wrestler then stands behind and places his both his hands on the opponent's back between his neck and his waist (usually in a diamond shape). When the referee starts the action by blowing the whistle, the defensive wrestler then has the opportunity to get back to his feet in a neutral (standing) position.<ref>{{cite book | last = [[National Federation of State High School Associations]] | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = 2007-08 NFHS Wrestling Rules Book | publisher = [[National Federation of State High School Associations|NFHS]] | date = [[2007-09-15]] | location = | pages = pp. 26-27 | url = | doi = | id = | isbn = }}</ref> Any of the starting positions may be used to resume action during a period when the wrestlers go off the mat, depending on the referee's judgment as to whether any or which wrestler had the advantage.<ref> ''Webster's Sports Dictionary'', p. 348, (Springfield, MA: G. & C. Merriam Co. (now Merriam-Webster), 1976). </ref> The second period is two minutes long in high school varsity matches.<ref name=WRB31 /> In junior varsity and freshmen matches, the second period can be either two minutes or 90 seconds long. *'''Third Period''' The wrestler who did not choose the starting position for the second period now chooses the starting position. The third period is also two minutes long in high school varsity matches.<ref name=WRB31 /> In junior varsity and freshmen matches, the third period can be either two minutes or 90 seconds long. *'''Overtime Round''' ::*'''Sudden Victory Period''' If the third period ends in a tie, a one minute (sudden victory) period is used. Both wrestlers start in the neutral (standing) position. The first wrestler to score a point wins.<ref name=WRB35>{{cite book | last = [[National Federation of State High School Associations]] | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = 2007-08 NFHS Wrestling Rules Book | publisher = [[National Federation of State High School Associations|NFHS]] | date = [[2007-09-15]] | location = | pages = p. 35 | url = | doi = | id = | isbn = }}</ref> [[Image:16bc27a.jpg|frame|900px|right|The referee raises the winners arm in victory after every match]] ::*'''Tiebreaker Periods''' If no points are scored in the sudden victory period, two 30 second tiebreaker periods are used. Both wrestlers start in the referee's position. The wrestler who won a colored disk toss made by the referee has the choice of either top or bottom position, or he may defer the choice to the opponent. After the wrestler makes the choice, the two contestants then wrestle. Either of the two wrestlers must try to score as many points as he can. Once one 30 second period is over, the wrestler who was in the bottom position then wrestles on the top in another 30 second period. Whoever scores the most points (or is awarded a fall, default, or disqualification) wins the match.<ref name=WRB35 /> ::*'''Ultimate Tiebreaker Period''' If no points were scored or the score is still tied after the two 30-second tiebreaker periods, a final ultimate tiebreaker period is used. The ultimate tiebreaker period lasts for 30 seconds. Both wrestlers also start in the referee's position. The wrestler who scored the first points in regulation (except for double-stalling or simultaneous penalties) has the choice of top or bottom position, or he may defer the choice to the opponent. If no points were scored in the regulation match, the winner of a colored disk toss will have the choice of position. After the wrestler makes his choice, the two contestants then wrestle. The person in the bottom position must then escape to get the win. If the wrestler in the offensive (top) position rides the bottom wrestler the entire 30 seconds and does not let that wrestler up, he wins and is awarded one point.<ref name=WRB35 /> *'''Post-match''' After the match is completed, regardless of the victory condition, the wrestlers will return to the center of the mat (on the {{convert|10|ft|m|sing=on}} inner circle) while the referee checks with the scorer's table. Upon the referee's return to the mat, the two wrestlers shake hands, and the referee declares the winner by raising the victor's hand. Both contestants then return to their team benches from the mat.<ref>{{cite book | last = [[National Federation of State High School Associations]] | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = 2007-08 NFHS Wrestling Rules Book | publisher = [[National Federation of State High School Associations|NFHS]] | date = [[2007-09-15]] | location = | pages = pp. 33, 69 | url = | doi = | id = | isbn = }}</ref> ==Scoring== [[Image:2006-02-25 State Open 274.jpg|thumb|235px|A near fall can be scored when the defensive wrestler is held either in a high bridge or on both elbows, as shown.]] Points are awarded mostly when a wrestler gains a certain level of control over his opponent. In general, the wrestler has to be controlling his opponent's hips with restraining power in order for the referee to determine that he has control of his opponent. This is known as the '''position of advantage'''.<ref>{{cite book | last = [[National Federation of State High School Associations]] | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = 2007-08 NFHS Wrestling Rules Book | publisher = [[National Federation of State High School Associations|NFHS]] | date = [[2007-09-15]] | location = | pages = pp. 22, 26 | url = | doi = | id = | isbn = }}</ref> Scoring can be accomplished in the following ways: [[Image:Going in for the pin!.jpg|thumb|left|175px|A near fall can also be scored when the defensive wrestler is held with one shoulder on the mat and one shoulder at an angle of 45 degrees or less toward the mat, as shown.]] * '''Takedown''' ('''2 points'''): A wrestler receives points for a takedown when from the neutral position, one wrestler gains control by bringing the other down onto the mat beyond reaction time, and the supporting point(s) of either wrestler are in bounds. This is most often accomplished by attacking the legs of the opponent, although various throws can also be used to bring a wrestler down to the mat.<ref>{{cite book | last = [[National Federation of State High School Associations]] | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = 2007-08 NFHS Wrestling Rules Book | publisher = [[National Federation of State High School Associations|NFHS]] | date = [[2007-09-15]] | location = | pages = pp. 25, 29, 46 | url = | doi = | id = | isbn = }}</ref> * '''Escape''' ('''1 point'''): A defensive wrestler who is being controlled on the bottom is awarded points for an escape when the offensive wrestler loses control beyond reaction time of the opponent while either wrestler's supporting point(s) remains on the mat in bounds.<ref>{{cite book | last = [[National Federation of State High School Associations]] | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = 2007-08 NFHS Wrestling Rules Book | publisher = [[National Federation of State High School Associations|NFHS]] | date = [[2007-09-15]] | location = | pages = pp. 22, 25, 46 | url = | doi = | id = | isbn = }}</ref> * '''Reversal''' ('''2 points'''): A defensive wrestler who is being controlled on the bottom is awarded points for a reversal when he comes from the bottom/defensive position and gains control of the opponent either on the mat or in a rear standing position. Reversal points are awarded on the edge of the wrestling area if either wrestler's supporting point(s) or the feet of the scoring wrestler remains on the mat in bounds.<ref>{{cite book | last = [[National Federation of State High School Associations]] | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = 2007-08 NFHS Wrestling Rules Book | publisher = [[National Federation of State High School Associations|NFHS]] | date = [[2007-09-15]] | location = | pages = pp. 25, 27, 46 | url = | doi = | id = | isbn = }}</ref> * '''Near Fall''': This is similar to the points for '''exposure''' or the '''danger position''' awarded in the international styles of wrestling, but the emphasis for near falls is on control, not risk. Near fall criteria is met when: (1) the offensive wrestler holds the defensive wrestler in a high bridge or on both elbows; (2) the offensive wrestler holds any part of both his opponent's shoulders or scapulae (shoulder blades) within four inches (102 mm) of the mat; or (3) the offensive wrestler controls the defensive wrestler in such a way that one of the bottom wrestler's shoulders or scapulae, or the head, is touching the mat, and the other shoulder or scapula is held at an angle of 45 degrees or less to the mat. The referee counts the seconds off.<ref>{{cite book | last = [[National Federation of State High School Associations]] | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = 2007-08 NFHS Wrestling Rules Book | publisher = [[National Federation of State High School Associations|NFHS]] | date = [[2007-09-15]] | location = | pages = pp. 22-23, 46 | url = | doi = | id = | isbn = }}</ref> Near fall points are also known as "back points." The near fall was formerly known as ''predicament'' in college wrestling.<ref> ''Webster's Sports Dictionary'', pp. 279-280, (Springfield, MA: G. & C. Merriam Co. (now Merriam-Webster), 1976). </ref> When near fall points are given after the opponent is injured, signals an injury, or bleeds excessively, it is a consequence of what is sometimes referred to as the ''scream rule''. ::('''2 points''') - Two points are given when near fall criteria is met for two to four seconds. Two points can also be granted in cases where a pinning combination is executed legally and a near fall is imminent, but the defensive wrestler is injured, signals an injury, or bleeds excessively before the near fall criterion is met.<ref name=WRB2346>{{cite book | last = [[National Federation of State High School Associations]] | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = 2007-08 NFHS Wrestling Rules Book | publisher = [[National Federation of State High School Associations|NFHS]] | date = [[2007-09-15]] | location = | pages = pp. 23, 46 | url = | doi = | id = | isbn = }}</ref> [[Image:Wrestling falconfrenzy026.jpg|thumb|195px|A near fall situation can also occur if both shoulders are within four inches (102 mm) of touching the mat, as shown.]] ::('''3 points''') - Three points are given when near fall criteria is met for five seconds or more. After five seconds, the referee awards three points and stops counting. When a near fall criterion is met that is between two and four seconds, and the defensive wrestler is injured, indicates an injury, or bleeds excessively, three points are also awarded.<ref name=WRB2346 /> ::('''4 points''') - Four points are given when a criterion for a near fall is met for five seconds, and the defensive wrestler later is injured, indicates an injury, bleeds excessively.<ref name=WRB2346 /> * '''Penalty''' ('''1 or 2 points'''): A point can be awarded by the referee to the opponent for various penalty situations. "Unsportsmanlike conduct" by the wrestler includes swearing, teasing the opponent, etc. "Flagrant misconduct" includes actions (physical or nonphysical) that intentionally attack the opponent, the opponent's team, or others in a severe way. Illegal holds are also penalized accordingly, and potentially dangerous holds are not penalizaed, but the match will be stopped by the referee. Also, "technical violations" such as stalling, interlocking hands, and other minor infractions are penalized. With some situations, such as stalling, a warning is given after the first occurennce, and if there is another occurrence the penalty point is given. In other situations, there is no warning and penalty points are automatically given. In general, after a certain number of occurrences where penalty points are given, the penalized wrestler is disqualified. A fuller treatment of the situations in which penalty points are awarded in high school wrestling matches is found [http://www.nfhs.org/core/contentmanager/uploads/PDFs/Wrestling/Wrestling_Penalty_chart.pdf here (also found on pages 42 and 43 of the ''2007-08 NFHS Wrestling Rules Book'')]. ==Victory Conditions in Scholastic Wrestling== [[Image:Wrestling falconfrenzy065.jpg|thumb|180px|A [[Pin (amateur wrestling)|pin or fall]] occurs when both [[shoulder]]s or [[scapula|scapulae (shoulder blades)]] of the defensive wrestler are held on the mat, inbouinds for two seconds.]][[Image:Wrestling falconfrenzy053.jpg|thumb|180px|Pins (or falls) can be attained in many different technique combinations. The pin situation seen here is that from a double arm tie-up. The wrestler later secured the pin.]] The object of the entire wrestling match is to attain victory by what is known as the '''[[Pin (amateur wrestling)|pin]]''' or '''fall'''. A '''[[Pin (amateur wrestling)|pin]]''' occurs when a wrestler holds any part of both his opponent's [[shoulder]]s or [[scapula|scapulae (shoulder blades)]] on the mat for two full seconds at the high school<ref>{{cite book | last = [[National Federation of State High School Associations]] | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = 2007-08 NFHS Wrestling Rules Book | publisher = [[National Federation of State High School Associations|NFHS]] | date = [[2007-09-15]] | location = | pages = pp. 22-23 | url = | doi = | id = | isbn = }}</ref> and lower levels. A pin ends the match immediately, and the offensive wrestler who held the pin is declared the winner. Pins can be attained in many different ways. The most common way of getting the pin is through the various [[nelson hold]]s, in particular, the [[Nelson hold#Half nelson|half nelson]]. Other techniques used to get falls are ''[[Cradle (wrestling)|cradles]]'', the [[Grappling hold|''headlock'' (''head and arm'')]], single or double ''armbars'' (''bar arms''), the ''leg Turk'', the ''reverse body lock'', the ''guillotine'', the ''leg split'' (also known as the ''banana split'' or ''spread eagle''), the ''spladle'', the ''[[Figure-four (grappling hold)|figure-4]] to the head'', the ''[[Compressive asphyxia|straight body scissors]]'', and the [[Grappling hold|''double grapevine'']] (also called the ''Saturday night ride''). On the high school level in a '''dual meet''' (a competition in which wrestlers from two [[high school]] teams face each other), the fall would be awarded with six points for the winning team.<ref name=WRB47>{{cite book | last = [[National Federation of State High School Associations]] | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = 2007-08 NFHS Wrestling Rules Book | publisher = [[National Federation of State High School Associations|NFHS]] | date = [[2007-09-15]] | location = | pages = p. 47 | url = | doi = | id = | isbn = }}</ref> A '''[[technical fall]]''' is also possible once a deficit of 15 points is achieved.<ref>{{cite book | last = [[National Federation of State High School Associations]] | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = 2007-08 NFHS Wrestling Rules Book | publisher = [[National Federation of State High School Associations|NFHS]] | date = [[2007-09-15]] | location = | pages = p. 23 | url = | doi = | id = | isbn = }}</ref> A technical fall is very likely when one wrestler has great control over the other and is able to score near fall points. If the wrestler in control is unable to score a pin, the match ends once an imminent pinning situation is no longer seen by the referee or when the wrestlers return to the neutral position. On the high school-level in a dual meet, if the technical fall occurred, five team points are awarded.<ref name=WRB47 /> If no fall or technical fall occurs, a wrestler can also win simply by points. If a wrestler wins by eight or more points, but under the 15 points needed for a technical fall, the win is known as a '''major decision'''.<ref name=WRB47 /> This is worth four team points in a dual meet.<ref name=WRB47 /> Usually, if the wrestler wins by less than eight points, or wins the first point in a sudden victory period in overtime without gaining a fall, default, or a win by an opponent's disqualification, the wrestler then wins by '''decision''',<ref name=WRB4647>{{cite book | last = [[National Federation of State High School Associations]] | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = 2007-08 NFHS Wrestling Rules Book | publisher = [[National Federation of State High School Associations|NFHS]] | date = [[2007-09-15]] | location = | pages = pp. 46-47 | url = | doi = | id = | isbn = }}</ref> worth three team points in a dual meet.<ref name=WRB4647 /> If for any reason, a wrestler is unable to continue competing during the match (e.g. because of injury, illness, etc.), his opponent is awarded victory by '''default''',<ref name=WRB22>{{cite book | last = [[National Federation of State High School Associations]] | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = 2007-08 NFHS Wrestling Rules Book | publisher = [[National Federation of State High School Associations|NFHS]] | date = [[2007-09-15]] | location = | pages = p. 22 | url = | doi = | id = | isbn = }}</ref> worth six team points in a dual meet.<ref name=WRB47 /> If a wrestler is barred from competing further in a match by virtue of acquiring penalties or for flagrant misconduct, his opponent wins by '''disqualification''',<ref name=WRB22 /> again worth six team points in a dual meet.<ref name=WRB47 /> In the case of flagrant misconduct, an additional three-team point penalty is imposed and the wrestler that committed the flagrant act is eliminated from further competition, removed from the premisis and all team points previously earned are deducted.<ref>{{cite book | last = [[National Federation of State High School Associations]] | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = 2007-08 NFHS Wrestling Rules Book | publisher = [[National Federation of State High School Associations|NFHS]] | date = [[2007-09-15]] | location = | pages = p. 42 | url = | doi = | id = | isbn = }} This also can be cited from the Wrestling Penalty Chart available on the NFHS website and found [http://www.nfhs.org/core/contentmanager/uploads/PDFs/Wrestling/Wrestling_Penalty_chart.pdf here].</ref> A wrestler also may gain a victory by '''forfeit''',<ref name=WRB24>{{cite book | last = [[National Federation of State High School Associations]] | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = 2007-08 NFHS Wrestling Rules Book | publisher = [[National Federation of State High School Associations|NFHS]] | date = [[2007-09-15]] | location = | pages = p. 24 | url = | doi = | id = | isbn = }}</ref> meaning that the other wrestler for some reason fails to appear on the mat at the start of the match. A victory by forfeit is worth six team points in a dual meet.<ref name=WRB47 /> For a wrestler to win by forfeit however, he must appear on the mat in a wrestling uniform.<ref name=WRB24 /> The existence of the forfeit condition encourages teams to have at least one junior varsity and one varsity competitor at every weight class. In a dual meet, when all team points are totaled, the team with the most points wins the competition. In all victory cases, the junior varsity and varsity competitions are scored separately. It is entirely possible for one participating school to win the junior varsity dual meet and one participating school to win the varsity dual meet. If there is a tie between teams, the tie is broken by one team point awarded to a team based on certain criteria.<ref>{{cite book | last = [[National Federation of State High School Associations]] | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = 2007-08 NFHS Wrestling Rules Book | publisher = [[National Federation of State High School Associations|NFHS]] | date = [[2007-09-15]] | location = | pages = pp. 47-48 | url = | doi = | id = | isbn = }}</ref> In a '''tournament''', most of the points are scored on the team level of advancement. For example, a team winning a match in the championship bracket would be awarded 2 team advancement points; 1 advancement point would be awarded if a team won a match in the consolation bracket. The corresponding team points also apply if a wrestler from the team gained a bye and then won his next match in that bracket. 2 additional advancement points are for victories by fall, default, disqualification, and forfeit. 1½ additional advancement points are awarded for technical fall victories. 1 additional advancement point is awarded for major decisions. A team could then win a certain number of placement points if its wrestlers have placed individually in the championship and consolation brackets. Thus, whole teams are awarded placements (first, second, etc.) based on their total number of victories.<ref>{{cite book | last = [[National Federation of State High School Associations]] | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = 2007-08 NFHS Wrestling Rules Book | publisher = [[National Federation of State High School Associations|NFHS]] | date = [[2007-09-15]] | location = | pages = pp. 48-49 | url = | doi = | id = | isbn = }}</ref> Individual placement points are also awarded. For example, in a tournament scoring eight places, the winner of a quarterfinal in the championship bracket (where first and second places are awarded) would win three place points. The winner of a semifinal in the championship bracket would win nine place points. The winners of first and second place would then win four additional place points. In the consolation bracket (where third and fifth places are awarded), those wrestlers who reach the quarterfinal round will receive one place point. The winner of a semifinal match in the consolation bracket would receive four place points. The winners of third and fifth place would receive two additional place points. The winner of seventh place would receive one additional place point, and so on.<ref>{{cite book | last = [[National Federation of State High School Associations]] | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = 2007-08 NFHS Wrestling Rules Book | publisher = [[National Federation of State High School Associations|NFHS]] | date = [[2007-09-15]] | location = | pages = p. 49 | url = | doi = | id = | isbn = }}</ref> A more detailed account of how individual and team points are awarded for tournaments is given on pages 46 to 49 of the ''2007-08 NFHS Wrestling Rules Book''. ==Folkstyle - Age-group Level== At young ages, independent tournaments are often run in the [[Freestyle wrestling|freestyle]] and [[Greco-Roman wrestling|Greco-Roman]] styles. There are also tournaments where wrestlers compete in a style very similar to collegiate or high school (scholastic) wrestling.To differentiate this style from freestyle and Greco-Roman, the term '''folkstyle wrestling''' is a more commonly used phrase than the term collegiate wrestling or scholastic wrestling. In many places in the [[United States]], there are small associations known as '''wrestling clubs''' designed to introduce young people to the sport of wrestling, many of whom are even as young as 3 to 5 years old. Often these wrestling clubs are benefitted by the experience of older wrestlers, particularly those who wrestle in [[middle school]] and [[high school]]. The rules governing youth matches largely correspond to those of the [[National Federation of State High School Associations|NFHS]], with shorter periods (generally, depending on the age divisions, the periods typically last anywhere from one to one and a half minutes) and other modifications.<ref>{{cite web | last = | first = | author = Simley Wrestling Club | coauthors = | title = Folkstyle Wrestling Rules | work = | publisher = Simley Wrestling Club: Inner Grove Heights, MN | date = | url = http://www.simleywrestling.com/youth/folkstylerules.htm | format = | doi = | accessdate = 2007-08-12 }} </ref> There is, however, much less visible organization of wrestling in the freestyle and Greco-Roman styles for young wrestlers, especially at the high school and college age levels. Many high school and college students do compete in freestyle and Greco-Roman dual meets and tournaments however with great success, some of which are on the regional and national levels. Similarly, the differences between collegiate (folkstyle) wrestling and the international styles are enough to create potential disadvantages to the wrestlers not growing up focusing on the international styles. However, some would argue that the real reason the [[United States]] does not typically fare as well in international wrestling competitions is because of the greater focus much of the rest of the world places on the sport. [[USA Wrestling]] and the [[Amateur Athletic Union]] currently sponsors duals, state, regional, and national competitions in folkstyle, freestyle, and Greco-Roman for elementary and middle school age students, as well as for all ages. ==Notes== {{reflist|2}} ==References== *{{cite web | last = [[Montana High School Association]] | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = 2007-08 Montana High School Association Handbook | work = | publisher = [[Montana High School Association|MHSA]] | date = [[2007-08-01]] | url = http://www.mhsa.org/Handbook/2007-08Handbook/2007-08-Wrestling.pdf | format = | doi = | accessdate = 2007-09-15 }} *{{cite web | last = [[National Collegiate Athletic Association]] | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = 2008 NCAA Wrestling Rules and Interpretations | work = | publisher = [[National Collegiate Athletic Association|NCAA]] | date = [[2007-08-31]] | url = http://www.ncaa.org/library/rules/2008/2008_wrestling_rules.pdf | format = | doi = | accessdate = 2007-09-06 }} *{{cite book | last = [[National Federation of State High School Associations]] | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = 2007-08 NFHS Wrestling Rules Book | publisher = [[National Federation of State High School Associations|NFHS]] | date = [[2007-09-15]] | location = | pages = | url = | doi = | id = | isbn = }} *{{cite web | last = National Federation of State High School Associations | first = | authorlink = National Federation of State High School Associations | coauthors = | title = Participation in High School Sports Increases Again; Confirms NFHS Commitment to Stronger Leadership | work = | publisher = [[National Federation of State High School Associations|NFHS]] | date = 2006-09-18 | url = http://www.nfhs.org/core/contentmanager/uploads/2006-07_Participation_Survey.pdf | format = | doi = | accessdate = 2007-09-12 }} *{{cite web | last = [[New York State Public High School Athletic Association]] | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = 2007-2008 NYSPHSAA Handbook | work = | publisher = [[New York State Public High School Athletic Association|NYSPHSAA]] | date = [[2007-08-01]] | url = http://www.nysphsaa.org/handbook/pdf/handbook_0708.pdf | format = | doi = | accessdate = 2008-06-30 }} *{{cite web | last = Simley Wrestling Club | first = | authorlink = Simley Wrestling Club | coauthors = | title = Folkstyle Wrestling Rules | work = | publisher = [[Simley Wrestling Club: Inver Grove Heights, MN]] | date = | url = http://www.simleywrestling.com/youth/folkstylerules.htm | format = | doi = | accessdate = 2007-08-12 }} *{{cite web | last = [[University Interscholastic League]] | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = 2007-08 Wrestling Manual | work = | publisher = [[University Interscholastic League|UIL]] | date = [[2007-08-01]] | url = http://www.uil.utexas.edu/athletics/manuals/wrestling/pg30_47reg_season.pdf | format = | doi = | accessdate = 2007-09-15 }} *{{cite book|title=Webster's Sports Dictionary|first=|last=G. & C. Merriam Company (now Merriam-Webster)|publisher=G. & C. Merriam Company (now Merriam-Webster)|pages=|date=1976|id=ISBN 0877790671}} *{{Citation | last = Poliakoff | first = Michael | author-link = | contribution = Wrestling, Freestyle | editor-last = Levinson | editor-first = David | editor-last = Christensen | editor-first = Karen | title = Encyclopedia of World Sport: From Ancient Times to the Present | volume = 3 | pages = 1189-1193 | publisher = ABC-CLIO, Inc. | place = Santa Barbara, CA | year = 1996 | id=ISBN0874368197 }} ==External links== {{commons|Category:Scholastic wrestling|Scholastic wrestling}} *[http://www.nfhs.org/web/2006/08/wrestling.aspx National Federation of State High School Associations Wrestling] *[http://www.nfhs.org/core/contentmanager/uploads/PDFs/Wrestling/2006-07%20Wrestling%20Rules%20signals.pdf Referee's Signals for Both High School and College Wrestling] *[http://www.nfhs.org/core/contentmanager/uploads/wrscorertimer.pdf High School Wrestling Scorers' and Timers' Instructions] *[http://www.nwcaonline.com National Wrestling Coaches Association] *[http://www.nhsca.com/sports_wrestling.php National High School Coaches Association - Wrestling] *[http://www.intermatwrestle.com InterMat Wrestling] *[http://www.themat.com USA Wrestling] *[http://aausports.org/sprt_Wrestling.asp Amateur Athletic Union (AAU) Wrestling] *[http://www.thewrestlingtalk.com TheWrestlingTalk] *[http://www.wrestlingref.com WrestlingRef.com] *[http://matref0.tripod.com/Articles/NFHS_Rules_Photos.pdf High School Wrestling Rules Photos] [[Category:Wrestling]] [[Category:Scholastic wrestling]] [[Category:Sports rules and regulations]]