Scouting 27918 225964876 2008-07-16T06:17:33Z Atyndall 1240922 Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/122.54.249.117|122.54.249.117]] to last version by Angr (using [[WP:HG|Huggle]]) {{about|the Scout Movement|other meanings|Scout}} {{Infobox WorldScouting | image=Scout logo2.svg | name = Scouting | country = Worldwide | f-date = 1907 | founder = [[Robert Baden-Powell, 1st Baron Baden-Powell|Baden-Powell]]}} '''Scouting''', also known as the '''Scout Movement''', is a worldwide [[youth movement]] with the stated aim of supporting young people in their physical, mental and spiritual development, so that they may play constructive roles in society. Scouting began in 1907 when [[Robert Baden-Powell, 1st Baron Baden-Powell|Robert Baden-Powell]], [[Lieutenant General]] in the [[British Army]], held the [[Brownsea Island Scout camp|first Scouting encampment]] at [[Brownsea Island]] in [[England]]. Baden-Powell wrote the principles of Scouting in ''[[Scouting for Boys]]'' (London, 1908), based on his earlier military books, with influence and support of [[Frederick Russell Burnham]] (Chief of Scouts in British Africa), [[Ernest Thompson Seton|Seton]] of the [[Woodcraft Indians]], [[William Alexander Smith (Boys' Brigade)|Smith]] of the [[Boys' Brigade]], and his publisher [[Cyril Arthur Pearson|Pearson]]. During the first half of the 20th century, the movement grew to encompass three major age groups each for boys ([[Cub Scout]], [[Boy Scout]], [[Rover Scout]]) and, in 1910, a new organization, Girl Guides, was created for girls ([[Brownie (Girl Guides)|Brownie Guide]], [[Girl Guide and Girl Scout]], [[Ranger (Girl Guide)|Ranger Guide]]). The movement employs the [[Scout method]], a program of informal education with an emphasis on practical outdoor activities, including [[camping]], [[woodcraft]], [[aquatics]], [[hiking]], [[Backpacking (wilderness)|backpacking]], and [[sport]]s. Another widely recognized movement characteristic is the Scout [[uniform]], by intent hiding all differences of social standing in a country and making for equality, with [[neckerchief]] and [[campaign hat]] or comparable head wear. Distinctive uniform insignia include the [[fleur-de-lis]] and the [[trefoil]], as well as [[Scout badge|merit badge]]s and other patches. In 2007, Scouting and Guiding together had over 38 million members in 216 countries. The two largest umbrella organizations are the [[World Organization of the Scout Movement]] (WOSM), for boys-only and co-educational organizations, and the [[World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts]] (WAGGGS), primarily for girls-only organizations but also accepting co-educational organizations. 2007 marked the [[Scouting 2007 Centenary|centenary of Scouting]] world wide, with member organizations planning events all over the world in order to celebrate the event. ==History== ===Origins=== [[Image:Scout stone Brownsea.jpg|thumb|200px|This stone on [[Brownsea Island]] commemorates the [[Brownsea Island Scout camp|first scout camp]].]] As a military officer, Baden-Powell was stationed in [[British Raj|India]] and [[The Scramble for Africa|Africa]] in the 1880s and 1890s. Since his youth, he was fond of [[woodcraft]] and [[reconnaissance|military scouting]], and therefore &ndash; as part of their training &ndash; showed his men how to survive in the wilderness. He noticed it taught the soldiers to develop [[self (psychology)|independence]], rather than just blindly follow officers' orders.<ref name="Varsity ">{{cite book | last = Baden_Powell | first = Robert | authorlink = | year = 1933 |url= http://pinetreeweb.com/bp-vars.htm| title = Lessons from the varsity of life | chapter = Chapter X|accessdate=2007-02-04}}</ref> In [[South African Republic|South Africa]] in the [[Second Boer War]], Baden-Powell was besieged in the small town of [[Mafikeng|Mafeking]] by a much larger Boer army (the [[Siege of Mafeking]]).<ref> {{cite web | url = http://www.britishbattles.com/great-boer-war/mafeking.htm | title = The Siege of Mafeking | publisher = British Battles.com | accessdate = 2006-07-11}}</ref> The [[Mafeking Cadet Corps]] was a group of youths that supported the troops by carrying messages, which freed the men for military duties and kept the boys occupied during the long siege. The Cadet Corps performed well, helping in the defense of the town (1899&ndash;1900), and were one of the many factors that inspired Baden-Powell to form the Scouting movement.<ref name="cadet1">{{cite web | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | year = | url = http://www.scouting.milestones.btinternet.co.uk/cadets.htm | title = The Mafeking Cadets | format = | work = Scouting Milestones | publisher = btinternet.co.uk | accessdate = 2007-02-04}}</ref><ref name="cadet2">{{cite web | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | year = | url = http://www.scouting.org.za/seeds/cadets.html | title =The Mafeking Cadets | format = | work =The African Seeds of Scouting | publisher = Scout Web South Africa | accessdate = 2007-02-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Webster| first=Linden Bradfield| year=| title= Linden Bradfield Webster's Reminiscences of the Siege of Mafeking| journal=. The South African Military Society (Military History Journal) | volume=1| issue=7| pages=}}</ref> Each member received a badge that illustrated a combined [[compass]] point and [[spear]]head. The badge's logo was similar to the [[fleur-de-lis]] that Scouting later adopted as its international symbol. In the [[United Kingdom]] the public followed his struggle to hold Mafeking through newspapers, and when the siege was broken Baden-Powell had become a [[national hero]]. This pushed the sales of a small instruction book he had written about military scouting, ''Aids to Scouting''. On his return to England he noticed the large interest of boys in this book, which was also used by teachers and youth organizations.<ref name="NPG">{{cite web |url=http://www.npg.org.uk/live/wobaden.asp |title=Robert Baden-Powell: Defender of Mafeking and Founder of the Boy Scouts and the Girl Guides | work = Past Exhibition Archive | publisher = [[National Portrait Gallery (United Kingdom)|National Portrait Gallery]] | accessdate= 2006-12-03}}</ref> He was suggested by several to rewrite this book for boys, especially during an inspection of the [[Boys' Brigade]]. This brigade was a large youth movement, drilled with military precision. Baden-Powell thought this would not be attractive and suggested that it could grow much larger when scouting would be used.<ref name="BPJeal">{{cite book | last = Jeal | first = Tim | authorlink = Tim Jeal |publisher=Yale University Press| coauthors = | year = 1989 | url = | title = Baden-Powell | pages = 360–362, 371 | accessdate =2007-02-04}}</ref> He studied other schemes, parts of which he used for Scouting. [[Image:SCOUT50P.jpg|right|120px|thumb|100th anniversary of the founding of the Scout Movement, commemorated on a 2007 [[British fifty pence coin]].]] In July 1906, [[Ernest Thompson Seton]] sent Baden-Powell a copy of his book ''The Birchbark Roll of the Woodcraft Indians''. Seton, a British-born [[Canada|Canadian]] living in the [[United States]], met Baden-Powell in October 1906, and they shared ideas about youth training programs.<ref name="SetonWoo">{{cite web | last = Woo | first = Randy | year = Aug 1996 | url = http://members.aol.com/randywoo/bsahis/seton.htm | title = Ernest Thompson Seton | work = The Ultimate Boy Scouts of America History Site | publisher = Randy Woo | accessdate = 2006-12-07}}</ref><ref name="SetonInfed>{{cite web | year = 2002 | url = http://www.infed.org/thinkers/seton.htm | title = Ernest Thompson Seton and Woodcraft | publisher = InFed | accessdate = 2006-12-07}}</ref><ref name="BPInfed>{{cite web | year = 2002 | url = http://www.infed.org/thinkers/et-bp.htm | title = Robert Baden-Powell as and Educational Innovator | publisher = InFed | accessdate = 2006-12-07}}</ref> In 1907 Baden-Powell wrote a draft called ''Boy Patrols''. In the same year, to test his ideas, he gathered 21 boys of mixed social backgrounds and held a week-long camp in August on [[Brownsea Island Scout camp|Brownsea Island]] in [[Poole Harbour]], [[Dorset]], England.<ref>{{cite book| | author = Woolgar, Brian| coauthors = La Riviere, Sheila| year = 2002| title = Why Brownsea? The Beginnings of Scouting | publisher = Brownsea Island Scout and Guide Management Committee}}</ref> His organizational method, now known as the Patrol System and a key part of Scouting training, allowed the boys to organize themselves into small groups with an elected patrol leader.<ref>{{cite web | author = Johnny Walker| url = http://www.scouting.milestones.btinternet.co.uk/brownsea.htm| title = Scouting Milestones - Brownsea Island| accessdate = 2006-07-07}}</ref> In the autumn of 1907, Baden-Powell went on an extensive speaking tour arranged by his publisher, [[Cyril Arthur Pearson|Arthur Pearson]], to promote his forthcoming book, ''[[Scouting for Boys]]''. He had not simply rewritten his ''Aids to Scouting'', but left out the military aspects and transferred the techniques (mainly [[survival skills|survival]]) to non-military heroes: backwoodsmen, explorers (and later on, sailors and airmen).<ref name="Varsity" /> He also added innovative educational principles (the [[Scout method]]) by which he extended the attractive game to a personal mental education. ''Scouting for Boys'' first appeared in England in January 1908 as six fortnightly installments, and was published in England later in 1908 in book form. The book is now the fourth-bestselling title of all time,<ref name="bestseller">{{cite web | last = | first = | year = 2005| url = http://www.scoutbase.org.uk/library/history/ | title = The birth of an idea | work = The History of Scouting | publisher = The Scout Association | accessdate = 2006-12-12}}</ref> and is now commonly considered the first version of the ''Boy Scout Handbook''.<ref name="firstpub">{{cite web | last = Baden-Powell | first = Robert | year = 1998 | url = http://www.pinetreeweb.com/bp-scouting-for-boys.htm | title = Baden-Powell, Scouting for Boys, 1908 | work = | publisher = Pinetreeweb.com | accessdate = 2006-12-09}}</ref> At the time, Baden-Powell intended that the scheme would be used by established organizations, in particular the Boys' Brigade, from the founder [[William Alexander Smith (Boys Brigade)|William A. Smith]].<ref name="petersonsmith">{{cite web | last = Peterson | first = Robert | authorlink = | coauthors = | year = Oct 2003 | url = http://www.scoutingmagazine.org/issues/0310/d-wwas.html | title = Another youth organization, the Boys' Brigade, was flourishing when the first official troops of the Boy Scouts of America appeared in 1910 | format = | work = Scouting Magazine | publisher = Boy Scouts of America | accessdate = 2006-05-22}}</ref> However, because of the popularity of his person and the adventurous outdoor game he wrote about, boys spontaneously formed Scout patrols and flooded Baden-Powell with requests for assistance. He encouraged them, and the Scouting movement developed momentum. As the movement grew, [[Sea Scout]], [[Air Scout]], and other specialized units were added to the program. ===Growth=== [[Image:LadyBadenPowell39191bain.jpg|200px|thumb|[[Olave Baden-Powell]]]] The Boy Scout movement swiftly established itself throughout the [[British Empire]] soon after the publication of ''Scouting for Boys''. The first recognized overseas unit was chartered in [[Gibraltar]] in 1908, followed quickly by a unit in [[Malta]]. [[Scouts Canada|Canada]] became the first overseas [[dominion]] with a sanctioned Boy Scout program, followed by [[Australia]], [[New Zealand]] and [[Union of South Africa|South Africa]]. [[Chile]] was the first country outside the British dominions to have a recognized Scouting program. The first Scout rally, held in 1909 at [[The Crystal Palace]] in [[London]], attracted 10,000 boys and a number of girls. By 1910, [[Argentina]], [[Denmark]], [[Grand Duchy of Finland|Finland]], [[France]], [[German Empire|Germany]], [[Kingdom of Greece|Greece]], [[British Raj|India]], [[British Malaya|Malaya]], [[Mexico]], the [[Netherlands]], [[Norway]], [[Russia]], [[Sweden]], and the [[United States]] had Boy Scouts.<ref name="bsahist97">{{cite web | last = Snowden | first = Jeff | year = 1984 | url = http://www.troop97.net/bsahist1.htm | title = A Brief Background of Scouting in the United States 1910 to Today | publisher = Troop 97 | accessdate = 2006-07-22}}</ref><ref name="woohist">{{cite web | last = Woo | first = Randy | url = http://members.aol.com/RandyWoo/bsahis/ | title = The Ultimate Boy Scouts of America History Site | accessdate = 2006-07-22}}</ref><ref name="scoutbase">{{cite web | url = http://www.scoutbase.org.uk/library/history/ | title = The History of Scouting | publisher = ScoutBaseUK | accessdate = 2006-07-22}}</ref> The program initially focused on boys aged 11 to 18, but as the movement grew, the need became apparent for leader training and programs for younger boys, older boys, and girls. The first [[Cub Scout]] and [[Rover Scout]] programs were in place by the late 1910s. They operated independently until they obtained official recognition from their home country's Scouting organization. In the United States, attempts at Cub programs began as early as 1911, but official recognition was not obtained until 1930.<ref name="scoutbase" /><ref name="cubusahist">{{cite web | url = http://www.geocities.com/~pack215/hist-cshistory.html | title = The Evolution of Cubbing, A 90 Year Chronology | publisher = Cubbing through the Decades | accessdate = 2006-07-22}}</ref><ref name="cubusahist2">{{cite web | url = http://www.sfbac.org/about/a_cs_history.cfm | title = Cub Scouting History | publisher = San Francisco Bay Area Councils | accessdate = 2006-07-22}}</ref><ref name="roverworld">{{cite web | url = http://www.scouting.milestones.btinternet.co.uk/rovers.htm | title = Rover Scouts - Scouting For Men | publisher = Scouting Milestones | accessdate = 2006-07-22}}</ref> Girls wanted to become part of the movement almost as soon as it began. Baden-Powell and his sister [[Agnes Baden-Powell]] introduced the [[Girl Guide and Girl Scout|Girl Guides]] in 1910, a parallel movement for girls, sometimes named Girl Scouts. Agnes Baden-Powell became the first president of the Girl Guides when it was formed in 1910, at the request of the girls who attended the Crystal Palace Rally. In 1914, she started Rosebuds &ndash; later renamed [[Brownies (Girl Guides)|Brownies]] &ndash; for younger girls. She stepped down as president of the Girl Guides in 1920 in favor of Robert's wife [[Olave Baden-Powell]], who was named Chief Guide (for England) in 1918 and World Chief Guide in 1930. At that time, girls were expected to remain separate from boys because of societal standards, though co-educational youth groups did exist. By the 1990s, two thirds of the Scout organizations belonging to WOSM had become co-educational.<ref name="SRTW1990"> {{cite book | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | year = 1990 | title =Scouting 'round the World. Facts and Figures on the World Scout Movement | |edition = 11th | publisher = World Organization of the Scout Movement| location = | id = ISBN 2-88052-001-0}}</ref> Baden-Powell could not single-handedly advise all groups who requested his assistance. Early [[Scoutmaster]] training camps were held in London in 1910 and in [[Yorkshire]] in 1911. Baden-Powell wanted the training to be as practical as possible to encourage other adults to take leadership roles, so the [[Wood Badge]] course was developed to recognize adult leadership training. The development of the training was delayed by [[World War I]], so the first Wood Badge course was not held until 1919.<ref name="wbfounding">{{cite web | last = Block | first = Nelson R. | year = 1994 | url = http://www.woodbadge.org/founding.htm | title = The Founding of Wood Badge | publisher = Woodbadge.org | accessdate = 2006-07-20}}</ref> Wood Badge is used by Boy Scout associations and combined Boy Scout and Girl Guide associations in many countries. [[Gilwell Park]] near London was purchased in 1919 on behalf of [[The Scout Association]] as an adult training site and Scouting [[campsite]].<ref name="historyofficial">{{cite book | last = Rogers | first = Peter | title = Gilwell Park: A Brief History and Guided Tour | year = 1998 | publisher = [[The Scout Association]] | location = London, England | language= English | pages = pages 5–46}}</ref> Baden-Powell wrote a book, ''Aids to Scoutmastership'', to help [[Leader (Scouting)|Scouting Leader]]s, and wrote other handbooks for the use of the new Scouting sections, such as Cub Scouts and Girl Guides. One of these was ''Rovering to Success'', written for Rover Scouts in 1922. A wide range of leader training exists in 2007, from basic to program-specific, including the Wood Badge training. ===Influences=== [[Image:CoolidgeBoyScouts.jpg|thumb|200px|right|U.S. President [[Calvin Coolidge]] greeting 1500 Boy Scouts making an annual pilgrimage to the Capitol, 1927]] Important elements of traditional Scouting have their origins in Baden-Powell's experiences in education and military training. He was a 50-year-old retired army general when he founded Scouting, and his revolutionary ideas inspired thousands of young people, from all parts of society, to get involved in activities that most had never contemplated. Comparable organizations in the English-speaking world are the Boys' Brigade and the non-militaristic [[Woodcraft Folk]]; however, they never matched the development and growth of Scouting.<ref name="woodfolk">{{cite web | year = 2006 | url = http://www.troop97.net/scout_like.htm| title = Scout-like Organizations | publisher = Troop 97 | accessdate = 2006-12-05}}</ref> Aspects of Scouting practice have been criticized as too [[militarism|militaristic]].<ref name="militarism">{{cite web | last = Foster | first = Rev. Michael | year = 1997 | url = http://www.netpages.free-online.co.uk/sha/military.htm | title = MILITARISM AND THE SCOUT MOVEMENT |work = Scout History | publisher = Scout History Association | accessdate = 2006-12-04}}</ref> Military-style uniforms, badges of rank, [[flag]] ceremonies, and [[brass band]]s were commonly accepted in the early years because they were a part of normal society, but since then have diminished or been abandoned in both Scouting and society. Local influences have also been a strong part of Scouting. By adopting and modifying local ideologies, Scouting has been able to find acceptance in a wide variety of cultures. In the United States, Scouting uses images drawn from the U.S. [[frontier]] experience. This includes not only its selection of animal badges for Cub Scouts, but the underlying assumption that [[Native Americans in the United States|American native peoples]] are more closely connected with nature and therefore have special wilderness survival skills which can be used as part of the training program. By contrast, British Scouting makes use of imagery drawn from the [[India]]n subcontinent, because that region was a significant focus in the early years of Scouting. Baden-Powell's personal experiences in India led him to adopt [[Rudyard Kipling]]'s ''[[The Jungle Book]]'' as a major influence for the Cub Scouts; for example, the name used for the Cub Scout leader, [[Akela (Scouting)|Akela]] (whose name was also appropriated for the [[Cub Scouts (Boy Scouts of America)|Webelos]]), is that of the leader of the wolf pack in the book.<ref name="junglebookhist">{{cite web | last = Dowling | first = Darren | year = 1993 | url = http://www.scoutingresources.org.uk/jungle_index.html | title = Jungle Book |work = | publisher = Scouting Resources | accessdate = 2006-12-04}}</ref> The name "Scouting" seems to have been inspired by the important and [[romanticism|romantic]] role played by military scouts performing reconnaissance in the wars of the time. In fact, Baden-Powell wrote his original military training book, ''Aids To Scouting'', because he saw the need for the improved training of British military-enlisted scouts, particularly in initiative, self-reliance, and observational skills. The book's popularity with young boys surprised him. As he adapted the book as ''Scouting for Boys'', it seems natural that the movement adopted the names ''Scouting'' and ''Boy Scouts.''<ref name="surprise">{{cite web | last = Walker | first = "Johnny" | year = 2006 | url = http://www.scouting.milestones.btinternet.co.uk/sfb.htm | title = ''Scouting for Boys'' - the Influences, the Means, the Process and its Success |work = | publisher = Scouting Milestones | accessdate = 2006-12-05}}</ref> "Duty to [[God]]" is a principle of Scouting, though it is applied differently in various countries.<ref name="faqs">{{cite web | year = 1998 | url = http://www.faqs.org/faqs/scouting/rec.scouting.issues/section-11.html | title = What was Baden-Powell's position on God and Religion in Scouting? | publisher = Faqs | accessdate = 2006-12-03}}</ref><ref name="inquiry">{{cite web | last = Baden-Powell | first = Robert | year = 1912 | url = http://www.inquiry.net/ideals/b-p/religion.htm | title = Baden-Powell on Religion| publisher = Inquiry.net | accessdate = 2006-12-03}}</ref> The [[Boy Scouts of America]] (BSA) take a strong position, excluding [[atheism|atheists]].<ref name="duty">{{cite web| url=http://www.bsalegal.org/dutytogo-155.htm|work= BSA Legal Issues |title=Duty to God| publisher = Boy Scouts of America |accessdate=2006-12-03}}</ref> [[The Scout Association]] in the United Kingdom requires adult leaders ''to implement the Association's religious policy'' which, inter alia, encourages members to ''belong to some religious body''.<ref name="ukreligion">{{cite web | year = | url = http://www.scoutbase.org.uk/library/hqdocs/por/2006/2_2.htm#part_1 | title = POR: Chapter 2: Key Policies: The Equal Opportunities Policy| publisher = The Scout Association| accessdate = 2007-06-21}}</ref> [[Scouts Canada]] defines Duty to God broadly in terms of "adherence to [[spirituality|spiritual]] principles" and leaves it to the individual member or leader whether they can follow a Scout Promise that includes Duty to God.<ref name="canadareligion">{{cite web | year = 2005 | url = http://sunshine.scouts.ca/bpp/Section%205000.pdf | title = STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES, SECTION 5000 – SCOUTS CANADA’S PROGRAMS | publisher = Scouts Canada| accessdate = 2007-05-31}}</ref> ==Movement characteristics== Scouting is taught using the Scout method, which incorporates an informal educational system that emphasizes practical activities in the outdoors. Programs exist for Scouts ranging in age from 6 to 25 (though age limits vary slightly by country), and program specifics target Scouts in a manner appropriate to their age.<ref name="constitution">{{cite web | year = April 2000 | url = http://www.scout.org/en/content/download/3271/30808/file/WOSM_constitution_EN.pdf | title = Constitution of WOSM | format = PDF | publisher = World Organization of the Scout Movement | accessdate = 2006-07-10 | pages = p. 2&ndash;15}}</ref><ref name="goodturn">{{cite web | year = 1998 | url = http://www.scout.org/wsrc/ll/docs/ScoutEducSyst_E.pdf | title = Scouting: An Educational System | format = PDF | publisher = World Organization of the Scout Movement | accessdate = 2006-07-10| pages = p. 9}}</ref> It is the use of the Scout method that binds Scouts together, worldwide. ===Scout method=== [[Image:Faroe stamp 033 girls guide.jpg|thumb|200px|Girl Guides commemorative]] :''Main article:'' [[Scout method]] The Scout method is the principal method by which the Scouting organizations, boy and girl, operate their units. WOSM describes Scouting as "...a voluntary nonpolitical educational movement for young people open to all without distinction of origin, [[Race (classification of human beings)|race]] or [[creed]], in accordance with the purpose, principles and method conceived by the Founder..."<ref name="constitution" /> It is the goal of Scouting "to contribute to the development of young people in achieving their full physical, intellectual, social and spiritual potentials as individuals, as responsible citizens and as members of their local, national and international communities."<ref name="constitution" /> The principles of Scouting describe a code of behavior for all members, and characterize the movement. The Scout method is a progressive system designed to achieve these goals, comprising seven elements:<ref name="Educational System">{{cite web | year = 1998 | url = http://www.scout.org/en/content/download/3899/34684/file/ScoutEducSyst_E.pdf | title = Scouting: An Educational System | format = PDF | publisher = World Organization of the Scout Movement | accessdate = 2007-01-13 | pages = p. 19}}</ref> * [[Scout Law|Law]] and [[Scout Promise|promise]] * Learning by doing * Team system * Symbolic framework * Personal progression * Nature * Adult support While community service is a major element of both the WOSM and WAGGGS programs, WAGGGS includes it as an extra element of the Scout method:<ref name="constitutionWAGGGS">{{cite web | year = 2005 | url = http://www.wagggsworld.org/en/grab/1109/1/1ConstitutionbookletEnglish.pdf | title = Constitution Booklet | format = PDF | publisher = World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts | accessdate = 2007-09-15 | pages = Article 6b}}</ref> * Service in the community. The Scout Law and Promise embody the joint values of the Scouting movement worldwide, and bind all Scouting associations together. The emphasis on "learning by doing" provides experiences and hands-on orientation as a practical method of learning and building [[self-esteem|self-confidence]]. Small groups build unity, camaraderie, and a close-knit fraternal atmosphere. These experiences, along with an emphasis on trustworthiness and personal honor, help to develop [[Responsibility assumption| responsibility]], [[moral character|character]], [[self (psychology)|self-reliance]], self-confidence, reliability, and [[preparedness|readiness]]; which eventually lead to [[collaboration]] and [[leadership]]. A program with a variety of progressive and attractive activities expands a Scout's horizon and bonds the Scout even more to the group. Activities and games provide an enjoyable way to develop skills such as [[dexterity]]. In an outdoor setting, they also provide contact with the natural environment.<ref name="goodturn" /> Since the birth of Scouting in 1907, Scouts worldwide have taken a Scout Promise to live up to ideals of the movement, and subscribe to the Scout Law. The form of the promise and laws have varied slightly by country and over time, but must fulfil the requirements of the WOSM to qualify a National Scout Association for membership. The [[Scout Motto]], 'Be Prepared', has been used in various languages by millions of Scouts since 1907. Less well-known is the [[Boy Scouts of America#Ideals|Scout Slogan]], 'Do a good turn daily'. ===Activities=== [[Image:Guides Łosiniec.jpg|thumb|200px|right|[[Girl Guide and Girl Scout|Girl Guides]] in front of a [[Catholic]] church in [[Łosiniec]], [[Poland]].]] [[Image:Scout mem jamb 1979 1980 perry lakes gnangarra.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Sculpture erected in 1982 to commemorate the 1979 Jamboree at [[Floreat, Western Australia|Perry Lakes]] [[Western Australia]] and 75 years of Scouting]] Common ways to implement the Scout method include having Scouts spending time together in small groups with shared experiences, [[ritual]]s, and activities, and emphasizing good [[citizenship]] and decision-making by young people in an age-appropriate manner. Weekly meetings often take place in local centres known as Scout dens. Cultivating a love and appreciation of the outdoors and outdoor activities is a key element. Primary activities include [[camping]], [[woodcraft]], [[aquatics]], [[hiking]], backpacking, and [[sport]]s.<ref name="vision">{{cite web | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | year = | url =http://www.scouting.org/nav/enter.jsp?s=mc&c=mv | title =Mission Statement and Vision Statement | format = | work = | publisher =Boy Scouts of America | accessdate =2006-10-10}}</ref><ref name="mbcom">{{cite web | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | year = | url =http://www.meritbadge.com/info/aims.htm | title =Boy Scout Aims and Methods | format = | work = | publisher = Meritbadge.com | accessdate =2006-10-27}}</ref> Camping is most often arranged at the unit level, such as one Scout troop, but there are periodic camps (known in Australia as "jamborettes" and in the US as "[[camporee]]s") and "[[jamboree (Scouting)|jamboree]]s". Camps occur a few times a year and may involve several groups from a local area or region camping together for a weekend. The events usually have a theme, such as [[pioneering]]. [[World Scout Moot]]s are gatherings, originally for [[Rover Scout]]s, but mainly focused on [[Scout Leader]]s. Jamborees are large national or international events held every four years, during which thousands of Scouts camp together for one or two weeks. Activities at these events will include games, scoutcraft competitions, [[Scouting memorabilia collecting|badge, pin or patch trading]], aquatics, woodcarving, [[archery]] and activities related to the theme of the event.<ref name="2007act">{{cite web | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | year = 2006 | url = http://eng.scouting2007.org/activities/ | title = 2007 One World One Promise | format = | work = World Centenary Activities | publisher = World Organization of the Scout Movement | accessdate =2006-12-07}}</ref> In some countries a highlight of the year for Scouts is spending at least a week in the summer engaging in an outdoor activity. This can be a camping, hiking, [[sailing]], or other trip with the unit, or a summer camp with broader participation (at the council, state, or provincial level). Scouts attending a summer camp work on merit badges, advancement, and perfecting scoutcraft skills. Summer camps can operate specialty programs for older Scouts, such as sailing, backpacking, [[canoeing]] and [[whitewater]], [[caving]], and [[fishing]]. At an international level Scouting perceives one of its roles as the promotion of international harmony and peace.<ref name="peace">{{cite web | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | year = | url =http://www.scout.org/en/about_scouting/mission_vision/the_vision | title =The Vision for Scouting | format = | work = | publisher =WOSM | accessdate =2006-07-08}}</ref> Various initiatives are in train towards achieving this aim including the development of activities that benefit the wider community, challenge prejudice and encourage tolerance of diversity. Such programs include co-operation with non-scouting organisations including various NGOs, the United Nations and religious institutions as set out in ''The Marrakech Charter''.<ref name="marrakech">{{cite web | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | year = | url =http://scout.org/index.php/en/about_scouting/partners/marrakech/introduction | title =Introduction to Partnerships in Scouting | format = | work = | publisher =WOSM | accessdate =2006-07-08}}</ref> ===Uniforms and distinctive insignia=== :''Individual national or other emblems may be found at the individual country's Scouting article.'' [[Image:Ideal Scout.png|thumb|200px|''Ideal Scout'' sculpture by [[R. Tait McKenzie]], outside the [[Cradle of Liberty Council]] headquarters in [[Philadelphia]], [[Pennsylvania]]]] The Scout [[uniform]] is a widely recognized characteristic of Scouting. In the words of Baden-Powell at the 1937 World Jamboree, it "hides all differences of social standing in a country and makes for equality; but, more important still, it covers differences of country and race and creed, and makes all feel that they are members with one another of the one great brotherhood".<ref name="uniform">{{cite web | last = Wade | first = E.K. | year = 1957 | url = http://pinetreeweb.com/wade12.htm | title = 27 Years With Baden-Powell | work = Why the Uniform?, ch 12 | publisher = Pinetree.web | accessdate = 2006-07-24}}</ref> The original uniform, still widely recognized, consisted of a [[khaki]] button-up shirt, shorts, and a broad-brimmed [[campaign hat]]. Baden-Powell also wore shorts, because he believed that being dressed like a Scout helped to reduce the age-imposed distance between adult and youth. Uniforms are now frequently blue, orange, red or green, and shorts are replaced by long trousers in winter, and in areas where the culture calls for [[modesty]]. While designed for smartness and equality, the Scout uniform is also practical. Shirts traditionally have thick seams to make them ideal for use in makeshift stretchers&mdash;Scouts were trained to use them in this way with their staves, a traditional but deprecated item. The leather straps and toggles of the [[campaign hat]]s or Leaders' [[Wood Badge]]s could be used as emergency [[tourniquets]], or anywhere that string was needed in a hurry. [[Neckerchief]]s were chosen as they could easily be used as a sling or triangular bandage by a Scout in need. Scouts were encouraged to use their [[garters]] for shock cord where necessary.<ref name="uniform"/> Distinctive insignia for all are Scout uniforms, recognized and worn the world over, include the Wood Badge and the World Membership Badge. Scouting has two internationally known symbols: the [[fleur-de-lis]] is used by member organizations of the WOSM, and the [[trefoil]] by members of the [[World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts]] (WAGGGS).<ref name="fleurwosm">{{cite web | url = http://www.scout.org/ | title = Scouts Creating a Better World | publisher = World Organization of the Scout Movement | accessdate = 2006-12-07}}</ref><ref name="worldtrefoil">{{cite web | url = http://www.wagggsworld.org/en/resources/photos/54 | title = The World Trefoil | publisher = World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts | accessdate = 2006-12-07}}</ref> While these are the largest boy and girl Scouting associations, not all Scouts or Scouting associations belong to them. The [[swastika]] was used as an early symbol by the [[The Scout Association|British Boy Scouts]] and others. Its earliest use in Scouting was on the Thanks Badge introduced in 1911.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.scouting.milestones.btinternet.co.uk/badges.htm | work = Scouting milestones | title = The Fleur-de-lis and the Swastika|publisher= btinternet.co.uk | accessdate = 2006-01-10}}</ref> Lord Baden-Powell's 1922 design for the Medal of Merit added a swastika to the Scout fleur-de-lis to symbolize good luck for the recipient. Like Rudyard Kipling, he would have come across this symbol in India. In 1934, Scouters requested a change to the design because of the later use of the swastika by the [[Nazi Party|National Socialist German Workers Party]]. A new British Medal of Merit was issued in 1935. ==Age groups and sections== {{main|Age Groups in Scouting and Guiding}} Scouting and Guiding movements are generally divided into sections by age or school grade, allowing activities to be tailored to the maturity of the group's members. These age divisions have varied over time as they adapt to the local culture and environment. Scouting was originally developed for [[adolescence|adolescents]]—youths between the ages of 11 and 17. In most member organizations, this age group composes the [[Boy Scout|Scout]] or [[Girl Guide and Girl Scout|Guide]] section. Programs were developed to meet the needs of young children (generally ages 6 to 10) and young adults (originally 18 and older, and later up to 25). Scouts and Guides were later split into "junior" and "senior" sections in many member organizations, and some organizations dropped the young adults' section. The exact age ranges for programs vary by country and association.<ref name="bsasections">{{cite web | url = http://www.scouting.org/ | title = Boy Scouts of America, National Council | publisher = Boy Scouts of America | accessdate = 2006-12-07}}</ref><ref name="britsections">{{cite web | url = http://www.scouts.org.uk/ | title = The Scout Association, Official UK Website | publisher = The Scout Association | accessdate = 2006-12-07}}</ref><ref name="ggsections">{{cite web | url = http://www.girlguiding.org.uk/ | title = Girlguiding UK Home and welcome | publisher = Girl Guiding UK | accessdate = 2006-12-07}}</ref> [[Image:Cub Scouts of Hong Kong at Scout Rally.jpg|thumb|200px|Cub Scouts of Hong Kong]] ''Original age groups as developed by Baden-Powell:'' {| class="wikitable" |- !width="100"|Age range !width="150"|Scouting section !width="150"|Guiding section |- |7 to 10 |[[Cub Scout]] |[[Brownie (Girl Guides)|Brownie Guide]] |- |11 to 17 |[[Boy Scout]] |[[Girl Guide and Girl Scout|Girl Guide or Girl Scout]] |- |18 and up |[[Rover Scout]] |[[Ranger (Girl Guide)|Ranger Guide]] |} The national programs for younger children include [[Cub Scouts (Boy Scouts of America)|Tiger Cubs]], [[Cub Scout]]s, [[Brownie (Girl Guides)|Brownies]], [[Girl Scout Ranks#Daisy Girl Scouts|Daisies]], [[Girlguiding UK#Rainbow Guides|Rainbow Guides]], [[Beavers (Scouting)|Beaver Scouts]], [[Joey Scouts (Australia)|Joey Scouts]], [[Scouting New Zealand|Keas]], and [[Girl Guides Association of South Africa|Teddies]]. Programs for post-adolescents and young adults include the [[Girlguiding UK|Senior Section]],<ref name="RangerGuides">{{cite web | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | year = 2001 | url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A499269 | title = Girlguiding in the UK - The Senior Sections | format = | work = | publisher = British Broadcasting Corporation | accessdate = 2006-12-03}}</ref> [[Rover Scouts]], [[Venture Scout]]s, [[Explorer Scouts]], and the [[Scout Network]]. Many organizations also have a program for members with special needs. This is usually known as [[Extension Scouting]], but sometimes has other names, such as [[Scoutlink (UK)|Scoutlink]]. The Scout Method has been adapted to specific programs such as [[Air Scouts]], [[Sea Scouts]], Rider Guides and Scoutingbands. In many countries, Scouting is organized into neighborhood [[Scout Group]]s, or Districts, which contain one or more sections. Under the umbrella of the Scout Group, sections are divided according to age, each having their own terminology and leadership structure. ==Adults and leadership== [[Image:Baden-Powell ggbain-39190 (cropped).png|thumb|200px|Baden-Powell]] Adults interested in Scouting or Guiding, including former Scouts and Guides, often join organizations such as the [[International Scout and Guide Fellowship]]. In the United States and the [[Philippines]], university students might join the co-ed service [[fraternities and sororities|fraternity]] [[Alpha Phi Omega]]. In the United Kingdom, university students might join the [[Student Scout and Guide Organisation]], and after graduation, the [[Scout and Guide Graduate Association]]. Scout units are usually operated by adult volunteers, such as parents and carers, former Scouts, students, and community leaders, including teachers and religious leaders. [[Scout Leader]]ship positions are often divided into 'uniform' and 'lay' positions. Uniformed leaders have received formal training, such as the [[Wood Badge]], and have received a warrant for a rank within the organization. Lay members commonly hold part-time roles such as meeting helpers, committee members and advisors, though there are a small number of full-time lay professionals.<ref name="trooporg">{{cite web | year = April 2000 | url = http://usscouts.org/boyscouts/bstroop.html | title = Troop Organization | publisher = US Scouts.org | accessdate = 2006-07-26}}, p. 2–15</ref><ref name="adultfacts">{{cite web | url = http://www.scouts.org.uk/join/adultfacts.html | title = Facts about adults in Scouting | publisher = The Scout Association | accessdate = 2006-12-04}}</ref> A unit has uniformed positions—such as the Scoutmaster and assistants—whose titles vary among countries. In some countries, units are supported by lay members, who range from acting as meeting helpers to being members of the unit's committee.<ref name="commguide">{{cite book | year = 1990 | title = BSA Troop Committee Guidebook | publisher = Boy Scouts of America | location = Irving, TX | id = ISBN 0-8395-6505-4}}</ref> In some Scout associations, the committee members may also wear uniforms and be registered Scout leaders. Above the unit are further uniformed positions, called Commissioners, at levels such as district, county, council or province, depending on the structure of the national organization. Commissioners work with lay teams and professionals. Training teams and related functions are often formed at these levels. In the UK and in other countries, the national Scout organization appoints the [[Chief Scout]], the most senior uniformed member. ==Around the world== Following its foundation in the United Kingdom (UK), Scouting spread around the globe. The first association outside the UK was opened in Malta, which is independent now but was a British colony at the time. In most countries of the world, there is now at least one Scouting (or Guiding) organization. Each is independent, but international cooperation continues to be seen as part of the Scout Movement. In 1922 the WOSM started as the governing body on policy for the national Scouting organizations (then male only). In addition to being the governing policy body, it organizes the [[World Scout Jamboree]] every four years.<ref name="worldjambo">{{cite web | last = | first = | year = 2006 | url = http://www.scout.org/en/information_events/events/world_events/world_jamboree/jamborees_history | title = World Scout Jamborees History |work = | publisher = WOSM | accessdate = 2006-12-05}}</ref> In 1928 the WAGGGS started as the equivalent to WOSM for the then female-only national Scouting/Guiding organizations. It is also responsible for the various international centres such as [[Our Chalet]]. Today at the international level, the two largest umbrella organizations are: *[[World Organization of the Scout Movement]] (WOSM), for boys-only and [[Coeducation|co-educational]] organizations. *[[World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts]] (WAGGGS), primarily for girls-only organizations but also accepting co-educational organizations. ===Co-educational=== [[Image:1996-Rover Moot-Fahnengruß.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Scouts and Guides from different countries on [[World Scout Moot]], Sweden, 1996]] Worldwide there have been different approaches to co-educational Scouting. Countries such as the USA have maintained separate Scouting organizations for boys and girls.<ref name="bsagirls">{{cite web | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | year = 2005 | url = http://www.bsa-discrimination.org/html/girls-top.html | title = BSA and Girls in Scouting | format = | work = | publisher = BSA Discrimination.org | accessdate = 2006-12-04}}</ref> In other countries, notably in Europe, Scouting and Guiding have merged, and there is a single organization for boys and girls, which is a member of both the WOSM and the WAGGGS.<ref name="canadagirls">{{cite web | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | year = 2005 | url = http://www.bsa-discrimination.org/html/gender_policy.html | title = Scouts Canada Policy on Girls | format = | work = | publisher = BSA Discrimination.org | accessdate = 2006-12-04}}</ref><ref name="germanygirls">{{cite web | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | year = 2005 | url = http://n2zgu.50megs.com/GER.htm | title = Scouting in Germany | format = | work = | publisher = 50megs.com | accessdate = 2006-12-04}}</ref> In others, for example Australia and the United Kingdom, the national Scout association has opted to admit both boys and girls, but is only a member of the WOSM, while the national Guide association has remained as a separate movement and member of the WAGGGS. In [[Greece]] it is the other way around, as the national Guide association has opted to admit both boys and girls, the national Scout association accepts both boys and girls but they function as different organizations. In some countries like [[Slovenia]] and [[Spain]] there are separate associations of Scouts (members of WOSM) and guides (members of WAGGGS), both admitting boys and girls. The Scout Association in the United Kingdom has been co-educational at all levels since 1991, but this has been optional for groups, and currently 52% of groups have at least one female youth member. Since 2000 new sections have been required to accept girls. The Scout Association has decided that all Scout groups and sections will become co-educational by January 2007, the year of Scouting's centenary.<ref name="cesan">{{cite web | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | year = Oct 2005 | url = http://www.edinburgh-scout.org.uk/cesan/cesan-2005-10.pdf | title = CESAN | format = PDF | work = City of Edinburgh Scout Association Newsletter | publisher = City of Edinburgh Scout Association | accessdate = 2006-12-07}}</ref> In the United States, the Cub Scout and Boy Scout programs of the [[Boy Scouts of America|BSA]] are for boys-only; however, for youths age 14 and older, [[Venturing]] is co-educational. The [[Girl Scouts of the USA]] (GSUSA) is an independent organization for girls and young women only. Adult leadership positions in the BSA and GSUSA are open to both men and women. In 2006, of the 155 WOSM member National Scout Organizations (representing 155 countries), 122 belonged only to WOSM, and 34 belonged to both WOSM and WAGGGS. Of the 122 which belonged only to WOSM, 95 were open to boys and girls in some or all program sections, and 20 were only for boys. All 34 which belonged to both WOSM and WAGGGS were open to boys and girls.<ref name="scoutorgs">{{cite web |year = Sep 2006 | url = http://www.scout.org/en/around_the_world/countries/national_scout_organisations | title = National Scout Organisations |publisher = World Organization of the Scout Movement | accessdate = 2007-02-04}}</ref> WAGGGS had 144 Member Organizations in 2007 and 110 of them belonged only to WAGGGS. Of these 110, 17 were coeducational and 93 admitted only girls.<ref name="ssr">{{cite web | url = http://www.faqs.org/faqs/scouting/worldwide/part1/section-15.html | title = Scouting in Sweden | work =Scouting Around the World | publisher = rec.scouting | accessdate = 2007-09-15}}</ref><ref name="t97coed">{{cite web | year = Nov 2006 | url = http://www.troop97.net/intscout.htm | title = International Scouting Organizations | publisher = Troop 97 | accessdate = 2007-09-15}}</ref><ref name="wagggsboyproof">{{cite web | url = http://www.wagggsworld.org/en/world/organisations?mo=10 | title = Argentina | publisher = WAGGGS | accessdate = 2007-09-15}}</ref> ===Membership=== [[Image:Srtw1977.jpg|thumb|200px|''Scouting 'round the world'', 1977 edition]] As of 2008, there are over 28 million registered Scouts and 10 million registered Guides around the world, from 216 different countries and territories. ''Top 20 countries with Scouting and Guiding, sorted by membership. Full tables on [[List of World Organization of the Scout Movement members]] and [[List of World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts members]].''<ref> {{cite book | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | year = 1979 | title =Scouting 'round the World. Le scoutisme à travers le monde | |edition = 11th | publisher = World Scout Bureau | location = | id = ISBN 2-88052-001-0 }}</ref><ref name="SRTW1990"/><ref> {{cite book | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | year = 1997 | title =Trefoil Round the World | |edition = 11th | publisher = World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts, World Bureau| location = | id = ISBN 0-900827-75-0}}</ref> {| class = wikitable |- !Country !Membership<ref name="WOSM-TR_05-08">{{cite web |title=Triennial Report 2005-2008 |url=http://scout.org/en/content/download/11615/94838/file/Triennial_Report_EN.pdf |publisher=World Organization of the Scout Movement |accessdate=2008-07-13}}</ref><ref name="memberwaggs>{{cite web | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | year = 2006 | url = http://www.wagggs.org/en/world | title = Our World | format = | work = | publisher = World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts | accessdate = 2006-12-07}}</ref> !Scouting introduced !Guiding introduced |- |[[Indonesia]] |align="right"|8,100,000 |align="center"|1912 |align="center"|1912 |- |[[United States]] |align="right"|7,500,000 |align="center"|1910 |align="center"|1912 |- |[[India]] |align="right"|4,000,000 |align="center"|1909 |align="center"|1911 |- |[[Philippines]] |align="right"|2,300,000 |align="center"|1910 |align="center"|1918 |- |[[Thailand]] |align="right"|1,250,000 |align="center"|1911 |align="center"|1957 |- |[[United Kingdom]] |align="right"|1,000,000 |align="center"|1907 |align="center"|1909 |- |[[Bangladesh]] |align="right"|1,000,000 |align="center"|1920 |align="center"|1928 |- |[[Pakistan]] |align="right"|590,000 |align="center"|1909 |align="center"|1911 |- |[[Kenya]] |align="right"|420,000 |align="center"|1910 |align="center"|1920 |- |[[Korea]] |align="right"|280,000 |align="center"|1922 |align="center"|1946 |- |[[Germany]]{{Ref_label|I|I|none}} |align="right"|250,000 |align="center"|1910 |align="center"|1912 |- |[[Canada]] |align="right"|240,000 |align="center"|1908 |align="center"|1910 |- |[[Japan]] |align="right"|220,000 |align="center"|1913 |align="center"|1919 |- |[[Italy]]{{Ref_label|II|II|none}} |align="right"|210,000 |align="center"|1910 |align="center"|1912 |- |[[Uganda]] |align="right"|210,000 |align="center"|1915 |align="center"|1914 |- |[[France]]{{Ref_label|III|III|none}} |align="right"|200,000 |align="center"|1910 |align="center"|1911 |- |[[Nigeria]] |align="right"|160,000 |align="center"|1915 |align="center"|1919 |- |[[Poland]]{{Ref_label|IV|IV|none}} |align="right"|160,000 |align="center"|1910 |align="center"|1910 |- |[[Belgium]]{{Ref_label|V|V|none}} |align="right"|160,000 |align="center"|1911 |align="center"|1915 |- |[[Hong Kong]] |align="right"|150,000 |align="center"|1914 |align="center"|1916 |} ===Nonaligned and Scout-like organizations=== [[Image:Harcerki ZP.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Girl Guides from the Polish [[Związek Harcerstwa Rzeczypospolitej|ZHR]], an associate member of the [[Confédération Européenne de Scoutisme|CES]]]] {{main|Non-aligned Scouting and Scout-like organisations}} Fifteen years passed between the first publication of ''Scouting for Boys'' and the creation of the largest supranational Scout organization, WOSM, and millions of copies had been sold in dozens of languages. By that point, Scouting was the purview of the world's youth, and hard to preserve as a monolith. Alternative groups have formed since the original formation of the Scouting "Boy Patrols." They can be a result of groups or individuals who refuse to follow the original ideals of Scouting but still desire to participate in Scout-like activities. Others maintain that the WOSM is currently far more political and less youth-based than ever envisioned by Lord Baden-Powell. They believe that Scouting in general has moved away from its original intent, because of political machinations that happen to longstanding organizations, and seek to return to the earliest, simplest methods.<ref name="trad">{{cite web | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | year = 2006 | url = http://www.inquiry.net/traditional/index.htm | title = Traditional Scouting | format = | work = | publisher = American Traditional Scouting | accessdate = 2006-12-04}}</ref><ref name="bpscouts">{{cite web | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | year = 2006 | url = http://www.traditionalscouting.co.uk/ | title = The Baden - Powell Scouts' Association | format = | work = | publisher = The Baden - Powell Scouts' Association | accessdate = 2006-12-04}}</ref> There are at least 520 separate national or regional Scouting associations in the world. Most have felt the need to create international Scouting organizations to set standards for Scouting and to coordinate activities among member associations. Six international Scouting organizations serve 437 of the world's national associations, and the largest two organizations, WOSM and WAGGGS, count 362 national associations as members, encompassing the vast majority of the world's Scouts.<ref name="breakaway">{{cite web | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | year = | url = http://www.troop97.net/wrldsct1.htm | title = All Scouting Associations in Every Country | format = | work = | publisher = Troop 97 | accessdate = 2006-12-04}}</ref> ==Controversy and conflict== {{main|Scouting controversy and conflict}} Since the inception of Scouting in the early 1900s, the movement has sometimes become entangled in social controversies such as the [[African-American Civil Rights Movement (1955-1968)|civil rights struggle]] in the [[Southern United States|American South]] and in nationalist [[Indian independence movement|resistance movements]] in [[India]]. Scouting was introduced to [[Africa]] by British officials as a way to strengthen their rule, but came to challenge the legitimacy of the [[British Empire]] as African Scouts used the Scout Law's principle that a Scout is a brother to all other Scouts to collectively claim full imperial citizenship.<ref name="movement">{{cite web | last = Foster | first = Rev. Michael | year = 2001 | url = http://www.netpages.free-online.co.uk/sha/crisis.htm | title = The Growing Crisis in the Scout Movement |work = Scout History | publisher = Scout History Association | accessdate = 2006-12-09}}</ref><ref name="britimperialism">{{cite web | last = Parsons | first = Timothy | authorlink = | coauthors = | year = | url = http://www.ohioswallow.com/bookinfo.php?book_id=0821415956 | title = Race, Resistance, and the Boy Scout Movement in British Colonial Africa | format = | work = | publisher = Ohio University Press and Swallow Press | accessdate = 2006-12-25}}</ref> More recently, Scouting organizations that do not allow the participation of [[atheism|atheists]], [[agnosticism|agnostics]], or [[homosexuality|homosexuals]] have been publicly criticized.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.bsa-discrimination.org/html/god-top.html|work=BSA Discrimination|title=BSA and Religious Belief|accessdate=2006-02-06}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bsa-discrimination.org/html/gays-top.html|work=BSA Discrimination|title=BSA and Homosexuality|accessdate=2006-02-06}}</ref> ==In film and the arts== {{main|Scouting in popular culture}} As Scouting has been a facet of culture throughout most of the 20th century in many countries, numerous films and artwork use the subject.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Dubill| first=Andy| year=2005| title=Scouts On The Silver Screen| journal=International Scouting Collectors Association Journal (ISCA Journal) | volume=5| issue=2| pages=28–31}}</ref> It is especially prevalent in the United States, where Scouting is tied closely to the ideal of [[Americana]]. The works of painters [[Norman Rockwell]], [[Pierre Joubert]] and [[Joseph Csatari]] and the 1966 film ''[[Follow Me, Boys!]]'' are prime examples of this idealized American ethos. Scouting is often dealt with in a humorous manner, as in the 1989 film ''[[Troop Beverly Hills]]'' and the 2005 film ''[[Down and Derby]]'', and is often fictionalized so that the audience knows the topic is Scouting without any mention of Scouting by name. In 1980, [[Scottish people|Scottish]] [[singer]] and [[songwriter]] [[Gerry Rafferty]] recorded ''I was a Boy Scout'' as part of his ''Snakes and Ladders'' album.<ref name="I was">{{cite web | year = 1980 | url = http://www.thelyricarchive.com/song/781952-105849/I-Was-a-Boy-Scout | title = Gerry Rafferty - I was a Boy Scout | work = Song lyrics | accessdate = 2006-12-08}}</ref> ==See also== *[[List of highest awards in Scouting]] *[[List of notable Scouts]] *[[Oldest Scout Groups]] *[[Outdoor education]] *[[Religion in Scouting]] *[[Scout Spirit]] *[[ScoutLink]] ==Notes== <div class="references-small"> '''I.''' {{Note_label|I|I|none}}Including 90,000 non-aligned Scouts and Guides, see [[Scouting in Germany]] for more information and references '''II.''' {{Note_label|II|II|none}}Including 30,000 non-aligned Scouts and Guides, see [[Scouting in Italy]] for more information and references '''III.''' {{Note_label|IV|IV|none}}Including 60,000 non-aligned Scouts and Guides, see [[Scouting in France]] for more information and references '''IV.''' {{Note_label|III|III|none}}Including 20,000 non-aligned Scouts and Guides, see [[Scouting in Poland]] for more information and references '''V.''' {{Note_label|V|V|none}}Including 5,000 non-aligned Scouts and Guides, see [[Scouting in Belgium]] for more information and references </div> ==Citations== {{reflist}} ==References== *[[László Nagy (Scouting)|László Nagy]], ''250 Million Scouts'', The World Scout Foundation and Dartnell Publishers, 1985 *World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts, World Bureau, ''Trefoil Round the World''. 11th&nbsp;ed. 1997. ISBN 0-900827-75-0 *World Organization of the Scout Movement, ''Scouting 'round the World. Facts and Figures on the World Scout Movement.'' 1990 edition. ISBN 2-88052-001-0 ==External links== {{commons|Scouting}} <!--- These links should pertain to Scouting as a world-wide movement. Links for specific countries or organizations belong in that article.---> *[http://www.scout.org/en/about_scouting/facts_figures/history/milestones_of_world_scouting Milestones in World Scouting] *[http://www.faqs.org/faqs/by-newsgroup/rec/rec.scouting.misc.html Scouting Frequently Asked Questions] *[http://www.scouting.milestones.btinternet.co.uk/ Scouting Milestones - UK Scouting History site] *[http://www.troop97.net/intscout.htm World Scouting infopage, by Troop 97] *[http://www.pinetreeweb.com/crest.htm The World Scout Emblem, by Pinetree Web] *[http://n2zgu.50megs.com World of Scouting, describes history of Scouting organizations] *[http://www.pinetreeweb.com/bp-aids.htm Aids to Scoutmastership] *[http://www.scoutwiki.org Scoutwiki - international wiki for scouting] {{Featured article}} {{scouting|movement}} [[Category:Outdoor education]] [[Category:Scouting| ]] [[Category:Youth organizations]] [[Category:1907 establishments]] {{Link FA|ja}} {{link FA|hu}} {{Link FA|pt}} {{Link FA|sv}} {{Link FA|vi}} [[ar:كشافة]] [[zh-min-nan:Scouting]] [[be-x-old:Скаўтынг]] [[bs:Izviđači]] [[bg:Скаут]] [[ca:Escoltisme]] [[cs:Skauting]] [[da:Spejderbevægelsen]] [[de:Pfadfinder]] [[el:Προσκοπισμός]] [[es:Escultismo]] [[eo:Skoltismo]] [[eu:Eskautismo]] [[fr:Scoutisme]] [[fy:Skouting]] [[hr:Izviđači]] [[is:Skátahreyfingin]] [[it:Scautismo]] [[he:תנועת הצופים]] [[hu:Cserkészet]] [[ms:Pergerakan Pengakap]] [[nl:Scouting]] [[ja:ボーイスカウト]] [[no:Speiderbevegelsen]] [[nn:Speiding]] [[pl:Skauting]] [[pt:Escotismo]] [[ru:Скаутское движение]] [[simple:Scout movement]] [[sk:Skauting]] [[sl:Skavti]] [[fi:Partio]] [[sv:Scouting]] [[th:การลูกเสือ]] [[tr:İzcilik]] [[vi:Hướng đạo]] [[uk:Скаутинг]] [[vls:Scouts]] [[zh-yue:童軍運動]] [[zh:童军]]