Scripps Institution of Oceanography
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[[Image:SIOpier.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Scripps Institution of Oceanography pier]]'''Scripps Institution of Oceanography''' (sometimes referred to as '''SIO''', '''Scripps Oceanography''' or just '''Scripps''') in [[La Jolla, California]], is one of the oldest and largest centers for [[ocean]] and [[earth]] science [[research]], graduate training, and public service in the world. Hundreds of ocean and earth researchers conduct scientific research with the aid of oceanographic [[research vessel]]s and shorebased laboratories. The public explorations center of the institution is the [[Birch Aquarium]] at Scripps. Its '''Old Scripps Building''' is a U.S. [[National Historic Landmark]].
== Mission statement ==
To seek, teach, and communicate scientific understanding of the [[oceans]], [[atmosphere]], [[Earth]], and other [[planets]] for the benefit of society and the [[Natural environment|environment]].
==Research programs==
[[Image:SIOresearch.jpg|left|thumb|300px|Scripps Institution of Oceanography researchers at sea]]The institution's research programs encompass biological, physical, chemical, geological, and geophysical studies of the oceans and earth. Scripps also studies the interaction of the oceans with both the atmospheric [[climate]] and environmental concerns on ''terra firma.'' Related to this research, Scripps offers doctoral degrees in [[Oceanography]], [[Marine Biology]], and [[Earth Sciences]].
Today, the Scripps staff of 1,300 includes approximately 100 [[Faculty (university)|faculty]], 300 other scientists and some 225 [[graduate students]], with an annual budget of more than $140 million. The institution operates a [[fleet]] of four [[oceanography|oceanographic]] [[research vessel]]s and the research platform [[R/P FLIP]] (Floating Instrument Platform) for oceanographic research and has served as manager of the [[Deep Sea Drilling Program]].
==History==
{{Infobox_nrhp | name =Old Scripps Building
| nrhp_type = nhl
| image = SIOhistory.jpeg
| caption = Scripps Institution of Oceanography in La Jolla, CA ''(1910)''
| location= 8602 La Jolla Shores Drive, [[La Jolla, California]]
| lat_degrees = 32
| lat_minutes = 51
| lat_seconds = 54
| lat_direction = N
| long_degrees = 117
| long_minutes = 15
| long_seconds = 12
| long_direction = W
| locmapin = California
| area = .09 acre (4,000 square feet)<ref name="nrhpinv2"/>
| built =1909
| architect= Acton,Perl; Gill,Irving
| architecture= Other
| designated= [[May 20]], [[1982]]<ref name="nhlsum">{{cite web|url=http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=1720&ResourceType=Building
|title=Old Scripps Building |accessdate=2008-07-10|work=National Historic Landmark summary listing|publisher=National Park Service}}</ref>
| added = [[November 10]], [[1977]]<ref name="nris">{{cite web|url=http://www.nr.nps.gov/|title=National Register Information System|date=2008-04-15|work=National Register of Historic Places|publisher=National Park Service}}</ref>
| governing_body = State
| refnum=77000330
}}
Scripps Institution of Oceanography was founded in 1903 as the Marine Biological Association of San Diego, an independent biological research laboratory by [[University of California]] [[Zoology]] professor [[William Emerson Ritter]], with support from [[Ellen Browning Scripps]] and later her brother [[Edward W. Scripps|E. W. Scripps]]. They fully funded Scripps for the first several years. Scripps began institutional life in the boathouse of the Hotel Coronado located on [[San Diego Bay]]. Thereafter it re-located in 1905 to La Jolla on the head above [[La Jolla Cove]], and finally in 1907 to its present location.
In 1912 Scripps became part of the [[University of California]] and was renamed the "Scripps Institution for Biological Research". During the 1960s, led by Scripps Institution of Oceanography director [[Roger Revelle]], it formed the nucleus for the creation of the [[University of California, San Diego]] (UCSD) on a bluff overlooking Scripps Institution.
The Old Scripps Building was declared a [[National Historic Landmark]] in 1982.<ref name="nhlsum"/><ref name="nrhpinv2">{{citation|title={{PDFlink|[http://pdfhost.focus.nps.gov/docs/NHLS/Text/77000330.pdf National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination: Scripps, George H., Memorial Marine Biological Laboratory / Old Scripps Building]|32 KB}}|date=February 12, 1982 |author=James H. Charleton |publisher=National Park Service}} and {{PDFlink|[http://pdfhost.focus.nps.gov/docs/NHLS/Photos/77000330.pdf ''Accompanying 10 or so photos, exterior and interior, from 1977, 1980, and undated'']|32 KB}}</ref>
== Research vessels ==
[[Image:SIOrevelle.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Scripps research vessel ''Roger Revelle'']]The [[research vessel]]s and platforms currently operated by Scripps Institution of Oceanography are:
* [[R/P FLIP]]
* [[R/V Roger Revelle (AGOR-24)]]
* [[R/V Melville (AGOR-14)]]
* [[R/V New Horizon]]
* [[R/V Robert Gordon Sproul]]
== Birch Aquarium at Scripps ==
The mission of the Birch Aquarium at Scripps is:
*to provide ocean science education
*to interpret Scripps research
*to promote ocean [[conservation ethic|conservation]]
[[Image:aq facility rental.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Birch Aquarium at Scripps]]For more than a century, generations of families have discovered the ocean world through exhibits and educational programs of the aquarium-museum associated with Scripps Institution of Oceanography. From modest displays at the turn-of-the-century to magnificent habitats in the present, the role of the aquarium-museum in Scripps Oceanography's legacy is important. Today, more than 400,000 people visit Birch Aquarium at Scripps each year.
The Birch Aquarium has a number of exhibits and hands-on activities. These include:
*The Hall of Fishes with more than 60 tanks of Pacific fishes and [[invertebrates]]; the largest habitat is a 70,000-gallon [[kelp]] forest.
*Scripps Explorers Gallery, featuring cutting-edge discoveries of Scripps explorers in climate, earth, and ocean sciences through interactive exhibits
*Preuss Tidepool Plaza, overlooking the [[Pacific Ocean]], with living [[tide pools]] for discovery
*Smargon Courtyard, also overlooking coastal bluffs, features a 13,000-gallon [[shark]] reef tank and Wonders of Water play stations. Seasonal events take place here during the year.
The aquarium's hilltop site provides a spectacular overview of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography campus and the Pacific Ocean.
==Notable faculty members==
*[[Ralph Cicerone]]
*[[Robert W. Corell]]
*[[Paul J. Crutzen]]
*[[Robert S. Dietz]]
*[[Carl Eckart]]
*[[Jim T. Enright]]
*[[Robert Garrels]]
*[[Joel Hedgpeth]]
*[[Sam Hinton]]
*[[Carl Hubbs]]
*[[Martin W. Johnson]]
*[[Charles David Keeling]]
*[[Edwin P. Martz]]
*[[Mario J. Molina]]
*[[Walter Munk]]
*[[Jerome Namias]]
*[[William Nierenberg]]
*[[Roger Revelle]]
*[[William Emerson Ritter]]
*[[Francis Parker Shepard]]
*[[Fred Spiess]]
*[[Harald Sverdrup]]
*[[Warren White]]
==Notable alumni==
*[[Tanya Atwater]]
*[[Stephen E. Calvert]]
*[[Jack Corliss]]
*[[Susan Hough]]
*[[Marcia McNutt]]
*[[Colm Ó hEocha]]
*[[George Perry (neuroscientist)|George Perry]]
*[[Brinke Stevens]]
*[[Christopher Stott]]
== See also ==
* [[Library of Congress Digital Library project]]
* [[National Digital Information Infrastructure and Preservation Program]]
* [[The Scripps Research Institute]], a neighboring, but completely independent medical research institute.
* [[Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution]], a similar research facility on the east coast of the USA.
*[[Institute of Marine and Coastal Sciences]], another oceanographic education and research facility located at [[Rutgers University]] in New Jersey.
==References==
{{reflist}}
== Further reading ==
* [http://scripps100.ucsd.edu/ Scripps Institution of Oceanography centennial website]
* [http://repositories.cdlib.org/sio/arch/raitt-1967/ Scripps Institution of Oceanography; First Fifty Years] Helen Raitt and Beatrice Moulton. Los Angeles : W. Ritchie Press, 1967.
*[http://repositories.cdlib.org/sio/arch/shor-1978/ Scripps Institution of Oceanography : Probing the Oceans, 1936 to 1976] Elizabeth Noble Shor. San Diego, Calif. : Tofua Press, 1978.
*[[Keeling curve|The Keeling Curve Turns 50]]
== External links ==
*[http://scripps.ucsd.edu/ Scripps Institution of Oceanography]
*[http://virtuallajolla.com/birch_back.htm Scripps Pier View in HD]
*[http://explorations.ucsd.edu/ ''explorations'' E-Magazine]
*[http://scrippsnews.ucsd.edu/ Scripps News]
*[http://supportscripps.ucsd.edu/ Support Scripps]
*[http://www.siograddept.ucsd.edu/ Scripps Education Department]
*[http://aquarium.ucsd.edu/ Birch Aquarium at Scripps]
*[http://www.sandiegohistory.org/journal/81summer/scripps.htm "How Scripps Institution Came To San Diego", ''The Journal of San Diego History'' 27:3 (Summer 1981) by Elizabeth N. Shor]
{{University of California, San Diego}}
{{Registered Historic Places}}
[[Category:Oceanographic institutions]]
[[Category:National Historic Landmarks in California]]
[[Category:Scripps Institution of Oceanography| ]]
[[Category:Research institutes in the United States]]
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