Scuba diving
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'''Scuba diving''' is [[Underwater diving|swimming underwater]], or taking part in another activity, while using a [[scuba set]].<ref name=usn>{{cite book |title=US Navy Diving Manual, 6th revision |year=[[2006]] |publisher=US Naval Sea Systems Command |location=United States |url=http://www.supsalv.org/00c3_publications.asp?destPage=00c3&pageID=3.9 |accessdate=2008-04-24 }}</ref> By carrying a source of [[breathing gas]] (usually [[compressed air]])<ref name=Brubakk>{{cite book |title=Bennett and Elliott's physiology and medicine of diving, 5th Rev ed. |last=Brubakk |first=A. O. |coauthors=T. S. Neuman |year=2003 |publisher=Saunders Ltd. |location=United States |isbn=0702025712 |pages=800 }}</ref>, the scuba diver is able to stay [[underwater]] longer than with the simple breath-holding techniques used in [[snorkeling]] and [[free-diving]], and is not hindered by [[air line]]s to a remote air source. The scuba diver typically swims underwater by using fins attached to the feet. However, some divers also move around with the assistance of a DPV ([[diver propulsion vehicle]]), commonly called a "scooter", or by using surface-tethered devices called sleds pulled by a boat.
For the history of diving, see [[Timeline of underwater technology]].
[[Image:Alyosha is certified.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Scuba divers observing [[fish]] and [[coral]]]]
==Etymology==
The term SCUBA arose during [[World War II]] and originally referred to United States combat [[frogmen]]'s oxygen [[rebreather]]s, developed by [[Christian J. Lambertsen|Dr. Christian Lambertsen]] for underwater warfare.<ref name=Brubakk/><ref>{{cite journal |author=Vann RD |title=Lambertsen and O2: beginnings of operational physiology |journal=Undersea Hyperb Med |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=21–31 |year=2004 |pmid=15233157 |url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/3987 |accessdate=2008-04-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Butler FK |title=Closed-circuit oxygen diving in the U.S. Navy |journal=Undersea Hyperb Med |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=3–20 |year=[[2004]] |pmid=15233156 |url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/3986 |accessdate=2008-04-25 }}</ref> Today, scuba typically refers to the in-line open-circuit equipment, developed by [[Emile Gagnan]] and [[Jacques-Yves Cousteau]], in which compressed gas (usually air) is inhaled from a tank and then exhaled into the water. However, [[rebreather]]s (both semi-closed circuit and closed circuit) are also self-contained systems (as opposed to surface-supplied systems) and are therefore classified as scuba.
Although the [[Scuba set|SCUBA]] is an [[acronym]] for "self-contained underwater breathing apparatus", usage is mainly as a normal word "scuba", it has become acceptable to refer to scuba as "[[scuba equipment]]" or "scuba apparatus" — an example of the linguistic [[RAS syndrome]].
==Types of diving==
[[Image:Divemaster-ready-to-go.jpg|thumb|Divemaster ready to dive Shark and Yolanda reef at Rās Muhammad, [[Sharm el-Sheikh]].]]
Scuba diving is still evolving, but general classifications have grown to describe various diving activities. These classifications include:
*[[Commercial diving]]
*[[Military diving]]
*[[Naval diving]]
*[[Police diving]]
*[[Professional diving]]
*[[Recreational diving]]
*[[Diver rescue|Rescue]] and recovery diving
*[[Scientific diving]]
*[[Technical diving]]
**[[Cave diving]]
**[[Cavern diving]]
**[[Deep diving]]
**[[Ice diving]]
**[[Wreck diving]]
Reasons for diving may include:
<br clear=all>
{| class = "prettytable"
|-
!Type of diving
!Classification
|-
|[[aquarium]] maintenance in large [[public aquarium]]s
|[[commercial diving|commercial]], [[scientific diving|scientific]]
|-
|[[boat]] and [[ship]] inspection, cleaning and maintenance
|commercial, [[naval diving|naval]]
|-
|[[cave diving]]
|[[technical diving|technical]], [[recreational diving|recreational]]
|-
|civil engineering in [[harbor]]s, [[water]] supply, and [[drainage]] systems
|commercial
|-
|[[crude oil]] industry and other [[offshore construction]] and maintenance
|commercial
|-
|[[demolition]] and [[salvage]] of [[ship wreck]]s
|commercial, naval
|-
|[[diver training]] for reward
|[[professional diving|professional]]
|-
|[[fish farm]] maintenance
|commercial
|-
|[[fishing industry|fishing]], e.g. for [[abalone]]s, [[crab]]s, [[lobster]]s, [[pearl]]s, [[scallop]]s, [[sea crayfish]], [[sponge]]s
|commercial
|-
|[[frogman]], [[manned torpedo]]
|[[military diving|military]]
|-
|[[harbor]] clearance and maintenance
|commercial, military
|-
|[[media diving]]: making television programs, etc.
|professional
|-
|[[naval mine|mine]] clearance and [[bomb disposal]], disposing of [[unexploded ordnance]]
||military, naval
|-
|pleasure, leisure, sport
|recreational
|-
|[[underwater photography]]
|professional, recreational
|-
|policing diving to investigate or arrest unauthorized divers
|[[police diving|police]], military, naval
|-
|search and recovery diving
|commercial
|-
|[[search and rescue]] diving
|police
|-
|[[spear fishing]]
|professional (occasionally), recreational
|-
|stealthy [[infiltration]]
|military
|-
|[[marine biology]]
|scientific, recreational
|-
|[[underwater]] [[tourism]]
|recreational
|-
|[[underwater archaeology]] ([[shipwreck]]s; [[harbor]]s, and [[building]]s)
|scientific, recreational
|}
Some professional, commercial, and police diving activities are sometimes performed by [[volunteer]] divers.
Within recreational diving there are those who are considered [[professional diving|professional divers]], because they maintain a [[professional]] standard of training and skills and may need to carry [[professional]] [[liability insurance]].
Some consider technical diving to be a subset of recreational diving, but others separate it out due to the extensively different training equipment and knowledge needed for technical dives.
Public safety diving and military diving may be classified as commercial diving because they make a living from their pursuit of diving; however, public safety divers ([[police]] or [[rescue]]) and military divers have a different mission from the typical commercial diver. Scientific diving is used by marine scientists (including diving marine biologists and [[Underwater archaeology| underwater archaeologists]]), as a tool for collecting their research data.
==Physiological issues==
===Breathing underwater===
:''For more information, see [[diving regulator]].''
Water normally contains dissolved [[oxygen]] from which [[fish]] and other aquatic animals extract all their required oxygen as the water flows past their [[gills]]. Humans lack gills and do not otherwise have the capacity to breathe [[underwater]] unaided by external devices.<ref name=Brubakk/>
Early diving experimenters quickly discovered it is not enough simply to supply [[air]] in order to breathe comfortably underwater. As one descends, in addition to the normal atmospheric pressure, water exerts increasing [[pressure]] on the chest and [[lungs]] — approximately 1 [[Bar (unit)|bar]] or 14.7 [[psi]] for every 33 [[Foot (unit of length)|feet]] or 10 meters of depth — so the pressure of the inhaled breath must almost exactly counter the surrounding or ambient pressure in order to inflate the lungs.<ref name=Brubakk/>
By always providing the [[breathing gas]] at ambient pressure, modern [[diving regulator|demand valve regulators]] ensure the diver can inhale and exhale naturally and virtually effortlessly, regardless of depth.
Because the diver's nose and eyes are covered by a [[diving mask]]; the diver cannot breathe in through the nose, except when wearing a [[full face diving mask]]. However, inhaling from a regulator's [[mouthpiece (scuba)|mouthpiece]] becomes second nature very quickly.
[[Image:Alpha Dive Flag.svg|left|thumb|150px|The [[International maritime signal flags| "Alpha" or "Alfa" flag]] -
Designates a small vessel engaged in diving operations with restricted maneuverability<ref>[http://www.navcen.uscg.gov/mwv/navrules/Rules/Rule27.htm Rule 27: "Vessel Not Under Command"], U.S. Coast Guard, ''accessed [[15 February]] [[2008]]''</ref>]]
For more information about diving regulators, see [[Diving regulator]].
===Open-circuit===
The most commonly used [[scuba set]] today is the "single-hose" open circuit 2-stage [[diving regulator]], coupled to a single pressurized gas cylinder, with the first stage on the cylinder and the second stage at the [[mouthpiece]].<ref name=usn/> This arrangement differs from [[Emile Gagnan]]'s and [[Jacques Cousteau]]'s original 1942 "twin-hose" design, known as the [[Aqua-lung]], in which the cylinder's pressure was reduced to ambient pressure in one or two or three stages which were all on the cylinder. The "single-hose" system has significant advantages over the original system.
[[Image:Diver Down flag.svg|right|thumb|200px|The diver down flag - Designates a diver is in the water]]
In the "single-hose" two-stage design, the first stage regulator reduces the cylinder pressure of about 200 bar (3000 psi) to an intermediate level of about 10 bar (145 psi) The second stage [[Diving regulator#Demand valve 2|demand valve]] regulator, connected via a low pressure hose to the first stage, delivers the breathing gas at the correct ambient pressure to the diver's mouth and lungs. The diver's exhaled gases are exhausted directly to the environment as waste. The first stage typically has at least one outlet delivering breathing gas at unreduced tank pressure. This is connected to the diver's pressure gauge or computer, in order to show how much breathing gas remains.
===Rebreather===
{{main|Rebreathers}}
Less common, but becoming increasingly available, are closed and semi-closed [[rebreathers]]. Open-circuit sets vent off all exhaled gases, but rebreathers reprocess each exhaled breath for re-use by removing the [[carbon dioxide]] buildup and replacing the oxygen used by the diver. Rebreathers release few or no gas bubbles into the water, and use much less oxygen per hour because exhaled oxygen is recovered; this has advantages for research, [[frogman|military]]<ref name=usn/>, photography, and other applications. Modern rebreathers are more complex and more expensive than sport open-circuit scuba, and need special training and maintenance to safely use.
===Gas mixtures===
{{main|Breathing gas}}
For some diving, gas mixtures other than normal atmospheric air (21% [[oxygen]], 78% [[nitrogen]], 1% other) can be used<ref name=usn/><ref name=Brubakk/>, so long as the diver is properly trained in their use. The most commonly used mixture is [[Enriched Air Nitrox]], which is air with extra oxygen, often with 32% or 36% oxygen, and thus less nitrogen, reducing the likelihood of [[decompression sickness]].
Several other common gas mixtures are in use, and all need specialized training. Oxygen with [[helium]] and a reduced percentage of [[nitrogen]] is known as [[trimix]], for example.
In cases of [[technical diving|technical dives]] more than one cylinder may be carried, containing a different gas mixture for a distinct phase of the dive, typically designated as Travel, Bottom, and Decompression. These different gas mixtures may be used to extend bottom time, reduce inert gas narcotic effects, and reduce decompression times.
===Injuries due to changes in air pressure===
:''For a full list, see [[Diving hazards and precautions]]''
Divers must avoid injuries caused by changes in air pressure. The weight of the water column above the diver causes an increase in air pressure in any compressible material ([[wetsuit]], [[lung]]s, [[Paranasal sinus|sinus]]) in proportion to depth, in the same way that atmospheric air causes a pressure of 14.7 [[pounds-force per square inch]] (101.3 kPa) at sea level. Pressure injuries are called [[barotrauma]]<ref name=Brubakk/> and can be quite painful, in severe cases causing a ruptured eardrum or damage to the sinuses. To avoid them, the diver equalizes the pressure in all air spaces with the surrounding water pressure when changing depth. The middle ear and sinus are equalized using one or more of several techniques, which is referred to as [[Ear clearing|clearing the ears]].
The mask is equalized by periodically exhaling through the nose.
If a drysuit is worn, it too must be equalized by inflation and deflation, similar to a [[buoyancy compensator]].
===Effects of breathing high pressure gas===
====Decompression sickness====
{{main|Decompression sickness}}
The diver must avoid the formation of gas bubbles in the body, called [[decompression sickness]]<ref name=Brubakk/> or 'the bends', by releasing the water pressure on the body slowly at the end of the dive and allowing gases trapped in the bloodstream to gradually break solution and leave the body, called "off-gassing." This is done by making safety stops or [[decompression stops]] and ascending slowly using [[dive computer]]s or [[decompression tables]] for guidance. Decompression sickness must be treated promptly, typically in a [[recompression chamber]]. Administering enriched-oxygen breathing gas or pure [[oxygen]] to a decompression sickness stricken diver on the surface is a good form of [[first aid]] for decompression sickness, although fatality or permanent disability may still occur.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Longphre |first=J. M. |coauthors=P. J. DeNoble; R. E. Moon; R. D. Vann; J. J. Freiberger |title=First aid normobaric oxygen for the treatment of recreational diving injuries |journal=Undersea Hyperb Med. |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=43–49 |date=[[2007]] |issn=1066-2936 |oclc=26915585 |pmid=17393938 |url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/5514 |accessdate=2008-05-03 }}</ref>
====Nitrogen narcosis====
{{main|Nitrogen narcosis}}
[[Nitrogen narcosis]] or inert gas narcosis is a reversible alteration in consciousness producing a state similar to alcohol intoxication in divers who breathe high pressure gas at depth.<ref name=Brubakk/> The mechanism is similar to that of nitrous oxide, or "laughing gas," administered as anesthesia. Being "narced" can impair judgment and make diving very dangerous. Narcosis starts to affect the diver at 66 feet (20 m), or 3 atmospheres of pressure. At {{convert|66|ft|m}}, Narcosis manifests itself as slight giddiness. The effects increase drastically with the increase in depth. [[Jacques Cousteau]] famously described it as the "rapture of the deep". Nitrogen narcosis occurs quickly and the symptoms typically disappear during the ascent, so that divers often fail to realize they were ever affected. It affects individual divers at varying depths and conditions, and can even vary from dive to dive under identical conditions. However, diving with [[trimix]] or [[heliox]] prevents narcosis from occurring.
====Oxygen toxicity====
{{main|Oxygen toxicity}}
[[Oxygen toxicity]] occurs when oxygen in the body exceeds a safe "partial pressure" (PPO<sub>2</sub>).<ref name=Brubakk/> In extreme cases it affects the central nervous system and causes a [[seizure]], which can result in the diver spitting out his regulator and drowning. Oxygen toxicity is preventable provided one never exceeds the established maximum depth of a given breathing gas. For deep dives, (generally past 130 feet / 39 meters) "hypoxic blends" containing a lower percentage of oxygen than atmospheric air are used. For more information, see [[Oxygen toxicity]].
===Refraction and [[underwater vision]]===
[[Image:Full face diving mask - ocean reef.JPG|thumb|right|A diver wearing an Ocean Reef full face mask]]
Water has a higher [[refractive index]] than air; it's similar to that of the [[cornea]] of the [[eye]]. Light entering the cornea from water is hardly refracted at all, leaving only the eye's [[crystalline lens]] to focus light. This leads to very severe [[hypermetropia]]. People with severe [[myopia]], therefore, can see better underwater without a mask than normal-sighted people.
[[Diving mask]]s and [[diving helmet]]s and [[fullface mask]]s solve this problem by creating an air space in front of the diver's eyes.<ref name=usn/> The [[refraction error]] created by the water is mostly corrected as the light travels from water to air through a flat lens, except that objects appear approximately [[underwater vision|34% bigger and 25% closer]] in salt water than they actually are. Therefore total field-of-view is significantly reduced and eye-hand coordination must be adjusted.
(This affects underwater photography: a camera seeing through a flat window in its casing is affected the same as its user's eye seeing through a flat mask window, and so its user must focus for the apparent distance to target, not for the real distance.)
Divers who need corrective lenses to see clearly outside the water would normally need the same prescription while wearing a mask. Generic and custom corrective lenses are available for some two-window masks. Custom lenses can be bonded onto masks that have a single front window.
A "[[Diving mask#Types of diving mask|double-dome mask]]" has curved windows in an attempt to cure these faults, but this causes a refraction problem of its own.
On rare occasions, commando [[frogmen]] use special [[contact lens]]es instead, to see underwater without the large glass surface of a diving mask, which can reflect light and give away the frogman's position.
As a diver changes depth, he must periodically exhale through his nose to equalize the internal pressure of the mask with that of the surrounding water. Swimming goggles which only cover the eyes do not allow for equalization and thus are not suitable for diving.
===Controlling [[buoyancy]] underwater===
[[Image:7008 aquaimages.jpg|thumb|Diver under the Salt Pier in [[Bonaire]].]]
To dive safely, divers need to be able to control their rate of descent and ascent in the water.<ref name=Brubakk/> Ignoring other forces such as water currents and swimming, the diver's overall [[buoyancy]] determines whether he ascends or descends. Equipment such as the [[diving weighting system]]s, [[diving suit]]s ([[Wetsuit| Wet]], [[Dry suit| Dry]] & [[Diving_suit#Semi-dry_suits| Semi-dry]] suits are used depending on the water temperature) and [[buoyancy compensator]]s can be used to adjust the overall buoyancy.<ref name=usn/> When divers want to remain at constant depth, they try to achieve neutral buoyancy. This minimizes gas consumption caused by swimming to maintain depth.
The downward force on the diver is the [[weight]] of the diver and his equipment minus the weight of the same [[volume]] of the liquid that he is immersed in; if the result is [[negative]], that force is upwards. Diving weighting systems can be used to reduce the diver's weight and cause an ascent in an emergency. Diving suits, mostly being made of compressible materials, shrink as the diver descends, and expand as the diver ascends, creating unwanted buoyancy changes. The diver can inject air into some diving suits to counteract this effect and [[barotrauma|squeeze]]. Buoyancy compensators allow easy and fine adjustments in the diver's overall volume and therefore buoyancy. For [[scuba set|open circuit]] divers, changes in the diver's lung volume can be used to adjust buoyancy.
===Avoiding losing body heat===
Water [[thermal conductivity|conducts]] [[heat]] from the diver 25 times<ref>[http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/tables/thrcn.html "Thermal Conductivity"], Georgia State University, ''accessed [[15 February]] [[2008]]'' </ref> better than air, which can lead to [[hypothermia]] even in mild water temperatures.<ref name=Brubakk/> Symptoms of hypothermia include impaired judgment and dexterity<ref>{{cite journal |last=Weinberg |first=R. P. |coauthors=E. D. Thalmann. |title=Effects of Hand and Foot Heating on Diver Thermal Balance |journal=Naval Medical Research Institute Report |volume=90-52 |date=[[1990]] |url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/4247 |accessdate=2008-05-03 }}</ref>, which can quickly become deadly in an aquatic environment. In all but the warmest waters, divers need the [[thermal insulation]] provided by [[wetsuit]]s or [[drysuit]]s.<ref name=usn/>
In the case of a wetsuit, the suit is designed to minimize heat loss. Wetsuits are generally made of [[neoprene]] that has small gas cells, generally nitrogen, trapped in it during the manufacturing process. The poor thermal conductivity of this expanded cell neoprene means that wetsuits reduce loss of body heat by conduction to the surrounding water. The neoprene in this case acts as an insulator.
The second way in which wetsuits reduce heat loss is to trap a thin layer of water between the diver's skin and the insulating suit itself. Body heat then heats the trapped water. Provided the wetsuit is reasonably well-sealed at all openings (neck, wrists, legs), this reduces water flow over the surface of the skin, reducing loss of body heat by convection, and therefore keeps the diver warm (this is the principle employed in the use of a "Semi-Dry")
[[Image:wetsuit0806.jpg|thumb|right|Spring Suit and Steamer.]]
In the case of a drysuit, it does exactly that: keeps a diver dry. The suit is sealed so that frigid water cannot penetrate the suit. Drysuit undergarments are often worn under a drysuit as well, and help to keep layers of air inside the suit for better thermal insulation. Some divers carry an extra gas bottle dedicated to filling the dry suit. Usually this bottle contains [[argon]] gas, because of its better insulation as compared with air.
Drysuits fall into two main categories neoprene and membrane; both systems have their good and bad points but generally their thermal properties can be reduced to:
*''Membrane'': usually a trilaminate construction; owing to the thinness of the material (around 1 mm), these require an undersuit, usually of high insulation value if diving in cooler water.
*''Neoprene'': a similar construction to wetsuits; these are often considerably thicker (7-8 mm) and have sufficient insulation to allow a lighter-weight undersuit (or none at all); however on deeper dives the neoprene can compress to as little as 2 mm thus losing a proportion of their insulation. Compressed or crushed neoprene may also be used (where the neoprene is pre-compressed to 2-3 mm) which avoids the variation of insulating properties with depth.
===Avoiding skin cuts and grazes===
[[Diving suit]]s also help prevent the diver's skin being damaged by rough or sharp underwater objects, marine animals or coral.
===Diving longer and deeper safely===
There are a number of techniques to increase the diver's ability to dive deeper and longer:
* [[technical diving]] - diving deeper than 40 metres (130 ft) and/or using mixed gases.
* [[surface supplied diving]] - use of umbilical gas supply and [[diving helmet]]s.<ref name=usn/>
* [[saturation diving]] - long-term use of underwater habitats under pressure and a gradual release of pressure over several days in a [[decompression chamber]] at the end of a dive.<ref name=usn/>
===Being mobile underwater===
The diver needs to be mobile underwater. Streamlining dive gear will reduce drag and improve mobility. Personal mobility is enhanced by [[swimfin]]s and [[Diver Propulsion Vehicle]]s. Other equipment to improve mobility includes [[diving bell]]s and [[diving shot]]s.
==Scuba dive training and certification agencies==
{{main|List of diver training organizations}}
Recreational scuba diving does not have a centralized certifying or regulatory agency, and is mostly self regulated. There are, however, several large diving organizations that train and certify divers and dive instructors, and many diving related sales and rental outlets require proof of diver certification from one of these organizations prior to selling or renting certain diving products or services.
The largest international certification agencies that are currently recognized by most diving outlets for diver certification include:
<!-- Note to editors: Please do not add any agencies to this list that are not the most important internationally recognized recreational certification agencies. You may want to consider adding to [[List of diver training organizations]]. Thank you. -->
*[http://www.acuc.org/ American Canadian Underwater Certifications (ACUC)] (formerly Association of Canadian Underwater Councils) - originated in [[Canada]] in 1969 and expanded internationally in 1984
*[[British Sub Aqua Club|British Sub Aqua Club (BSAC)]] - based in the [[United Kingdom]], mostly for UK divers and clubs
*[http://www.cedip.org/ European Committee of Professional Diving Instructors (CEDIP)] based in Europe since 1992 [http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comit%C3%A9_europ%C3%A9en_des_instructeurs_de_plong%C3%A9e_professionnels (see Cedip on French Wiki pages)]
*[[CMAS|Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques (CMAS)]], the World Underwater Federation
*[[National Association of Underwater Instructors|National Association of Underwater Instructors (NAUI)]] - based in the [[United States]]
*[[Professional Diving Instructors Corporation|Professional Diving Instructors Corporation (PDIC)]] - based in the United States
*[[Professional Association of Diving Instructors|Professional Association of Diving Instructors (PADI)]] - based in the United States, largest recreational dive training and certification organization in the world
*[http://www.tdisdi.com International Training SDI, TDI & ERDi] -based in the United States, TDI is the world's largest technical diving agency, SDI is the recreational division focusing on new methods and online courses, and ERDi is the public safety component.
*[[Scuba Schools International|Scuba Schools International (SSI)]] - based in the United States with 35 Regional Centers and Area Offices around the globe.
*[http://www.ymcascuba.org/ YMCA scuba] - based in the [[United States|U.S.]], part of [[Young Men's Christian Association|Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA)]], a Christian related organization (open to all faiths, ages and genders despite the historic name)
<!-- Note to editors: Please do not add any agencies to this list that are not the most important internationally recognized recreational certification agencies. You may want to consider adding to [[List of diver training organizations]]. Thank you. -->
==See also==
[[Image:Bonaire 1000 steps.jpg|thumb|A scuba diver approaching the "1,000 Steps" dive site in [[Bonaire]].]]
* [[Altitude diving]]
* [[Aqua-lung]]
* [[Aquanaut]]
* [[Decompression sickness]]
* [[Diving equipment]]
* [[Diver training]]
* [[Diving activities]]
* [[Diving hazards and precautions]]
* [[Diving locations]]
* [[Diving physics]]
* [[Diving signal]]
* [[Diving Suit]]
* [[Drift diving]]
* [[Sea Hunt]]
* [[Snorkeling]]
* [[Snuba]]
* [[Technical diving]]
* [[Timeline of underwater technology]]
* [[Underwater photography]]
* [[Underwater videography]]
* [[Wreck diving]]
* [[Like-A-Fish]]: A new breathing apparatus that allows a diver to breathe oxygen extracted from the surrounding water.
[[Image:Scuba-diving.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Scuba diving, grouped]]
==Reference List==
{{Reflist}}
==Further Reading==
{{Nofootnotes|date=February 2008}}
* The Diving Manual, BSAC, ISBN 0-9538919-2-5
* Dive Leading, BSAC, ISBN 0-9538919-4-1
* The Club 1953-2003, BSAC, ISBN 0-9538919-5-X
* [http://www.deep-six.com/page50.htm Free Scuba textbook by George D. Campbell, III called Diving With Deep-Six]
==External links==
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*[http://www.diversalertnetwork.org/ Divers Alert Network] — Diving Emergencies/Hyperbaric Chamber Assistance
*{{wikitravel}}
*[http://www.wikiscuba.com/wiki/index.php/Main_Page WikiScuba] — a wiki devoted to scuba diving
*[http://www.divemaster.com/ Divemaster.com] — a large forum and news and information site<!--appears not to be commercially biased, see [[Talk:Scuba diving#Request to insert a link to a large online diving resource]]-->
[[Category:Underwater diving]]
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