Senecio cineraria
4951547
222458047
2008-06-29T13:01:48Z
CarolSpears
5000247
name change, references
{{Taxobox
| name = ''Jacobaea maritima''
| image = Jacobaea maritima 0.3 R.jpg
| image_width = 270px
| image_caption = '''Dusty Miller'''
| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
| divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
| classis = [[Dicotyledon|Magnoliopsida]]
| ordo = [[Asterales]]
| familia = [[Asteraceae]]
| tribus = [[Senecioneae]]
| genus = ''[[Jacobaea]]''
| species = '''''J. maritima'''''
| binomial = ''Jacobaea maritima''
| binomial_authority = ([[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]]) [[Pieter B. Pelser|Pelser]] & [[Ruud van Meijden|Meijden]] ([[:nl:Heukels' Flora van Nederland|2005]])
|synonyms =
''Cineraria bicolor'' <small>Willd.</small><br/>
''Othonna maritima'' <small>L.</small><br/>
''Senecio bicolor'' <small>(Willd.) Tod.</small><br/>
''Senecio cineraria'' <small>DC.</small><br/>
''Cineraria maritima'' <small>(L.) L.</small><br/>
''Senecio maritimus'' <small>(L.) Rchb.</small><br/>
''Cineraria gibbosa'' <small>Guss.</small><br/>
''Cineraria nebrodensis'' <small>Guss.</small><br/>
''Cineraria ambigua'' <small>Biv.</small><br/>
Sources: AJB,<ref name="AJB">{{cite journal
| last = Pelser
| first = Pieter B.
| authorlink =Pieter B. Pelser
| coauthors = Barbara Gravendeel and Ruud van der Meijden
| title = Tackling speciose genera: species composition and phylogenetic position of Senecio sect. Jacobaea (Asteraceae) based onplastid and nrDNA sequences
| journal = [[American Journal of Botany]]
| volume =89
| pages =929-939
| publisher = [[Botanical Society of America]]
| date =2002
| url =http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/abstract/89/6/929
| accessdate = 2008-06-29 }}</ref> NRCS,<ref name='NRCS'>{{cite web
| url = http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=SECI2
| title = PLANTS Profile, ''Senecio cineraria'' DC.
| accessdate = 2008-02-27
| author = Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS)
| authorlink = Natural Resources Conservation Service
| format = HTML
| work = The PLANTS Database
| publisher = [[United States Department of Agriculture]]
}}</ref> GRIN,<ref name='GRIN'>{{cite web
| url = http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?450258
| title = Taxon: ''Jacobaea maritima'' (L.) Pelser & Meijden
| accessdate = 2008-02-27
| author = Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN)
| authorlink = Germplasm Resources Information Network
| date = 2007-05-04
| format = HTML
| work = Taxonomy for Plants
| publisher = [[United States Department of Agriculture|USDA]], [[Agricultural Research Service|ARS]], National Genetic Resources Program, National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland
}}</ref> E+M<ref name='EUROMED'>{{cite web
| url = http://ww2.bgbm.org/EuroPlusMed/PTaxonDetail.asp?NameId=7002288&PTRefFk=7000000
| title = Details for: Jacobaea maritima
| accessdate = 2008-02-19
| author = Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum Berlin-Dahlem
| authorlink = Botanical Garden in Berlin
| format = HTML
| work = Euro+Med PlantBase
| publisher = [[Free University of Berlin|Freie Universität Berlin]]
}}</ref>
| range_map = Range map-Senecio cineraria-World.svg
| range_map_width = 270px
| range_map_caption = Range of uncultivated ''S. cineraria''.
}}
'''''Senecio cineraria''''' also known as '''Dusty miller''' is a [[species]] of ''[[Senecio]]'' from the family [[Asteraceae]], a native [[perennial]] of the [[Mediterranean]] and widely cultivated as an [[Annual (plant)|annual]] for its [[Silver (color)|silver]], [[felt]]-like leaves.
''Senecio cineraria'' shares the [[common name]] '''Dusty miller''' with other plants that also have silvery leaves; the two most often to share the name are ''[[Centaurea cineraria]]'' and ''[[Lychnis coronaria]]''.
== Common names ==
[[Image:Dusty miller.jpg|thumb|150px|left|'''Silver ragwort''']]
*{{lang-en|Dusty miller, Silver ragwort}}
*{{lang-fr|Cinéraire maritime, Séneçon Cinéraire, Séneçon cendré}}
*{{lang-it|Cineraria, Senecione cinerario}}
*{{lang-ja|シロタエギク}}
*{{lang-pl|starzec srebrzysty}}
*{{lang-ru|Крестовник цинерариевый, Цинерария морская}}<ref name='GRIN'/><ref name='EUROMED'/>
*{{lang-sv|Silverek}}
*{{lang-zh|銀葉菊 }}<ref name="TPN">{{cite journal
| last =Taiwan Plant Names
| authorlink =Flora of North America
| title = Taiwan/Dicots
| volume =1
| pages =141
| accessdate = 2008-04-03 }}</ref>
<br clear='left'/>
== Description ==
''Jacobaea maritima'' is a very [[white]]-[[wool]]ly,<ref name='Bailey'/> [[frost]] tender, heat and [[drought]] tolerant, [[evergreen]],<ref name='msu'>{{cite web
| url = http://msuplants.com/pd.asp?pid=1751
| title = Dusty Miller (''Senecio cineraria'')
| accessdate = 2008-03-03
| author = Jesse Saylor
| authorlink = Michigan State University
| format = HTML
| work = Plant Encyclopedia
}}</ref>
[[perennial]], [[dicot]], [[subshrub]]<ref name='NRCS'/> that can grow to be {{convert|2|ft|m|lk=on}} or less tall<ref name='Bailey'>{{cite book
| last = Bailey
| first = Liberty Hyde
| title = The Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture: A Discussion for the Amateur, and ...
| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=PpQDAAAAMAAJ
| format = HTML
| edition = 6
| year = 1917
| publisher = The Macmillan Company
| pages = 3639
| chapter = Senecio
| chapterurl = http://books.google.com/books?id=PpQDAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA1658&lpg=PA1658
| accessdate = 2008-03-03 }}</ref>
and {{convert|18|in|cm|lk=on}} to {{convert|24|in|cm}} wide.<ref name='msu'/>
'''Leaves and stems''': Stiff stems<ref name='msu'/> branching from the base, and covered in long, white, matted hairs. The leaves are lance-shaped, {{convert|2|in|cm}} to {{convert|6|in|cm}} long, serrated, pinnately cut,<ref name='msu'/> stiff, with oblong and obtuse segments,<ref name='Bailey'/> numerous and like the stems, also covered with long, white, matted hairs.<ref name='msu'/>
'''Flowers''': Yellow or white in daisy-like,<ref name='mogarden'>{{cite web
| url = http://www.mobot.org/gardeninghelp/plantfinder/Plant.asp?Code=A608
| title = ''Senecio cineraria''
| accessdate = 2008-03-03
| author = Kemper Center for Home Gardening
| authorlink = Missouri Botanical Garden
| format = HTML
| publisher = Missouri Botanical Garden
}}</ref>
{{convert|1.5|in|cm}} wide,<ref name='msu'/>
rayless,<ref name='Bailey'/>
compact [[flower head]]s resembling a single flower, but really composed of several florets inclosed in a common whorl of [[sepal]]s or ring of [[bract]]s at the base of the flower stalk.<ref name='Bailey'/>
''S. cineraria'' does not produce flowers the first year.<ref name='mogarden'/>
'''Seeds''': Fruit are cylindrical [[achenes]].<ref name='msu'/>
<br clear='all'/>
== Distribution ==
[[Image:Range map-Senecio cineraria-Native.svg|thumb|Native range of ''S. cineraria''.]]
'''Native''' <ref name='GRIN'/><ref name='EUROMED'/>
:'''Africa'''
::'''Northern Africa''': [[Algeria]], [[Morocco]], [[Tunisia]]
:'''Asia'''
::'''Western Asia''': [[Turkey]], [[Anatolia]]
:'''Europe'''
::'''Southeastern Europe''': [[Aegean Islands]], [[Kastelorizo]], [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]], [[Croatia]], [[Greece]], [[Italy]], [[Malta]], [[Sardinia]], [[Sicily]], [[Kosovo]], [[Republic of Macedonia]], [[Montenegro]], [[Serbia]], [[Slovenia]].
::'''Southwestern Europe''': [[France]], [[Corsica]], [[Monaco]], [[Gibraltar]], [[Spain]]
'''Current'''<ref name='NRCS'/><ref name='EUROMED'/>
:'''Africa'''
::'''Northern Africa''': [[Algeria]], [[Morocco]], [[Tunisia]], [[Gran Canaria]], [[Graciosa, Canary Islands|Graciosa]],
:'''America'''
::'''North America''': [[Alabama]], [[California]], [[Maryland]], [[New York]], [[Oregon]], [[Utah]]
:'''Asia'''
::'''Western Asia''': [[Turkey]], [[Anatolia]]
:'''Europe'''
::'''Northern Europe''': [[Channel Islands]], [[Ireland]], [[United Kingdom]] (including [[Northern Ireland]]), [[Sweden]]
::'''Middle Europe''': [[Germany]]
::'''Southeastern Europe''': [[Aegean Islands]], [[Bulgaria]], [[Crimea]], [[Cyprus]], [[Kastelorizo]], [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]], [[Croatia]], [[Greece]], [[Italy]], [[Malta]], [[Sardinia]], [[Sicily]], [[Kosovo]], [[Republic of Macedonia]], [[Montenegro]], [[Serbia]], [[Slovenia]].
::'''Southwestern Europe''': [[Corsica]], [[France]], [[Gibraltar]], [[Ibiza]], [[Formentera]], [[Mallorca]], [[Minorca]], [[Monaco]], [[São Jorge Island]], [[São Miguel Island]], [[Pico Island]], [[Santa Maria Island]], [[Terceira Island]], [[Spain]]
::'''West Europe''': [[Belgium]], [[Luxemburg]], [[Netherlands]]
<gallery caption="Range maps" perrow="5">
Image:Range map-Senecio cineraria-North America.svg|[[North America]]
Image:Range map-Senecio cineraria-Canary Islands.svg|[[Canary Islands]]
Image:Range map-Senecio cineraria-Africa.svg|[[Africa]]
Image:Range map-Senecio cineraria-Europe.svg|[[Europe]]
</gallery>
==Horticulture==
{{Quote box
| quote = ''S. Cineraria'' is an old-fashioned garden plant.
| source = [[Liberty Hyde Bailey]], [[1917]]<ref name='Bailey'/>
| width = 33%
| align = left
}}
''Jacobaea maritima'' is known in the world of [[horticulture]] to be a tender perennial, that is winter hardy to [[Hardiness zone|USDA Zones 8-10]],<ref name='mogarden'/><ref name='usna'>{{cite web
| url = http://www.usna.usda.gov/Hardzone/hrdzon3.html
| title = Hardiness Zones -- Details
| accessdate = 2008-03-03
| author = United States National Arboretum
| authorlink = United States National Arboretum
| date = 2003-10-06
| format = HTML
| work = USDA Hardiness Zone Map
| publisher = [[United States Department of Agriculture]]
}}</ref>
and often lasts past the first frost, tolerant of shade but with some sun produces the best foliage color.<ref name='mogarden'/> As an annual, it grows in a rounded clump {{convert|6|in|cm}} to {{convert|15|in|cm}}; as a perennial, it gets shrubby and can grow to {{convert|2|ft|m}} tall.
Often the cultivars do not produce flowers at all and
new plants are purchased every year or cuttings gathered in the autumn.<ref name='mogarden'/>
[[Image:Senecio cineraria.JPG|thumb|''J. maritima'' is tolerant of many difficult conditions.]]
Recommended as fire resistant landscaping in California<ref name='plumas'>{{cite web
| url = http://plumasfiresafe.org/Documents/treenote17.fire%20resits%20plant.3.pdf
| title = Tree Notes
| accessdate = 2008-03-02
| author = Jeanette Knutson-Pedersen
| authorlink = California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection
| year = 2005
| month = July
| format = PDF
| work = Fire Safe Landscaping
| publisher = [[Plumas County, California|Plumas Fire Safe Council]]
}}</ref>
that also is an attractive way to screen around outdoor electrical installations,<ref name='davis'>{{cite web
| url = http://www.city.davis.ca.us/cdd/pdfs/planning/forms/Ground-mounted_Transformer_Screening_Requirements.pdf
| title = LANDSCAPE SCREEN FOR PAD-MOUNTED TRANSFORMERS
| accessdate = 2008-03-03
| author = T&D Engineering and Technical Support
| authorlink = Pacific Gas and Electric Company
| date = 2002-02-02
| format = PDF
| work = UG-1: Transformers Greenbook
| publisher = [[Davis, California|City of Davis]]
}}</ref>
as a plant that deer do not seem to like well enough to severely damage by eating,<ref name='tamu'>{{cite web
| url = http://aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu/plantanswers/publications/deerbest.html
| title = Coping with the deer by the use of deer resistant plants.
| accessdate = 2008-02-29
| author = Forrest W. Appleton, Retired certifed nursery professional, Bexar County Master Gardener
| authorlink = Cooperative extension service
| date = 2003-09-29
| format = HTML
| work = [PLANTanswers http://aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu/plantanswers/web.html]
| publisher = [[Texas A&M University]]
}}</ref>
whose leaves are attractive to two species of old world bees (''[[Megachilidae]]'': ''[[Anthidium]] manicatum'' and ''[[Anthidium]] oblongatum'')<ref name='gle'>{{cite journal
| last = Shane R. Miller, Robert Gaebel, Randall J. Mitchell, and Mike Arduser
| coauthors = University of Akron
| title = OCCURRENCE OF TWO SPECIES OF OLD WORLD BEES, ''ANTHIDIUM MANICATUM'' AND ''A. OBLONGATUM'' (APOIDEA: MEGACHILIDAE), IN NORTHERN OHIO AND SOUTHERN MICHIGAN
| journal = THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST
| volume = 35
| issue = 1
| pages = 65–69
| url = http://www3.uakron.edu/biology/mitchell/pdfs/Miller%20et%20al%202002.pdf
| accessdate = 2008-03-03 }}</ref>
and as a water conserving perennial<ref name='pasorobles'>{{cite web
| url = http://www.pasorobles.ca.gov/government/departments/publicworks/water/pdf/Perennials13-16.pdf
| title = Water Conserving Plants - Perennials 13-16
| accessdate = 2008-03-03
| author = City of Paso Robles
| authorlink = Paso Robles, California
| format = PDF
| publisher = [[Paso Robles]] Water Division
}}</ref>
which is also a reliable [[halophile]].<ref name='yorkcounty'>{{cite web
| url = http://www.yorkcounty.gov/vce/progareas/hort/pubs/Salt%20Tolerant%20Plants%20w%20ltrhead.pdf
| title = Salt Tolerant Plants for Water-front Applications
| accessdate = 2008-03-03
| author = York County Office
| authorlink = York County, Virginia
| format = PDF
}}</ref>
==Subspecies which are synonyms==
*''Senecio bicolor'' (Willd.) Todaro ssp. ''cineraria'' (DC.) Chater<ref name='GRIN2'>{{cite web
| url = http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?33655
| title = Taxon: ''Senecio cineraria'' DC.
| accessdate = 2008-03-03
| author = Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN)
| authorlink = Germplasm Resources Information Network
| date = 1995-05-28
| format = HTML
| work = Taxonomy for Plants
| publisher = [[United States Department of Agriculture|USDA]], [[Agricultural Research Service|ARS]], National Genetic Resources Program, National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland
}}</ref>
*''Senecio bicolor'' subsp. ''cineraria'' (DC.) Chater
*''Senecio cineraria'' subsp. ''bicolor'' (Willd.) Arcang.<ref name='GRIN'/>
<br clear='all'/>
==References==
{{reflist}}
==Further reading==
*{{cite web
| url = http://www.usc.edu/CSSF/History/2005/Projects/J1408.pdf
| title = Analyzing the Effects of Gasoline Vapors on ''Senecio cineraria'': Acute vs. Chronic Exposure
| accessdate = 2008-03-03
| author = Stephanie A. Doran
| authorlink = Science_fair#United_States
| date = 2005-05-02
| format = PDF
| work = CALIFORNIA STATE SCIENCE FAIR 2005 PROJECT SUMMARY
| publisher = [http://www.usc.edu/CSSF/History/2005/ 2005 California State Science Fair]
}}
* {{Gutenberg | no=9550 | name=Manual of Gardening (Second Edition)}}
*{{cite web
| url = http://hort.ifas.ufl.edu/shrubs/SENCINA.PDF
| title = Fact Sheet FPS-544 ''Senecio cineraria''
| accessdate = 2008-03-03
| author = Edward F. Gilman, Teresa Howe
| authorlink = University of Florida
| year = 1999
| month = October
| format = PDF
| work = [http://hort.ifas.ufl.edu/shrubs/ 514 Shrub Fact Sheets]
| publisher = [[United States Department of Agriculture|USDA]], [[Cooperative extension service]]
}}
[[Category:Senecio|cineraria]]
[[Category:Jacobaea|maritima]]
[[es:Senecio cineraria]]
[[fr:Séneçon Cinéraire]]
[[it:Senecio cineraria]]
[[pl:Starzec popielny]]