Senecio vulgaris
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2008-06-28T20:31:05Z
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{{Taxobox
| image = Common Groundsel-first fruits.jpg
| image_width = 242px
| image_caption = '''Common groundsel'''
| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
| divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
| classis = [[Magnoliopsida]]
| ordo = [[Asterales]]
| familia = [[Asteraceae]]
| tribus = [[Senecioneae]]
| genus = ''[[Senecio]]''
| species = '''''S. vulgaris'''''
| binomial = ''Senecio vulgaris''
| binomial_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]]<ref name='NRCS'>{{cite web
| url = http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=SEVU
| title = PLANTS Profile, ''Senecio vulgaris'' L.
| accessdate = 2008-01-29
| author = Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS)
| authorlink = Natural Resources Conservation Service
| format = HTML
| work = The PLANTS Database
| publisher = [[United States Department of Agriculture]],
}}</ref>
| synonyms =
''Senecio dunensis'' <small>Dumort</small><br/>
''Senecio radiatus'' <small>W.D.J.Koch</small><ref name='ESFEDS'>{{cite web
| url = http://193.62.154.38/cgi-bin/nph-readbtree.pl/feout?FAMILY_XREF=&GENUS_XREF=Senecio&SPECIES_XREF=vulgaris
| title = Flora Europaea Search Results matching vulgaris and Senecio
| accessdate = 2008-02-01
| author = Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh
| authorlink = Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh
| format = HTML
}}</ref>
| range_map = Range_map-Senecio_vulgaris-world.svg
| range_map_width = 242px
| range_map_caption = Range of ''Senecio vulgaris''
}}
'''''Senecio vulgaris''''', often known by the common name '''Common groundsel''', a humble in appearance member of the [[Asteraceae]] [[family (biology)|family]] and ''[[Senecio]]'' [[genus]], is a tenacious [[deciduous]] [[annual plant|annual]] whose presence now encompasses the globe in a wide area of easy to somewhat difficult growing conditions.
The discussion of Common groundsel dates back to the [[1st century|first century]] and more recently, it is the subject of much contradictory and reactionary information about where it came from, how it got there, whether is it really hurting the crops, how to get rid of it, and how dangerous it is when ingested by various animals.
__TOC__
== Description ==
[[Image:Common Groundsel under Sowthistle.jpg|thumb|left|172px|This ''Senecio vulgaris'' is under a [[Sonchus oleraceus|Sow Thistle]].]]
[[Image:Klein kruiskruid closeup.jpg|thumb|left|172px|''Senecio vulgaris'' [[achene]]s and [[pericarp]].]]
[[Image:KleinKruiskruidCloseUp.jpg|thumb|left|172px|Close-up of ''Senecio vulgaris'' flowers.]]
Standing only between 4 and 16 [[inch]]es (10 to 41 [[centimeter|cm]]) tall, bright florets mostly hidden by the characteristic bract giving it the appearance of never opening flowers and with a life span of 5-6 weeks, the self fertilizing ''Senecio vulgaris'' lives humbly among and occasionally under the other weeds and is easy not to notice.
:'''Leaves and stems'''
Leaves of ''Senecio vulgaris'' grow directly from the stem, [[Terminology for Asteraceae#sessile|sessile]] or lacking their own stem ([[Terminology for Asteraceae#petiole|petiole]]), alternating in direction along the length of the plant, two rounded lobes at the base of the stem ([[Terminology for Asteraceae#auriculate|auriculate]]) and sub-clasping above. Leaves are [[Terminology for Asteraceae#pinnate|pinnately]] lobed and +{{convert|2.4|in|mm}} long and {{convert|1|in|mm}} wide and get smaller as up the plant. Leaves are covered sparsely with soft, smooth, fine hairs. Lobes typically sharp to rounded saw-toothed.<ref name='EOH'/><ref name='MP'>{{cite web
| url = http://www.missouriplants.com/Yellowalt/Senecio_vulgaris_page.html
| title = ''Senecio vulgaris'' L.
| accessdate = 2008-02-05
| author = Dan Tenaglia
| authorlink = Missouri Botanical Garden
| date = 2007-02-08
| format = HTML
| publisher = Missouri Botanical Garden Press
}}</ref>
The hollow<ref name='Hilty'>{{cite web
| url = http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/weeds/plants/cm_groundsel.htm
| title = Common Groundsel (''Senecio vulgaris'')
| accessdate = 2008-02-07
| author = John Hilty
| format = HTML
| work = [http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/ Illinois Wildflowers]
}}</ref>
succulent stems branch at the tops and from the base.<ref name='EOH'/>
Stems and leaves can both host the [[Coleosporium tussilaginis|Cinerarea leaf rust]].<ref name='HDRA'/>
:'''Flowers'''
Open clusters of 8 to 10 small cylinder shaped rayless [[yellow]] [[flower head]]s ¼ to ½ inch (6 to 13 mm) with a highly conspicuous ring of black tipped [[bract]]s at the base of the [[Terminology for Asteraceae#inflorescence|inflorescence]] as is characteristic of many members of the genus ''[[Senecio]]''.<ref name='EOH'/>
:'''Seeds'''
The name for the genus ''Senecio'' is probably derived from Senex (an old man), in reference to its downy head of seeds; "the flower of this herb hath white hair and when the wind bloweth it away, then it appeareth like a bald-headed man"<ref name='Grieve'/> and like its family, flowers of ''Senecio vulgaris'' are succeeded by downy globed heads of seed. The [[spore|seeds]] are [[achene]], include a [[pappus (flower structure)|pappus]]<ref name='omafra-facts'>{{cite web
| url = http://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/crops/facts/ontweeds/common_groundsel.htm
| title = Ontario Weeds: Common groundsel
| accessdate = 2008-02-07
| author = OMAFRA Staff
| authorlink = Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs (Ontario)
| date = 2002-06-01
| format = HTML
| work = Publication 505, Ontario Weeds
| publisher = [[Government of Ontario|Government of Ontario, Canada]]
}}</ref>
and become sticky when wet.<ref name='LUP'>{{cite web
| url = http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V91-4JW11WY-2&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=9171a7b3e964581517be71277aef142a
| title = Volunteer vascular plant establishment on roofs at the University of Saskatchewan
| accessdate = 2008-02-05
| author = O.W. Archibold, L. Wagner
| authorlink = University of Saskatchewan
| date = 2005-01-03
| format = HTML
| work = Landscape and Urban Planning
| publisher = [[Elsevier]]
| pages = Pages 20-28
| doi = 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2006.03.001
| quote = The seeds of two species, thyme leaved spurge (''Euphorbia glyptosperma'') and groundsel (''Senecio vulgaris''), become sticky when wet and two others, ...
}}</ref>
Laboratory tests have suggested maximum seed scattering distances of 2.1 and 3.2 yd (1.9 and 2.9 m) at [[Biological_dispersal#Wind|wind]] speeds of 6.8 and 10.2 mph (10.9 and 16.4 km/h) respectively (affected by plant height)<ref name='HDRA'/> suggests that it was more than wind that spread these groundsel seeds throughout the world.
The average weight of 1000 seeds is 0.21 gram (2,200,000 seeds per pound) and experienced a 100% [[germination]] success before drying and storage and an 87% germination success after drying and 3 years of cool dry storage.<ref name='KEW-seed'>{{cite web
| url = http://data.kew.org/sid/SidServlet?Source=epic&ID=840&Num=yVd
| title = Search Results ''Senecio vulgaris''
| accessdate = 2008-02-01
| author = Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
| authorlink = Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
| format = HTML
| work = Seed Information Database
| publisher = Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
}}</ref>
In simple models for seed emergence prediction, [[Soil thermal properties|soil thermal time]] did not predict the timing and extent of [[seedling]] [[Emergence#Living.2C_biological_systems|emergence]] as well as [[:wiktionary:hydrothermal|hydrothermal time]]<ref name='Bioone-emergence1'>{{cite web
| url = http://www.bioone.org/perlserv/?request=get-abstract&doi=10.1614%2FWS-07-060.1
| title = Emergence Prediction of Common Groundsel (''Senecio Vulgaris'')
| accessdate = 2008-02-01
| author = Milt McGiffen, Kurt Spokas, Frank Forcella, David Archer, Steven Poppe, and Rodrigo Figueroa
| authorlink = American Institute of Biological Sciences
| year = 2007
| month = March
| format = HTML
| publisher = BioOne[http://www.bioone.org]
| pages = Volume 56, Issue 1 (January 2008) pp. 58–65
| doi = 10.1614/WS-07-060.1
}}</ref><ref name='Bioone-emergence2'>{{cite web
| url = http://www.bioone.org/perlserv/?request=get-document&doi=10.1614%2FWS-06-122R1.1
| title = Common Groundsel (''Senecio vulgaris'') Seed Longevity and Seedling Emergence
| accessdate = 2008-02-01
| author = Rodrigo Figueroa, Douglas Doohan, John Cardina, and Kent Harrison
| authorlink = American Institute of Biological Sciences
| year = 2006
| month = July
| format = HTML
| publisher = BioOne[http://www.bioone.org]
| pages = Volume 55, Issue 3 (May 2007) pp. 187–192
| doi = 10.1614/WS-06-122R1.1
}}</ref>
(warm rain).
:'''Roots'''
The root system, which stinks when dug up,<ref name='Grieve'/> consists of a shallow taproot. This plant spreads by reseeding itself.<ref name='Hilty'/>
Groundsel acts as a host for the fungus that causes [[Thielaviopsis basicola|black root rot]] in [[peas]],<ref name='HDRA'/> [[alfalfa]], [[soybeans]], [[carrot]]s, [[tomato]]es, [[red clover]], [[peanut]]s, [[cucurbit]]s, [[cotton]], [[citrus]], [[chickpea]]s, and several ornamental flowering plants; a list of [[flowering plant]]s which can host their own fungus as well.
<br clear='all'/>
== Common names ==
{{MultiCol}}
*{{lang-en|Old-man-in-the-Spring, Common Groundsel, Groundsel, Ragwort, Grimsel, Grinsel, Grundsel, Simson, Birdseed, Chickenweed, Old-man-of-the-spring, Squaw Weed, Grundy Swallow, Ground Glutton, Common Butterweed}}<ref name='GRIN'>{{cite web
| url = http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?33708
| title = Taxon: ''Senecio vulgaris'' L.
| accessdate = 2008-01-27
| author = Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN)
| authorlink = Germplasm Resources Information Network
| date = 2007-05-04
| format = HTML
| work = Taxonomy for Plants
| publisher = [[United States Department of Agriculture|USDA]], [[Agricultural Research Service|ARS]], National Genetic Resources Program, National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland
}}</ref><ref name='CDFA'>{{cite web
| url = http://www.cdfa.ca.gov/phpps/ipc/weedinfo/senecio.htm
| title = ''Senecio'' genus
| accessdate = 2008-01-31
| author = California Department of Food and Agriculture
| authorlink = California Department of Food and Agriculture
| format = HTML
| work = Encycloweedia
| publisher = State of California
}}</ref><ref name='PPNC'>{{cite web
| url = http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/depts/hort/consumer/poison/poison.htm
| title = Poisonous Plants: ''Senecio'' spp.
| accessdate = 2008-02-02
| author = Dr. Alice B. Russell, Department of Horticultural Science, North Carolina State University
| authorlink = North Carolina State University
| year = 1997
| format = HTML
| work = Poisonous Plants of North Carolina
}}</ref><ref name='Grieve'>{{cite web
| url = http://www.botanical.com/botanical/mgmh/g/grocom41.html#com
| title = Groundsel, Common
| accessdate = 2008-02-02
| author = M. Grieve
| authorlink = Maud Grieve
| year = 1931
| format = HTML
| work = A Modern Herbal
| publisher = © Copyright Protected 1995-2008 Botanical.com
}}</ref><ref name='HDRA'>{{cite web
| url = http://www.gardenorganic.org.uk/organicweeds/weed_information/weed.php?id=41
| title = Groundsel
| accessdate = 2008-02-05
| author = Henry Doubleday Research Association
| authorlink = Henry Doubleday Research Association
| year = 2007
| month = October
| format = HTML
| work = Organic Weed Management
| publisher = Garden Organic
}}</ref><ref name='PFG'>{{cite book
| last = Peterson Field Guide
| first = Theodore F. Niehaus
| authorlink = Peterson Field Guide
| others = Illustrations by Charles L. Ripper
| title = Pacific States Wildflowers
| origyear = 1976
| accessdate = 2008-02-05
| series = The Peterson Field Guide Series
| publisher = Houghton Mifflin Company
| location = New York, New York 100003
| isbn = 0-395-91095-1
| pages = page 208
}}</ref>
*{{lang-pt|cardo-morto }}<ref name='GRIN'/>
*{{lang-no|Åkersvineblom}}
*{{lang-da|Almindelig Brandbæger}}
*{{lang-hr|Badeljac, Guščernjak, Kostrič zečji, Obični dragušac, Obični kostriš, Obični staračac}}
*{{lang-de|Gemeines Greiskraut, Gemeines Kreuzkraut, Gewöhnliches Greiskraut}}
*{{lang-et|Harilik ristirohi}}
*{{lang-mt|Ħaxixa tal-Kanali, Kubrita}}
*{{lang-fr|Herbe aux coitrons, Séneçon commun, Séneçon vulgaire, Herbe aux coitrons, Séneçon vulgaire}}
*{{lang-nl|Klein kruiskruid}}
*{{lang-sv|Korsört, Vanlig korsört}}
*{{lang-is|Krossgras}}
*{{lang-sl|Navadni grint}}
*{{lang-lt|Paprastoji žilė}}
*{{lang-lv|Parastā krustaine}}
*{{lang-fi|Peltovillakko}}
*{{lang-it|Senecione comune}}
*{{lang-es|hierba cana, senecio común, flor amarilla, cineraria o yuyito}}
*{{lang-sk|Starček obyčajný}}
*{{lang-he|סַבְיוֹן פָּשׁוּט סביון פשוט
}}
*{{lang-ru|Крестовник обыкновенный}}<ref name='EUROMED'>{{cite web
| url = http://ww2.bgbm.org/EuroPlusMed/PTaxonDetail.asp?NameId=128296&PTRefFk=7000000
| title = Details for: ''Senecio vulgaris''
| accessdate = 2008-01-27
| author = Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum Berlin-Dahlem
| authorlink = Botanical Garden in Berlin
| format = HTML
| work = Euro+Med PlantBase
| publisher = [[Free University of Berlin|Freie Universität Berlin]]
}}</ref>
*{{lang-zh|歐洲黃菀}}
*{{lang-zh|欧洲千里光}}<ref name='CPN'>{{cite web
| url = http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=3&taxon_id=200024490
| title = Chinese Plant Names ''Senecio vulgaris'' L.
| accessdate = 2008-02-01
| author = Flora of North America
| authorlink = Flora of North America
| format = HTML
| work = Chinese Plant Names
}}</ref>
*{{lang-ja|ノボロギク、野襤褸菊}}<ref name='ja-wiki'>{{cite web
| url = http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/ノボロギク
| title = ノボロギク
| accessdate = 2008-02-03
| format = HTML
| language = Japanese
}}</ref>
{{ColBreak}}
[[Image:Illustration Senecio vulgaris0.png|thumb|240px|''Senecio vulgaris'', an 1885 illustration.]]
{{EndMultiCol}}
== Distribution ==
''Senecio vulgaris'' is a frost resistant<ref name='EOH'>{{cite web
| url = http://hedgerowmobile.com/groundsel.html
| title = Groundsel (''Senecio vulgaris'')
| accessdate = 2008-02-05
| author = Hedgerowmobile
| format = HTML
| work = Species lists
| publisher = Hedgerows, Hedges and Verges of Britain and Ireland
}}</ref>
deciduous annual plant which grows willingly in disturbed sites, waste places, roadsides, gardens, nurseries, orchards, vineyards, landscaped areas, agricultural lands,<ref name='CDFA'/>
at altitudes up to {{convert|1600|ft|m|-2|lk=on}}<ref name='EOH'/>
and is, additionally, self-pollinating<ref name='CDFA'/>
producing 1,700 seeds per plant with three generations per year.<ref name='OSUES'/>
Seeds which are dispersed by wind and also which cling to clothing and animal fur,<ref name='HDRA'/> and as contaminates of commercially exchanged seeds; the relocation of this plant throughout the [[earth|planet]] has been difficult if not impossible to contain.
There is conflicting information about the native status of ''Senecio vulgaris'' in various locations. The [[United States Department of Agriculture| United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)]], [[Natural Resources Conservation Service|Natural Resources Conservation Service Plants Profile Database]]<ref name='NRCS-home'> {{cite web
| url = http://plants.usda.gov/index.html
| title = The PLANTS Database
| accessdate = 2008-02-01
| author = Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS)
| authorlink = Natural Resources Conservation Service
| format = HTML
| publisher = [[United States Department of Agriculture]],
}}</ref>
considers it to be native to all 50 of the [[United States|United States of America]], [[Canada]], [[Greenland]], [[Saint Pierre and Miquelon]],<ref name='NRCS'/> the same USDA through the [[Germplasm Resources Information Network|Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN)]]<ref name='GRIN-home'>{{cite web
| url = http://www.ars-grin.gov/npgs/
| title = National Plant Germplasm System
| accessdate = 2008-02-01
| author = Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN)
| authorlink = Germplasm Resources Information Network
| date = 2007-10-29
| format = HTML
| work = Germplasm Resources Information Network
| publisher = [[United States Department of Agriculture|USDA]], [[Agricultural Research Service|ARS]], National Genetic Resources Program, National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland
}}</ref>
considers it to be native only to parts of [[Afro-Eurasia]]<ref name='GRIN'/>. The [[Integrated Taxonomic Information System|Integrated Taxonomic Information System Organization (ITIS)]], a partnership between many [[Federal government of the United States|United States federal government departments and agencies]]<ref name='ITIS-home'>{{cite web
| url = http://www.itis.gov/organ.html
| title = About ITIS
| accessdate = 2008-02-01
| authorlink = Integrated Taxonomic Information System
| author =Integrated Taxonomic Information System Organization (ITIS)
| date = 2002-09-09
| format = HTML
| work = Integrated Taxonomic Information System on-line database
}}</ref>
states that the species has been introduced to the 50 United States,<ref name='ITIS'>{{cite web
| url = http://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=36194
| title = ''Senecio vulgaris''
| accessdate = 2008-01-29
| authorlink = Integrated Taxonomic Information System
| author =Integrated Taxonomic Information System Organization (ITIS)
| date = 2007-12-20
| format = HTML
| work = Integrated Taxonomic Information System on-line database
}}</ref>
and the online journal [[Flora of North America]] calls it "probably introduced" to areas north of Mexico.<ref name='FNA'>{{cite web
| url = http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=200024490
| title = 37. ''Senecio vulgaris'' Linnaeus
| accessdate = 2008-02-01
| author = Flora of North America
| authorlink = Flora of North America
| format = HTML
| pages = Vol. 20 Page 548, 562, 563
}}</ref>
Individual research groups claim it is not native to areas they oversee: [[Florida]],<ref name='USFISB'>{{cite web
| url = http://www.plantatlas.usf.edu/main.asp?plantID=1806
| title = ''Senecio vulgaris'' L.
| accessdate = 2008-02-01
| author = Dr. Richard Wunderlin or Dr. Bruce Hansen
| authorlink = University of South Florida
| year = 2006
| format = HTML
| work = [http://www.plantatlas.usf.edu/default.asp Atlas of Florida Vascular Plants]
| publisher = Institute for Systematic Botany
}}
</ref>
[[Washington]],<ref name='WTU'>{{cite web
| url = http://biology.burke.washington.edu/herbarium/imagecollection.php?Genus=Senecio&Species=vulgaris
| title = '''Asteraceae''' - ''Senecio'': ''Senecio vulgaris''
| accessdate = 2008-02-01
| author = Don Knoke
| year = 2006
| format = HTML
| work = Vascular Plants
| publisher = [[Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture]]
}}</ref>
[[Wisconsin]], <ref name='WP'>{{cite web
| url = http://wisplants.uwsp.edu/scripts/detail.asp?SpCode=SENVUL
| title = ''Senecio vulgaris'' L.
| accessdate = 2008-02-01
| author = University of Wisconsin - Stevens Point
| authorlink = University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point
| format = HTML
| publisher = Robert W. Freckmann Herbarium
}}</ref>
[[Saskatchewan]],<ref name='GOS'>{{cite web
| url = http://www.agriculture.gov.sk.ca/Default.aspx?DN=a3e0e755-065f-4370-b6c5-df88957cb8f1
| title = Common Groundsel
| accessdate = 2008-02-01
| author = Government of Saskatchewan
| authorlink = Politics of Saskatchewan
| year = 2007
| format = HTML
| work = Weed Identification Guide
}}</ref>
[[British Columbia]],<ref name='NBII'>{{cite web
| url = http://export.nbii.gov/xml/web-resources/xmlfiles/ISN/56962.html
| title = Weeds of British Columbia Listed by Common Name
| accessdate = 2008-02-01
| author = Center for Biological Informatics of the U.S. Geological Survey
| authorlink = United States Geological Survey
| format = HTML
}}</ref>
[[Missouri]].<ref name='FNA-M'>{{cite web
| url = http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=11&taxon_id=200024490
| title = Flora of Missouri ''Senecio vulgaris'' Linnaeus
| accessdate = 2008-02-01
| author = Flora of North America
| authorlink = Flora of North America
| format = HTML
}}</ref>
The [[United States Geological Survey]] reports that Common Groundsel is exotic to all 50 states and all Canadian provinces with the exception of [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], [[Kentucky]], [[Massachusetts]], and [[Labrador]].<ref name='NatureServe'>{{cite web
| url = http://export.nbii.gov/xml/natureserv/html/Asteraceae/1/ELEMENT_GLOBAL_2_161652.html
| title = Nature Serve Species Profile for Old-man-in-the-spring (''Senecio vulgaris'')
| accessdate = 2008-02-01
| author = United States Geological Survey
| authorlink = United States Geological Survey
| year = 2006
| format = HTML
| work = NatureServe
| publisher = NatureServe’s Central Databases. Arlington, VA. U.S.A
}}</ref>
[[Image:Range map-Senecio vulgaris-Native.svg|thumb|300px|Map of ''Senecio vulgaris''<nowiki>'</nowiki>s native distribution.]]
'''Native'''<ref name='GRIN'/>
:''Senecio vulgaris'' is considered to be native to [[Algeria]], [[Libya]], [[Morocco]], [[Tunisia]], [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]], [[Adygea|Republic of Adygea]], [[Karachay-Cherkessia|Karachay-Cherkess Republic]], [[Kabardino-Balkaria|Kabardino-Balkaria Republic]], [[North Ossetia-Alania|Republic of North Ossetia-Alania]], [[Ingushetia|Republic of Ingushetia]], [[Chechnya|Chechen Republic]], [[Dagestan|Republic of Dagestan]], [[Amur Oblast]], [[Chukotka Autonomous Okrug]], [[Jewish Autonomous Oblast]], [[Kamchatka Oblast]], [[Koryak Autonomous Okrug]], [[Khabarovsk Krai]], [[Magadan Oblast]], [[Primorsky Krai]], [[Sakha Republic|Sakha (Yakutia) Republic]], [[Sakhalin Oblast]], [[South Korea]], [[North Korea]], [[Denmark]], [[Faroe Islands]], [[Finland]], [[Iceland]], [[Ireland]], [[Norway]], [[Sweden]], [[United Kingdom]], [[Austria]], [[Belgium]], [[Czech Republic]], [[Slovakia]], [[Germany]], [[Hungary]], [[Netherlands]], [[Poland]], [[Switzerland]], [[Belarus]], [[Estonia]], [[Latvia]], [[Lithuania]], [[Moldova]], [[Central Federal District|Russian Central Federal District]], [[Southern Federal District|Russian Southern Federal District]], [[Ukraine]], [[Albania]], [[Bulgaria]], [[Greece]], [[Italy]], [[Romania]], [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]], [[Croatia]], the [[Republic of Macedonia]], [[Montenegro]], [[Serbia]], and [[Slovenia]], [[France]] and [[Portugal]].
<br clear='all'/>
'''Current'''<ref name='FNA'/><ref name='ficha'>{{cite web
| url = http://www.conabio.gob.mx/malezasdemexico/asteraceae/senecio-vulgaris/fichas/ficha.htm
| title = ''Senecio vulgaris'' L.
| accessdate = 2008-01-30
| format = HTML
| work = Primera página de la especie
| publisher = Malezas de México
| language = Spanish
}}
</ref><ref name='NRCS'/><ref name='GBIF'>{{cite web
| url = http://data.gbif.org/species/13748882
| title = Species: ''Senecio vulgaris'' L. Common Groundsel
| accessdate = 2008-02-08
| author = Global Biodiversity Information Facility
| authorlink = Global Biodiversity Information Facility
| format = HTML
| work = Species Data
| publisher = GBIF Data Portal
}}</ref><ref name='GRIN'/><ref name='EUROMED'/><ref name='biglobe'>{{cite web
| url = http://www7a.biglobe.ne.jp/~flower_world/Asteraceae/Senecio vulgaris.htm
| title = Japanese Wild Flowers ''Senecio vulgaris''
| accessdate = 2008-02-03
| date = 2007-12-31
| format = HTML
| work = Prof. Summer's Web Garden
}}</ref><ref name='pgforum'>{{cite web
| url = http://www.pgrforum.org/cwris/cwris.asp?fact=563342
| title = PGR Forum Crop Wild Relative Catalogue for Europe and the Mediterranean ''Senecio vulgaris''
| accessdate = 2008-02-05
| author = European crop wild relative diversity assessment and conservation forum
| authorlink = University of Birmingham
| year = 2005
| format = HTML
| work = CWR Case Studies
| publisher = Crop Wild Relative Information System
}}</ref><ref name='calm'>{{cite web
| url = http://florabase.calm.wa.gov.au/browse/profile/8220
| title = ''Senecio vulgaris'' L.
| accessdate = 2008-02-03
| author =Helen Coleman, FloraBase: Flora of Western Australia
| authorlink = Western Australian Herbarium
| date = 1997-06-18
| format = HTML
| work = Flora Descriptions
| publisher = [[Government of Western Australia]]
}}</ref><ref name='AJB'>{{cite web
| url = http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/full/87/8/1159
| title = Routes of origin of two recently evolved hybrid taxa: ''Senecio vulgaris'' var. ''hibernicus'' and ''York radiate groundsel'' ('''Asteraceae''')
| accessdate = 2008-02-03
| author = Andrew J. Lowe and Richard J. Abbott, American Journal of Botany
| authorlink = American Journal of Botany
| date = 1998-10-30
| format = HTML
| work = American Journal of Botany
| publisher = Botanical Society of America
| pages = 2000;87:1159-1167
}}</ref><ref name='darwin'>{{cite web
| url = http://www.darwin.edu.ar/Publicaciones/CatalogoVascII/CatalogoVascII.asp
| title = Asteraceae
| accessdate = 2008-03-05
| author = Instituto Darwinion
| format = PDF
| work = Catálogo de las Plantas Vasculares de la República Argentina. II
| publisher = [[Universidad de Buenos Aires]]
| pages = 255
| language = {{es icon}}
}}</ref><ref name="FoC">{{cite journal
| last =Flora of Chile
| authorlink =Flora of North America
| title = Volume 4 Asteraceae ''Senecio'' L.
| volume =4
| url =http://www.efloras.org/web_page.aspx?flora_id=60&page_id=1094
| accessdate = 2008-03-06 }}</ref><ref name="FOIO">{{cite web
| url = http://www.flora.huji.ac.il/browse.asp?action=specie&specie=SENVUL
| title = ''Senecio vulgaris'' L.
| accessdate = 2008-03-06
| author = Flora of Israel Online
| authorlink = Hebrew University of Jerusalem
| format = HTML
| publisher = Hebrew University of Jerusalem
}}</ref>
:'''America'''
::'''Canada''': [[Alberta]], [[British Columbia]], [[Manitoba]], [[New Brunswick]], [[Newfoundland and Labrador]], [[Northwest Territories]] and [[Nunavut]] (not collected [[Canadian Arctic Archipelago|North of the Hudson Bay]]), [[Nova Scotia]], [[Ontario]], [[Prince Edward Island]], [[Quebec]], [[Saskatchewan]], [[Yukon]].
::'''Mexico''': [[Aguascalientes]], [[Baja California|Baja California Norte]], [[Chiapas]], [[Coahuila]], [[Mexico City|Distrito Federal]], [[Hidalgo (Mexico)|Hidalgo]], [[Jalisco]], [[Mexico State|Estado de México]], [[Nuevo León]], [[Puebla]], [[Tlaxcala]], [[Veracruz]]
::'''North America''': [[United States|United States of America]], [[Greenland]], [[Saint Pierre and Miquelon]]
::'''South Amercia''': [[Argentina]], [[Bolivia]], [[Chile]], [[Ecuador]], [[Peru]]
:'''Africa'''
::'''Northern Africa''': [[Algeria]], [[Egypt]] including [[Sinai]], [[Libya]], [[Morocco]] and [[Spanish Morocco]], [[Tunisia]]
:'''Asia'''
::'''Western Asia''': [[Iran]], [[Israel]] with the [[Palestinian territories]], [[Lebanon]] and [[Syria]].
::'''Caucasus''': [[Adygea]], [[Azerbaijan]], [[Chechnya]], [[Dagestan]], [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]], [[Ingushetia]], [[Kabardino-Balkaria]], [[Kalmykia]], [[Karachay-Cherkessia]], [[North Ossetia-Alania]]
::'''Northwestern Asia''': [[Arkhangelsk Oblast]] including [[Nenets Autonomous Okrug]] and [[Novaya Zemlya]], [[Astrakhan Oblast]], [[Bashkortostan]], [[Belgorod Oblast]], [[Bryansk Oblast]], [[Chuvashia]], [[Lipetsk Oblast]], [[Kaliningrad Oblast]], [[Kaluga Oblast]], [[Novgorod Oblast]], [[Republic of Karelia]], [[Kirov Oblast]], [[Komi Republic]], [[Kursk Oblast]], [[Mordovia]], [[Murmansk Oblast]], [[Orenburg Oblast]], [[Penza Oblast]], [[Perm Krai]], [[Pskov Oblast]], [[Rostov Oblast]], [[Ryazan Oblast]], [[Saint Petersburg]], [[Samara Oblast]], [[Saratov Oblast]], [[Tambov Oblast]], [[Tatarstan]], [[Tula Oblast]], [[Udmurtia]], [[Volgograd Oblast]], [[Vologda Oblast]], [[Voronezh Oblast]],
::'''Siberia''': [[Altai Krai]], [[Buryatia]], [[Chelyabinsk Oblast]], [[Chita Oblast]],[[Irkutsk Oblast]], [[Kemerovo Oblast]], [[Krasnoyarsk Krai]], parts of [[Kurgan Oblast]], [[Novosibirsk Oblast]], [[Omsk Oblast]], [[Sverdlovsk Oblast]], [[Tomsk Oblast]], [[Tuva]], [[Tyumen Oblast]], [[Ulyanovsk Oblast]], [[Yamal-Nenets]],
::'''Soviet Far East''': [[Amur Oblast]], [[Chukotka Autonomous Okrug]], [[Jewish Autonomous Oblast]], [[Kamchatka Oblast]], [[Koryak Autonomous Okrug]], [[Khabarovsk Krai]], [[Magadan Oblast]], [[Primorsky Krai]], [[Sakha Republic|Sakha (Yakutia) Republic]], [[Sakhalin Oblast]]
::'''China''': [[Inner Mongolia]], [[Heilongjiang]], [[Jilin]], [[Liaoning]], [[Hebei]] and [[Beijing]]
::'''Eastern Asia''': [[South Korea]], [[North Korea]], [[Hokkaidō]], [[Honshū]], [[Shikoku]], [[Kyūshū]], [[Okinawa Island]]
:'''Europe'''
::'''Northern Europe''': [[Channel Islands]], [[Denmark]], [[Estonia]], [[Faeroe Islands]], [[Finland]], [[Iceland]], [[Ireland]] with [[Northern Ireland]], [[Norway]], [[Sweden]], [[United Kingdom]]
::'''Middle Europe''': [[Austria]], [[Czech Republic]], [[Germany]], [[Poland]], [[Slovakia]], [[Slovenia]],
::'''East Europe''': [[Belarus]], [[Hungary]], [[Latvia]], [[Lithuania]], [[Moldavia]], [[Ukraine]]
::'''Southeastern Europe''': [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]], [[Bulgaria]], [[Croatia]], [[Republic of Macedonia]], [[Montenegro]], [[Romania]], [[Serbia]]
::'''Southwestern Europe''': [[Andorra]], [[Azores]], [[Balearic Islands]], [[Canary Islands]], [[Gibraltar]], [[Portugal]], [[Spain]]
::'''West Europe''': [[Belgium]], [[France]], [[Liechtenstein]], [[Luxemburg]], [[Netherlands]], [[Switzerland]],
::'''South Europe''': [[Albania]], [[Chios]], [[Corsica]], [[Crete]], [[Cyprus]], [[Dodecanese]], [[Greece]], [[Ikaria]], [[Italy]], [[Karpathos]], [[Lesbos]], [[Samos Island]], [[San Marino]], [[Sardinia]], [[Sicily]] with [[Malta]], [[Geography_of_Turkey#East_and_Southeast_Anatolia|Asiatic Turkey]] and [[Geography_of_Turkey#Marmara|Turkey-in-Europe]], [[Vatican City]]
:'''Oceania'''
::'''Australasia''': [[Jarrah Forest]], [[Swan Coastal Plain]], [[Warren (biogeographic region)|Warren]], [[New Zealand]]
:'''Range maps for continents'''
<gallery>
Image:Range map-Senecio vulgaris-Africa.svg|Africa
Image:Range map-Senecio vulgaris America.svg|Americas
Image:Range map-Senecio vulgaris-Asia.svg|Asia
Image:Range map-Senecio vulgaris-Europe.svg|Europe
Image:Range map-Senecio vulgaris-Mexico.svg|Mexico
Image:Range map-Senecio vulgaris North America.svg|North America
Image:Range map-Senecio vulgaris-Russia.svg|Russia
Image:Range map-Senecio vulgaris-South America.svg|South America
</gallery>
== Predators ==
[[Image:Ochropleura.plecta.7479.jpg|thumb|right|172px|[[Flame Shoulder]] moth or ''Ochropleura plecta''.]]
[[Image:Cinnabar moth caterpillar 01.jpg|thumb|right|172px|[[Cinnabar moth]] (''Tyria jacobaeae'') caterpillar feeding on a ''Senecio''.]]
The seeds of Common groundsel is a good [[Green politics|green food]] for [[Domestic Canary|Canaries]] and [[British finches|Finches]] and it is available all [[year]] round.<ref name='HDRA'/>
''Senecio vulgaris'' seed has been found in the droppings of [[sparrow]]s, and seedlings have been raised from the [[Excretion#Non-human|excreta of various birds]]. Seed has also been found in [[Cow dung|cow manure]].<ref name='HDRA'/>
Some ''[[Lepidoptera]]'' species eat many of the ''Senecio'' genus;<ref name='EOH'/> additional studies via [[Electrophysiology|electrophysiological recordings]] have shown that the taste [[sensilla]] of the [[Cinnabar moth]] [[Caterpillar|larvae]] respond (get excited) specifically to the [[Pyrrolizidine|pyrrolizidine alkaloids]] which all ''Senecio'' are known to contain.<ref name='blackwell-gusto'>{{cite web
| url = http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1365-3032.2004.0366.x?cookieSet=1&journalCode=pen
| title = Gustatory responsiveness to pyrrolizidine alkaloids in the ''Senecio'' specialist, ''Tyria jacobaeae'' ('''Lepidoptera''', Arctiidae)
| accessdate = 2008-02-06
| author = E. A. Bernays, T. Hartmann and R. F. Chapman
| authorlink = University of Arizona
| year = 2004
| month = March
| format = HTML
| work = Physiological Entomology
| publisher = [[Blackwell Publishing]]
| pages = Volume 29 Issue 1 Page 67-72
| doi = doi:10.1111/j.1365-3032.2004.0366.x
}}</ref>
'''Moths and caterpillars'''<ref name='XISBCW'>{{cite web
| url = http://www.invasive.org/publications/xsymposium/proceed/01pg67.pdf
| title = Biological Control of Ragwort (''Senecio jacobaea'' L.) in Australia
| accessdate = 2008-02-20
| author = D. A. McLAREN, J. E. IRESON, and R. M. KWONG
| authorlink = Montana State University
| date = 4-14 July 1999
| format = HTML
| work = CRC for Weed Management Systems
| publisher = X International Symposium on Biological Control of Weeds
| pages = pp. 67-79
| quote = "Its most common host is Marsh Ragwort (''S. aquaticus'')
}}</ref><ref name='CDFA'/>
*[[Cinnabar moth]] (''[[Tyria jacobaeae]]'')
*[[Flame Shoulder]] (''[[Ochropleura plecta]]'')
*[[Plume moth|Ragwort plume moth]] (''[[Platyptilia isodactyla]]'')
The ''Senecio'' genus also are host to other insects<ref name='CDFA'/><ref name='IO'>{{cite web
| url = http://www.invasive.org/browse/subimages.cfm?sub=4420
| title = ragwort seed fly
| accessdate = 2008-02-20
| date = November 09, 2004
| format = HTML
| work = Invasive and Exotic Species
| publisher = The Bugwood Network
}}</ref><ref name='bioimages'>{{cite web
| url = http://www.bioimages.org.uk/HTML/T606.HTM
| title = ''Senecio squalidus'' L. (Oxford Ragwort)
| accessdate = 2008-02-14
| format = HTML
| publisher = BioImages: The Virtual Field-Guide (UK)
}}</ref>:
'''Beetles'''
*Ragwort [[flea beetle]] (''[[Longitarsus jacobaeae]]'')
*''[[Longitarsus gracilis]]'' (family [[Coleoptera]] species ''[[Chrysomelidae]]'')
'''Flies'''
:'''Seed flies''' ([[Diptera]]: [[Muscoidea]])
:*Ragwort [[seed fly]] ([[Anthomyiidae]], ''[[Botanophila seneciella]]'')
:'''Gall flies''' ([[Diptera]]: [[Tephritidae]]):
:*''[[Ensina sonchi]]''
:*''[[Sphenella marginata]]''
:*''[[Trupanea stellata]]''
:*''[[Trypeta zoe]]''
And other insects that are not listed here.
The ragwort flea beetle and ragwort seed fly have been approved and released for Senecio control in [[California]]<ref name='CDFA'/>, Australia<ref name='IO'/> and elsewhere.
'''Fungus'''
Most ''Senecio'', including ''S. squalidus'' are susceptible to [[rust fungus|rust]] and [[Pezizomycetes|other fungus]] and [[Powdery mildew|mildews]]<ref name='bioimages'/><ref name='EOH'/><ref name='DOCP'>{{cite book
| last = George Edward
| first = Massee
| authorlink = George Edward Massee
| title = Diseases of Cultivated Plants and Trees
| origyear = 1915
| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=FNY5AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA160&lpg=PA160&dq=black+root+rot+Senecio&source=web&ots=0UBnDxnAn3&sig=lPDaLpbt6Uc1W3YCOxWfLBGEwDY
| format = HTML
| accessdate = 2008-02-06
| date = 2007-07-10
| publisher = [[Macmillan Publishers|The Macmillan company]]
| isbn = 1406783641
| pages = 160
}}</ref>:
:'''Rust fungus''' [[Uredinales]]
:*''[[Coleosporium tussilaginis]]'' - stems and leaves ([[Coleosporiaceae]])
:*''[[Puccinia|Puccinia lagenophorae]]'' - leaves only ([[Pucciniaceae]])
:*''[[Bremia lactucae]]''
:'''White rust''' [[Peronosporales]]
:*''[[Albugo tragopogonis]]'' - ([[Albuginaceae]])
:* some of the species ''[[Peronosporaceae]]'' - ([[Albuginaceae]])
:'''Sac fungus''' [[Ascochyta]], [[Pezizomycetes]]
:*''[[Ascochyta senecionicola]]'' - ([[Coelomycete]])
:'''Groundsel Mildew''' [[Erysiphales]]
:*''[[Golovinomyces cichoracearum]]'' var. ''fischeri''
:'''Powdery Mildew''' [[Erysiphales]]
:*''[[Podosphaera|Podosphaera fusca]]'' - ([[Erysiphaceae]])
:'''Black root rot''' [[Microascales]]
:* some of the family [[Incertae sedis]]
And other fungus that are not listed here.
== Reputation for being noxious and toxic ==
''Senecio vulgaris'' has been listed as a [[noxious weed]],<ref name='NRCS-WA'>{{cite web
| url = http://plants.usda.gov/java/noxious?rptType=State&statefips=53
| title = Washington State-listed Noxious Weeds
| accessdate = 2008-02-01
| author = Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS)
| authorlink = Natural Resources Conservation Service
| format = HTML
| work = Invasive and Noxious Weeds
| publisher = [[United States Department of Agriculture]],
}}</ref>
being both [[Introduced species|non-indigenous]] to most if not all of the Americas and having a reputation for being [[Hepatotoxicity|hepatotoxic]] to [[livestock]]<ref name='PMG'>{{cite web
| url = http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/PESTNOTES/pn74130.html
| title = Common Groundsel IMPACT
| accessdate = 2008-02-01
| author = C. A. Wilen, University of California, Integrated Pest Management Program, San Diego County
| authorlink = University of California, Davis
| date = 2006-05-23
| format = HTML
| work = Pests in Gardens and Landscapes; Common Groundsel Management Guidelines
| publisher = Statewide IPM Program, Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of California
}}</ref>
and to [[humans]].<ref name='inchem'>{{cite web
| url = http://www.inchem.org/documents/pims/plant/senecio.htm
| title = ''Senecio Vulgaris'' L. (PIM 484)
| accessdate = 2008-02-05
| author = Dr A. Furtado Rahde, International Programme on Chemical Safety
| authorlink = International Programme on Chemical Safety
| year = 1989
| month = September
| format = HTML
| work = Chemical Safety Information from Intergovernmental Organizations
}}</ref><ref name='weedsbc'>{{cite web
| url = http://www.weedsbc.ca/weed_desc/com_ground.html
| title = Common Groundsel ''Senecio Vulgaris''
| accessdate = 2008-02-01
| author = Ministry of Agriculture and Lands
| authorlink = Agricultural Land Reserve
| format = HTML
| work = Weeds BC
| publisher = [[List of British Columbia Government Agencies and Crown Corporations|Government of British Columbia]]
}}</ref><ref name='CPPD'>{{cite web
| url = http://www.ansci.cornell.edu/cgi-bin/db2www/plfaq_frame.d2w/report2?num=17
| title = Cornell University answers questions about California Bay Area plants
| accessdate = 2008-02-01
| author = Cornell Poisonous Plants Database
| authorlink = Cornell University College of Agriculture and Life Sciences
| date = 2008-01-16
| format = HTML
}}</ref>
=== Toxic versus medicinal ===
'''Human'''
As a plant which is reported to be both [[poison]]ous for human [[digestion|ingestion]] and also [[medicinal]]; much of the contradiction can be found by closely reviewing the words that are used and the dose (amount) of the poisonous substance which is ingested to prove either claim. All species of the genus ''Senecio'' contain [[Pyrrolizidine|pyrrolizidine alkaloids]] (e.g., [[Senecionine N-oxygenase|senecionine]]) a substance that when a human has ''chronic exposure''<ref name='greenfacts'>{{cite web
| url = http://www.greenfacts.org/glossary/abc/chronic-exposure.htm
| title = chronic exposure
| accessdate = 2008-02-01
| author = GreenFacts
| authorlink = GreenFacts
| format = HTML
| work = GreenFacts Glossary
}}</ref>
can cause irreversible liver damage.<ref name='CBIF'>{{cite web
| url = http://www.cbif.gc.ca/pls/pp/ppack.info?p_psn=126&p_type=all&p_sci=sci&p_x=px
| title = Notes on poisoning: ''Senecio vulgaris''
| accessdate = 2008-02-02
| author = Government of Canada
| authorlink = Government of Canada
| date = 2006-05-30
| format = HTML
| work = Canadian poisonous plants
| publisher = Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility
}}</ref><ref name='Grieve'/>
Common groundsel as a medicinal herb does not seem to be recommended very often since [[1931]] when it was recommended as a [[Diaphoresis|diaphoretic]], an [[Scurvy|antiscorbutic]], a [[Laxative|purgative]], a [[diuretic]] and an [[anthelmintic]] which was a demotion as it was previously suggested for the expelling of [[Kidney stone|gravel of the kidneys and reins]] by [[Pedanius Dioscorides]] in the [[70s]]-[[90s]], for use as [[poultice]]s by [[John Gerard]] in the late [[1500s]] and as a cure for [[epilepsy]] by [[Nicholas Culpeper]] in the [[1600s]].<ref name='Grieve'/> More current information is contradictory about the dangers of the ingestion of Groundsel. A heavily referenced paper from 1989 suggests that the response is immediate and gives pre-ambulatory care recommendations.<ref name='inchem'/> A Canadian poisonous plants information database references a paper from 1990 in presenting this prenatal warning: "In a case of prenatal exposure, a mother ingested tea containing an estimated 0.343 milligram of senecionine, resulting in fatal [[veno-occlusive disease]] in a newborn infant."<ref name='CBIF'/> Information about the pyrrolizidine alkaloids, the substance present in ''Senecio vulgaris'' is much less contradictory and all warn of accumulation of the alkaloid.<ref name='USFDA'>{{cite web
| url = http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~mow/chap42.html
| title = Bad Bug Book: Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids
| accessdate = 2008-02-05
| author = M. Walderhaug, United States Food and Drug Administration
| authorlink = Food and Drug Administration
| year = 1992
| month = January
| format = HTML
| work = Foodborne Pathogenic Microorganisms and Natural Toxins Handbook
| publisher = FDA/Center for Food Safety & Applied Nutrition
}}</ref><ref name='itmon'>{{cite web
| url = http://www.itmonline.org/arts/pas.htm
| title = SAFETY ISSUES AFFECTING HERBS: PYRROLIZIDINE ALKALOIDS
| accessdate = 2008-02-05
| author = Subhuti Dharmananda, Ph.D.
| format = HTML
| publisher = Institute for Traditional Medicine, Portland, Oregon
}}</ref><ref name='NCBI'>{{cite web
| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=AbstractPlus&list_uids=10415431
| title = Pyrrolizidine alkaloids in human diet.
| accessdate = 2008-02-05
| author = Prakash AS, Pereira TN, Reilly PE, Seawright AA.
| authorlink = PubMed
| date = 1999-07-15
| format = HTML
| publisher = [[National Center for Biotechnology Information]], [[University of Queensland]]
}}</ref><ref name='MAFRI'>{{cite web
| url = http://www.gov.mb.ca/agriculture/crops/weeds/fab37s00.html
| title = Common Groundsel - Weeds - Manitoba Agriculture, Food and Rural Initiatives
| accessdate = 2008-02-01
| author = Manitoba Agriculture, Food and Rural Initiatives (MAFRI)
| authorlink = Manitoba Agriculture, Food and Rural Initiatives
| year = 2006
| month = June
| format = HTML
| publisher = [[Manitoba Agriculture, Food and Rural Initiatives|Manitoba Agriculture, Food and Rural Initiatives (MAFRI)]] and [http://www.masc.mb.ca/ Manitoba Agricultural Services Corporation]
}}</ref>
Certain pyrrolizidine alkaloids are non-toxic precursors that are converted to toxic [[metabolite]]s in the body in a process called [[toxification]]<ref name='ASCU'>{{cite web
| url = http://www.ansci.cornell.edu/plants/toxicagents/alkaloids/pyrrolizidine.html
| title = Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids
| accessdate = 2008-02-05
| author = Manuel Hernandez
| authorlink = Cornell University College of Agriculture and Life Sciences
| date = 2004-02-23
| format = HTML
| work = Poisonous Plants Homepage
| publisher = Animal Science at [[Cornell University]]
}}</ref>
'''Livestock'''
[[Carolus Linnaeus|Linnaeus]] is cited to have claimed that "[[goat]]s and [[Pig|swine]] eat this common plant freely, [[Cattle|cow]]s being not partial to it and [[horse]]s and [[Domestic sheep|sheep]] declining to touch it, but not only are [[Birdcage|caged bird]]s fond of it (the [[#seeds|seeds]]), but its leaves and seeds afford food for many of our wild species ([[rabbit]]s were given as an example)."<ref name='Grieve'/> More recent studies claim that the [[lethal]] amount that cattle or horses need to consume is 7% of their [[body weight]] (example: {{convert|50|lb|kg|0|lk=on}} would need to be consumed by a cow weighing {{convert|700|lb|kg|0}}). Lesser amounts cause the [[liver]] to lose function but is not apparent until the animal is stressed (by new feed or location, pregnancy, a different [[toxin]], etc). Sheep and goats have [[rumen]] [[bacteria]] that detoxify the [[alkaloid]]s and are able to consume twice their body weight of this and other species of genus ''Senecio''.<ref name='OSUES'>{{cite web
| url = http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog/html/pnw/pnw466/
| title = Common Groundsel ''Senecio vulgaris'' L., PNW 466
| accessdate = 2008-02-02
| author = Susan Aldrich-Markham, Oregon State University
| authorlink = Oregon State University
| year = 1994
| month = July
| format = HTML
| work = Pests in Gardens and Landscapes
| publisher = [[Oregon State University]] [[Cooperative extension service]]
}}</ref><ref name='OSUAS'>{{cite web
| url = http://avmajournals.avma.org/doi/abs/10.2460/ajvr.2004.65.1563
| title = Comparison of hepatic in vitro metabolism of the pyrrolizidine alkaloid senecionine in sheep and cattle
| accessdate = 2008-02-05
| author = Jennifer M. Duringer, Donald R. Buhler, A. Morrie Craig
| authorlink = Oregon State University
| year = 2004
| month = November
| format = HTML
| work = American Journal of Veterinary Research
| publisher = [[American Veterinary Medical Association]]
| pages = Vol. 65, No. 11, Pages 1563-1572
| doi = 10.2460/ajvr.2004.65.1563
}}</ref> The alkaloids responsible are not destroyed by drying or by fermentation in silage.<ref name='HDRA'/>
===Introduced versus invasive===
Introduced species become invasive when they compete with [[Indigenous (ecology)|natives]] or with [[Crop (agriculture)|crops]]. ''Senecio vulgaris'' is not known to be a strong competitor but it has been known to reduce mint production.<ref name='nwcb'>{{cite web
| url = http://www.nwcb.wa.gov/weed_info/Senecio_vulgaris.html
| title = Common Groundsel
| accessdate = 2008-02-03
| year = 2004
| format = HTML
| work = Written Findings of the State Noxious Weed Control Board
| publisher = Washington State's 2004 Noxious Weed list
}}</ref>
There is evidence that it is not a strong invasive and sometimes protective of critically endangered native plants.<ref name='FWS'>{{cite web
| url = http://www.fws.gov/policy/library/02fr41669.html
| title = Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Critical Habitat Designation for ''Sidalcea keckii'' (Keck's checkermallow)
| accessdate = 2008-02-03
| author = U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
| authorlink = United States Fish and Wildlife Service
| date = 2002-06-19
| format = HTML
| work = Federal Register Online via GPO Access
| publisher = [[United States Department of the Interior]]
| pages = RIN 1018-AG93, Page 41669-41683
}}</ref>
'''Control'''
The approximately {{convert|22|mm|in|lk=on}} long<ref name='oardc'>{{cite web
| url = http://www.oardc.ohio-state.edu/seedid/single.asp?strID=437
| title = ''Senecio vulgaris''
| accessdate = 2008-02-01
| author = Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, Ohio State University
| authorlink = Ohio State University
| format = HTML
| work = Seed ID Workshop
| publisher = [[Ohio State University]] [[Cooperative extension service]]
}}</ref>
[[pappus (flower structure)|pappus]] seeds of ''Senecio vulgaris'', each plant capable of producing 25,000 or more seeds (1,700 seeds per plant are more likely) with three generations of the plant per year<ref name='OSUES'/>; seeds which are widely dispersed by the wind,<ref name='jlhs'>{{cite web
| url = http://www.jlhudsonseeds.net/SeedExchange.htm
| title = Seed Exchange
| accessdate = 2008-02-05
| date = 2008-01-31
| format = HTML
| work = A PUBLIC ACCESS SEED BANK - ESTABLISHED 1911
| publisher = J. L. Hudson, Seedsman
}}</ref>
have been identified as a contaminant of cereal and vegetable seeds<ref name='EOH'/> and a poison to some livestock; there is some inspiration to understand the growth stages and determine some control methods.
:'''Cultivation''': Cultivation with the [[Hoe (tool)|hand]] or [[Rotary tiller|tiller]] is a recommended method of controlling ''Senecio vulgaris'' from growing in gardens and planting fields; cultivate to a depth of {{convert|2|in|mm|lk=on}}. The plant does prefer to take root in disturbed soils, so cultivation rids new plants but also buries and stirs up new seeds so the cultivation needs to be repeated at 14-day intervals.<ref name='HDRA'/> Seeds can still mature even when the plant has been killed;<ref name='PMG'/> seed from plants cut in flower had germination levels of 35%. Groundsel seed numbers increased in soil during a 2-year set-aside left fallow but not when there was a sown grass cover. The weed cannot live on grazed, trampled or mowed sites.<ref name='HDRA'/>
:'''Biological''': The [[pathogen]] [[Rust (fungus)|rust fungus]] or ''[[Pucciniaceae|Puccinia lagenophorae]]'' and the [[Cinnabar moth]] ''Tyria jacobaeae'' have both been used and studied in an attempt to control infestation of ''Senecio vulgaris''.<ref name='SL-control'>{{cite web
| url = http://www.springerlink.com/content/k001v270m571686g/
| title = A fresh view on the control of the annual plant Senecio vulgaris
| accessdate = 2008-02-03
| author = J. FRANTZEN and P.E. HATCHER
| date = 2004-11-24
| format = HTML
| work = Integrated Pest Management Reviews
| publisher = [[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer Netherlands]]
| doi = 10.1023/A:1018436614685
}}</ref> One study showed that rust fungus infected ''Senecio vulgaris'' survived and actually used more of the available soil nutrients.<ref name='AOB'>{{cite web
| url = http://aob.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/61/4/499
| title = Nutrient Relations of Groundsel (''Senecio vulgaris'') Infected by Rust (''Puccinia lagenophorae'') at a Range of Nutrient Concentrations II. Uptake of N, P and K and Shoot-Root Interactions
| accessdate = 2008-02-03
| author = N. D. PAUL and P. G. AYRES
| authorlink = Annals of Botany
| date = 1987-11-09
| format = HTML
| publisher = Annals of Botany Company
| pages = 61: 499-506, 1988
}}</ref> The cinnabar moth eats groundsel between June and August, but the seeds germinate and the plant grows as soon as the ground is warm enough (and after a warm rain)<ref name='Bioone-emergence1'/>, making this an insufficient control almost everywhere groundsel can be found.<ref name='OSUES'/>
:'''Chemical''': Herbicides designed to control [[flowering plant|broadleaf plant]]s are affective for controlling ''Senecio vulgaris'' in [[cereal]]s and [[fodder|forage grass]]es but also will "control" [[vegetable|broadleaf crops]], such as [[Mentha|mint]], forage [[legumes]],<ref name='nwcb'/> [[Strawberry|strawberries]],<ref name='omafra'>{{cite web
| url = http://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/crops/hort/news/hortmatt/2007/25hrt07a2.htm
| title = Reducing Common Groundsel in Strawberry Fields
| accessdate = 2008-02-03
| author = Leslie Huffman- Weed Management Specialist (Horticultural Crops)/OMAFRA
| authorlink = Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs (Ontario)
| format = HTML
| publisher = [[Government of Ontario|Government of Ontario, Canada]]
}}</ref> [[carrot]]s<ref name='EWRS'>{{cite web
| url = http://www.agr.unipg.it/ewrsveg/summary carrots.htm
| title = Weeds and weed management in carrots - a review
| accessdate = 2008-02-03
| author = EWRS Working Group "Weed Management Systems in Vegetables", University of Perugia
| authorlink = University of Perugia
| format = HTML
| work = 11th EWRS (European Weed Research Society) Symposium 1999, Basel
| publisher = Facoltà di Agraria - Università degli Studi di Perugia
}}</ref> and all other non-grass crops. There is also evidence that the plant develops an [[Mutagen|immunity to the chemical control]].<ref name='nih'>{{cite web
| url = http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1062401
| title = Triazine Resistance in ''Senecio vulgaris'' Parental and Nearly Isonuclear Backcrossed Biotypes Is Correlated with Reduced Productivity
| accessdate = 2008-02-01
| author = William B. McCloskey and Jodie S. Holt
| coauthors = [[University of California, Riverside|University of California, Riverside, Botany and Plant Sciences Department]]
| year = 1990
| month = April
| format = HTML
| work = [[Plant Physiology (journal)]]
| publisher = [[American Society of Plant Biologists]]
| pages = Vol. 92(4): pp. 954–962
| quote = Isonuclear triazine-susceptible and triazine-resistant Senecio vulgaris L. biotypes were developed by making reciprocal crosses between susceptible and resistant biotypes....
}}</ref><ref name='JEB'>{{cite web
| url = http://jxb.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/40/8/849
| title = Comparison of Atrazine-Resistant and -Susceptible Biotypes of ''Senecio vulgaris'' L.: Effects of High and Low Temperatures on the in vivo Photosynthetic Electron Transfer in Intact Leaves
| accessdate = 2008-02-01
| author = Michel Havaux, Society for Experimental Biology, 2005
| authorlink = Society for Experimental Biology
| year = 1989
| format = HTML
| work = [[Journal of Experimental Botany]]
| publisher = [[Oxford University Press]]
| pages = Volume 40, Number 8, Pp. 849-854
| quote = The effects of temperature on the yield of in vivo modulated chlorophyll fluorescence were measured in intact leaves of atrazineresistant and -susceptible biotypes of the weed Senecio vulgaris L. ....
}}</ref>
:'''Other''': Groundsel seedlings with 2-6 leaves are tolerant of [[Herbicide#Organic_Herbicides|flame weeding]] but the seeds are susceptible to [[soil solarization]].<ref name='EOH'/>
== Subspecies which are synonyms ==
*''Senecio vulgaris'' subsp. ''denticulatus'' <small>(O.F. Muell.) P.D. Sell</small>
*''Senecio vulgaris'' var. ''dubius'' <small>(Ledeb.) Franch., 1883</small>
*''Senecio vulgaris'' var. ''dubius'' <small>Trautv., 1866</small>
*''Senecio vulgaris'' var. ''hibernicus'' <small>Syme</small>
*''Senecio vulgaris'' var. ''vulgaris''<ref name='w3T'>{{cite web
| url = http://mobot.mobot.org/cgi-bin/search_pick?name=Senecio+vulgaris
| title = TROPICOS Web display ''Senecio vulgaris'' L.
| accessdate = 2008-02-01
| author = Missouri Botanical Garden
| authorlink = Missouri Botanical Garden
| format = HTML
| work = Nomenclatural and Specimen Data Base
| publisher = Missouri State Library
}}</ref>
*''Senecio vulgaris-humilis'' <small>Batt. & Trab.</small><ref name='afpd'>{{cite web
| url = http://www.ville-ge.ch/cjb/bd/africa/details.php?langue=an&id=98469
| title = ''Senecio vulgaris'' L.
| accessdate = 2008-02-16
| author = African Flowering Plants Database
| authorlink = Missouri Botanical Garden
| format = HTML
| publisher = [http://www.ville-ge.ch/cjb/bd/africa/ South African National Biodiversity Institute]
}}</ref>
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
==External links==
{{wikiversity-bc|Senecio vulgaris}}
{{Wikispecies-inline}}
{{commonscat-inline}}
{{commonscat-inline|Tyria jacobaeae}}
{{wikibooks-inline}}
<hr/>
{{MultiCol}}
*{{cite web
| url = http://sea.unep-wcmc.org/isdb/Taxonomy/tax-species-result.cfm?displaylanguage=eng&source=plants&Genus=Senecio&Species=vulgaris&Country=&tabname=all
| title = UNEP-WCMC Species Database search results ''Senecio vulgaris'' L.
| accessdate = 2008-02-01
| author = UNEP-WCMC Search
| authorlink = World Conservation Monitoring Centre
| format = HTML
| work = World Conservation Monitoring Centre (WCMC) Search
| publisher = [[United Nations Environment Programme]]
}}
*{{cite web
| url = http://www.ppws.vt.edu/scott/weed_id/senvu.htm
| title = Common Groundsel: ''Senecio vulgaris''
| accessdate = 2008-01-29
| author = Department of Pathology, Physiology and Weed Service
| authorlink = Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
| format = HTML
| work = Virginia Tech Weed Identification Guide
| publisher = [[Virginia_Tech_colleges#College_of_Agriculture_.26_Life_Sciences|Virginia Tech College of Agriculture & Life Sciences]] Department of Pathology, Physiology and Weed Service
}}
*{{cite web
| url = http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_JM_treatment.pl?609,1784,1834
| title = UC/JEPS: Jepson Manual treatment for ''SENECIO vulgaris''
| accessdate = 2008-02-01
| author = Copyright © by the Regents of the University of California
| authorlink = University of California, Berkeley
| date = 1993
| format = HTML
| work = TREATMENT FROM THE JEPSON MANUAL
| publisher = [[Regents of the University of California]] and [[University and Jepson Herbaria (UC/JEPS)]]
}}
*{{cite web
| url = http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/WEEDS/common_groundsel.html
| title = Identification: Weed Photo Gallery: Common groundsel
| accessdate = 2008-02-01
| author = University of California, Integrated Pest Management
| authorlink = University of California, Davis
| format = HTML
| work = How to Manage Pests
| publisher = Statewide IPM Program, Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of California
}}
*{{cite web
| url = http://tenn.bio.utk.edu/vascular/database/vascular-database.asp?CategoryID=Dicots&FamilyID=Asteraceae&GenusID=Senecio&SpeciesID=vulgaris
| title = Results for ''Senecio vulgaris''
| accessdate = 2008-02-01
| author = University of Tennessee Herbarium - TENN
| authorlink = University of Tennessee Botanical Gardens
| format = HTML
| work = TENN Vascular Plants - Database
| publisher = [[University of Tennessee at Martin]]
}}
{{ColBreak}}
*{{cite web
| url = http://www.natureserve.org/explorer/servlet/NatureServe?searchName=Senecio+vulgaris
| title = Comprehensive Report Species - ''Senecio vulgaris'' - L
| accessdate = 2008-02-01
| author = NatureServe
| authorlink = NatureServe
| date = 2007-10-06
| format = HTML
| work = An Online Encyclopedia of Life
| publisher = [[The Nature Conservancy]]
}}
*{{cite web
| url = http://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-calrecnum=7524
| title = ''Senecio vulgaris''
| accessdate = 2008-01-27
| author = Calflora
| format = HTML
| work = Information on California plants for education, research and conservation
| publisher = [http://www.calflora.org The Calflora Database]
}}
*{{cite web
| url = http://lifeonanoxfordlawn.blogspot.com/2007/06/groundsel-senecio-vulgaris.html
| title = Groundsel ''Senecio vulgaris''
| accessdate = 2008-01-29
| author = Henry Walloon
| date = Tuesday, June 5, 2007
| format = HTML
| work = Life On An Oxfordshire Lawn
}}
*{{cite web
| url = http://www.maltawildplants.com/ASTR/Senecio_vulgaris.php
| title = Groundsel
| accessdate = 2008-02-01
| author = Stephen Mifsud
}}
*{{cite web
| url = http://wisplants.uwsp.edu/scripts/detail.asp?spcode=SENVUL
| title = Plant details page ''Senecio vulgaris'' L.
| accessdate = 2008-02-05
| author = Robert W. Freckmann Herbarium
| authorlink = University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point
| format = HTML
| publisher = [[University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point]]
}}
*{{cite web
| url = http://www.botany.wisc.edu/wisflora/scripts/detail.asp?SpCode=SENVUL
| title = ''Senecio vulgaris'' L.
| accessdate = 2008-02-05
| author = Wisconsin State Herbarium
| authorlink = University of Wisconsin-Madison Arboretum
| format = HTML
| work = WI Vascular Plants
| publisher = Wisflora: WISCONSIN BOTANICAL INFORMATION SYSTEM
}}
*{{cite web
| url = http://www.hear.org/starr/hiplants/images/thumbnails/html/senecio_vulgaris.htm
| title = ''Senecio vulgaris'' Common groundsel (Asterceae)
| accessdate = 2008-02-07
| author = Starr
| date = 2002-11-01
| format = HTML
| work = Plants of Hawaii
}}
*{{cite web
| url = http://www-biol.paisley.ac.uk/bioref/Fungi_ascomycetes/Erysiphe_cichoracearum.html
| title = ''Erysiphe cichoracearum'' DC. var. ''cichoracearum''
| accessdate = 2008-02-08
| author = Dr. Alan J. Silverside
| authorlink = University of Paisley
| year = 2001
| month = April
| format = HTML
| work = BIODIVERSITY REFERENCE
| publisher = Biological Sciences, [[University of Paisley]]
}}
{{EndMultiCol}}
== Further reading ==
{{MultiCol}}
*{{cite web
| url = http://www.cababstractsplus.org/google/abstract.asp?AcNo=20033198226
| title = The anthers of ''Senecio vulgaris'' ('''Asteraceae'''): saltatory evolution caught in the act.
| accessdate = 2008-01-29
| authorlink = Georg-August University of Göttingen
| coauthors = Gailing, O., Bachmann, K., Institute of Forest Genetics and Forest Tree Breeding, Georg-August University of Göttingen
| year = 2003
| format = HTML
| work = Plant Systematics and Evolution, (Vol. 240) (No. 1/4) 1-10
| publisher = Springer-Verlag Wien
| pages = 1-10
}}
*{{cite web
| url = http://www.cnplx.info/nplx/nplx?page=coincident&taxon=Senecio+vulgaris&available=t&action=t#results
| title = Plants that Grow with ''Senecio vulgaris''
| accessdate = 2008-02-05
| author = California Native Plant Link Exchange
| format = HTML
}}
*{{cite web
| url = http://www.aphotofungi.com/page40.html
| title = Rusts (Basidiomycota)
| accessdate = 2008-02-06
| author = David Fenwick
| date = 2008-01-01
| format = HTML
| work = A PHOTO FUNGI OF THE DEVON AND CORNWALL PENINSULA
| publisher = The African Garden[http://www.theafricangarden.com/], 96 Wasdale Gardens, Estover, Plymouth, England, UK.
}}
*{{cite web
| url = http://delta-intkey.com/ffa/www/ens_sonc.htm
| title = ''Ensina sonchi'' (Linnaeus)
| accessdate = 2008-02-08
| author = L.E. Carroll, I.M. White, A. Freidberg, A.L. Norrbom, M.J. Dallwitz, and F.C. Thompson
| authorlink = DELTA (taxonomy)
| date = 2005-07-15
| format = HTML
| work = Pest Fruit Flies of the World
| publisher = DELTA – DEscription Language for TAxonomy
}}
*{{cite web
| url = http://popgen.unimaas.nl/~jlindsey/commanster/Insects/Flies/SuFlies/Sphenella.marginata.html
| title = ''Sphenella marginata'' (Fallén 1814) (Family Tephritidae)
| accessdate = 2008-02-08
| author = J.K. Lindsey
| format = HTML
| work = Ecology of Commanster
| publisher = [http://popgen.unimaas.nl/~jlindsey/commanster.html Jim Lindsey]
}}
*{{cite web
| url = http://delta-intkey.com/ffa/www/tru_stel.htm
| title = ''Trupanea stellata'' (Fuesslin)
| accessdate = 2008-02-08
| author = L.E. Carroll, I.M. White, A. Freidberg, A.L. Norrbom, M.J. Dallwitz, and F.C. Thompson
| authorlink = DELTA (taxonomy)
| date = 2005-07-15
| format = HTML
| work = Pest Fruit Flies of the World
| publisher = DELTA – DEscription Language for TAxonomy
}}
*{{cite web
| url = http://delta-intkey.com/ffa/www/try_arte.htm
| title = ''Trypeta artemisiae'' (Fabricius)
| accessdate = 2008-02-08
| author = L.E. Carroll, I.M. White, A. Freidberg, A.L. Norrbom, M.J. Dallwitz, and F.C. Thompson
| authorlink = DELTA (taxonomy)
| date = 2005-07-15
| format = HTML
| work = Pest Fruit Flies of the World
| publisher = DELTA – DEscription Language for TAxonomy
}}
*{{cite journal
| last = Van Eijk
| first = JL.
| title = Phytochemical study of ''Leonurus cardiaca'' and ''Senecio vulgaris''.
| journal = Pharmaceutisch Weekblad
| volume = 3-4
| issue = 87
| pages = 38–41
| date = 1952 January 19
| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14929684
| id = 14929684
| accessdate = 2008-02-18
}}
{{ColBreak}}
[[Image:Senecio vulgaris NF.png|thumb|300px|Illustration of Common Groundsel.]]
{{EndMultiCol}}
[[Category:Senecio|vulgaris]]
[[da:Almindelig Brandbæger]]
[[de:Gewöhnliches Greiskraut]]
[[es:Senecio vulgaris]]
[[fr:Séneçon commun]]
[[he:סביון (צמח)]]
[[lv:Parastā krustaine]]
[[nl:Klein kruiskruid]]
[[ja:ノボロギク]]
[[pl:Starzec zwyczajny]]
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