Sexual abstinence 38304 224802755 2008-07-10T14:07:22Z Sardanaphalus 427947 updating link using [[Project:AutoWikiBrowser|AWB]] {{Refimprove|date=July 2007}} '''Sexual abstinence''' is the practice of voluntarily refraining from some or all aspects of [[sexual activity]]. Common reasons to deliberately abstain from the physical expression of sexual desire include religious or philosophical reasons (e.g., [[chastity]]), material reasons (to prevent [[conception]] [undesired pregnancy] or [[Sexually Transmitted Disease]] [STD] transmission), [[psychology|psycho]]-[[sociology|sociological]] reasons (e.g., [[clinical depression]], [[social anxiety disorder]]), negative past experiences, or to conform to legal injunctions. However, sexual abstinence can be worked around. Sexual abstinence has been debated since antiquity, both in terms of [[homosexuality|same-sex]] and [[heterosexuality|opposite-sex]] relationships. ''See [[Platonic love]]''. == Premarital chastity == {{main | Chastity}} Many religious and ethical systems proscribe sexual activities between a person and anyone other than a spouse of that person, including most denominational variations of [[Hinduism]], [[Judaism]], [[Christianity]], and [[Islam]], as have, historically, many legal systems and societal [[Norm (sociology)|norms]]. In such contexts, sexual abstinence was and is prescribed for unmarried individuals for the purpose of [[chastity]]. ''Chastity'' is sometimes used synonymously with sexual abstinence, but the mechanisms of chastity are typically largely different for persons who assume different societal roles. For example, in most cultural, ethical, and religious contexts, [[coitus]] within [[monogamy|monogamous]] [[marriage]] is not considered to be opposed to chastity. === Western attitudes === Historically, there has been a swing from the sexually free end of the [[Industrial Revolution]] to the chaste values of the early [[Victorian morality|Victorian]] period. This was then followed by a new [[puritanism]] from the late Victorian era to the mid-1900s. This important transformation often colors discussion of sexual behavior in the later 20th century. [[World War I]] began a return to sexual freedom and indulgence, but more often than not, the appearance of conforming to the earlier moral values of abstinence before marriage was retained. With the conclusion of [[World War II]], the societal importance of abstinence declined swiftly. The advent of the first [[Combined oral contraceptive pill|oral contraceptive pill]] and widely available [[antibiotics]] suppressed many consequences of wide and free sexual behavior, while social morals were also changing. By the 1970s, abandonment of premarital chastity was no longer taboo in the majority of western societies; perhaps even the reverse: that members of both sexes would have experienced a number of sexual partners before marriage. Some cultural groups continued to place a value on the moral purity of an abstainer, but abstinence was caught up in a wider reevaluation of [[moral values]]. In some cultures, those who infringe the rules regarding chastity may be ostracized. Social reacceptance can sometimes be regained by marriage between the two. In the West, even as late as the mid-20th century, there was a stigma attached to being a 'one-parent family,' and an illegitimate child could be legitimized by the marriage of the parents. (This latter is still the case in many Western countries, though the lifting of legal penalties and social stigma regarding illegitimacy has rendered this irrelevant to social acceptance.) == Abstinence == Lifelong (or at least long-term) abstinence, often associated with religious [[ascetism]], is distinguished from chastity before marriage. Abstinence is often viewed as an act of self-control over the natural desire to have sex. The display of the strength of character allows the abstainer to set an example for those not able to contain their "base urges." At other times, abstinence has been seen as a great social ill practiced by those who refuse to engage with the material and physical world. Some groups that propose sexual abstinence consider it an essential means to reach a particular intellectual or spiritual condition, or that chastity allows one to achieve a required self-control or a self-consciousness.<ref>[http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=979394 SSRN-The Hermeneutics of Sexual Order by L. Khan<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> In many [[religion]]s, chastity is required of the respective [[clergy|sacerdotal]] orders. In some religions, including some branches of Christianity such as [[Roman Catholic Church|Catholicism]], [[celibacy]] is required for [[priest]]s and/or [[monk]]s. The [[Shakers]], on the other hand, impose chastity in the form of celibacy for all members. While there have been cultures which achieved total sexual abstinence, such as [[castration cult]]s, it is unlikely that any of them survived for a substantial period of time, due to their lack of [[reproduction]]. === Abstinence as a lifestyle === Although many individuals abstain from sex for complex reasons such as religion or morality, for some individuals, sexual abstinence is simply a lifestyle choice. Those individuals who fall into this category may have a dislike of sex ([[antisexualism]]), or are simply not interested in it ([[asexualism]]). They may view sex as an unnecessary part of human life. As with other lifestyle choices, this attitude toward sex and relationships can vary greatly. Some who choose such a [[lifestyle]] still accept sex for [[reproduction]], some engage in romantic [[intimate relationship|relationship]]s, and some engage in [[masturbation]]. === Historical views on abstinence === Throughout history, and especially prior to the 20th century, there have been those who have held that sexual abstinence confers numerous health benefits. For males, lack of abstinence was thought to cause a reduction of vitality. In modern times, the argument has been phrased in biological terms, claiming that loss of [[semen]] through ejaculation results in a depletion of vital nutrients such as [[lecithin]] and [[phosphorus]], which are also found at high levels in the [[brain]]. Conservation of the semen allegedly allows it to be reabsorbed back into the bloodstream and aid in the healthy development of the body. Before the "[[sexual revolution]]" of the 1960s, it was commonly believed by members of the medical profession that numerous mental and physical diseases in men were caused primarily by loss of [[nutrient]]s through seminal discharge, and that the deliberate conservation of this substance would lead to increased health, vitality, and intellectual prowess. This also applied to masturbation, which were also thought to lead to [[bedwetting]] and [[Pseudoscience|hairy palms]]. Raymond W. Bernard, Ph.D. in his essay entitled ''[http://www.ktk.ru/~cm/contin.htm Science discovers the physiological value of continence]'' (1957) states: : "[I]t is clear that there is an important internal [[physiology|physiological]] relation between the secretions of the sex [[gland]]s and the [[central nervous system]], that the loss of these secretions, voluntarily or involuntarily, exercises a detrimental effect on the nutrition and vitality of the nerves and brain, while, on the other hand, the conservation of these secretions has a vitalizing effect on the nervous system, a regenerating effect on the [[endocrine glands]][,] and a rejuvenating effect on the organism as a whole." === Modern research on abstinence === Since 1957, no ill effects have been shown to be associated with frequent sexual activity, while many studies have demonstrated substantial health benefits. One study suggests that frequent ejaculation may lead to a lower risk of [[prostate cancer]].<ref>http://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=dn3942 1</ref> Indeed, there have been numerous studies indicating that excessive repression of the sexual instinct leads to an increase in the overall level of aggression in a given society. For example, [[Psychology|psychologist]] J.M. Prescott, in a cross-cultural investigation published in ''[[The Bulletin of Atomic Scientists]]'' (1975), found that societies forbidding premarital sex are plagued by acts of rage, and tend to have higher rates of crime and violence. Prescott also found a link between sexual repression and aggression, insensitivity, criminal behavior, and a greater likelihood of killing and [[torture|torturing]] enemies. In 1997, [[Forbes Magazine]] reported on "one of the most credible studies correlating overall health with sexual frequency". [[Queens University]] in Belfast tracked the mortality of about 1,000 middle-aged men over the course of a decade. The study, published in 1997 in the British Medical Journal found that "men who reported the highest frequency of orgasm enjoyed a death rate half that of the laggards." The report cited other studies to show that having sex even a few times a week may be associated with; improved sense of smell, reduced risk of heart disease, weight loss and overall fitness, reduced depression (in women), pain-relief, less-frequent colds and flu, better bladder control, better teeth, and improved prostate function. The report cited a study published by the British Journal of Urology International which indicated that men in their 20s can reduce by a third their chance of getting prostate cancer by ejaculating more than five times a week.<ref>{{cite news | first=Alex | last=Farnham | coauthors= | title=Is Sex Necessary | date=[[2003-10-08]] | publisher= | url =http://www.forbes.com/2003/10/08/cz_af_1008health.html | work =Forbes Magazine |pages=|accessdate=2008-02-21 |language=}}</ref> ==Chastity in religions== Chastity is a [[virtue]] expected of the faithful of many religions, including Christians and Muslims. This usually includes abstinence from sex for the unmarried, and faithfulness to a [[marriage]] partner. In many religions, some groups of people are expected to practice celibacy—to abstain from sex completely, and remain unmarried. These groups include [[monk]]s, [[nun]]s, and [[priest]]s in various sects of Christianity. From the Roman Catholic perspective, everyone is called to chastity, be they married, single, or in a religious order. Chastity is a function of one's respect for the dignity of another, especially in a sexual context. Sex with one's spouse is not against chastity, so long as both remain open to having children; in this belief system, [[contraceptive]]s violate "true" chastity. In Christianity, sexual intercourse is meant to take place within the context of marriage; therefore, abstinence is expected of unmarried people. But for married couples, the apostle [[Paul of Tarsus|Paul]] wrote that they should not deprive each other, except for a time for devotion to [[prayer]]. Orthodox [[Judaism]] forbids intercourse outside marriage (which is termed ''zenuth'' or promiscuity), but has no ideal of abstinence for particular clerical groups. In fact, it is practically expected of men in religious functions (e.g., [[rabbi]]s) to be married. Abstinence is practiced while a woman is [[menstruation|menstruating]], and during the week after cessation of flow (the law of ''[[niddah]]''), as well as a set period after [[childbirth]]. See [[Abstinence in Judaism]]. Islam also forbids intercourse outside of marriage; however, maintaining celibacy as an act of piety is strongly discouraged, and marriage for all who are able is strongly encouraged. Similar to Judaism, abstinence is practiced during the time of a woman's [[menstruation]]. Abstinence from sexual intercourse is also practiced during the dawn to dusk fasts of [[Ramadan]] or other fasting days. The [[Hindu]] tradition of [[Brahmacharya]] places great emphasis on abstinence as a way of harnessing the energy of body and mind towards the goal of spiritual realization. In males, the semen ([[Veerya]]) is considered sacred, and its preservation (except when used for procreation) and conversion into higher life-energy ([[Ojas]]) is considered essential for the development of enhanced intellectual and spiritual capacities. In the Vedanta tradition of Hinduism, the [[Brahman]] (Infinite Being) is regarded as the true Self of all, and the ego-personality is a lesser self. The belief that one is the ego rather than the Self is regarded as the root of ignorance, which leads to the problems in the world and in one's own life. All desires which center around the satisfaction of the ego are considered to have their basis in ignorance, because the true Self is all-pervading, and therefore, without desire for anything outside itself. Most spiritual traditions share the view that humans are essentially spiritual beings, and that excessive indulgence in physical sense-pleasure takes one away from spiritual self-knowledge. In [[Buddhism]], attachment to impermanent things is regarded as one of the major causes of suffering. Sex is arguably the strongest attachment to impermanent things which human beings have. Therefore, in Buddhism, celibacy has been regarded as essential to obtaining [[Nirvana]] (liberation from suffering). [[Satanism]] condones sexual behavior, as long as it is in accordance with the [[will (philosophy)|wills]] of the individuals participating. It does not support [[rape]] or [[incest]], but simply sexual behavior based upon those involved, and their comfort. Satanism is perhaps the only sect which believes in Indulgence. For many satanists, one must complete themselves before they can help others. Even abstinence is supported by Satanism, as long as the satanist doesn't advocate their decisions. == Modern abstinence movements == Abstinence is recommended as a way to avoid [[pregnancy]] and [[sexually transmitted infection]]s. Without sexual contact, it is virtually impossible to conceive a child (other than through [[artificial insemination]]). By avoiding exposure of the [[sexual organ]]s to other people, one will also avoid the sexual transmission of many diseases (STDs). Note, however, that many STDs can also be transmitted non-sexually. Some STDs (including [[genital wart]]s due to [[human papillomavirus]]) are passed through skin-to-skin contact, and are either not prevented by using a [[condom]], or such prevention is only partially effective. Further, some have noted that many do not consider [[oral sex]] or similar acts to violate abstinence. One study states that 55 percent of college students claiming abstinence had, indeed, performed oral sex. Many of these acts can transmit STDs.<ref name="Understanding Abstinence">{{ cite web |title=Understanding 'Abstinence': Implications for Individuals, Programs and Policies |url=http://www.guttmacher.org/pubs/tgr/06/5/gr060504.html |accessdate=2006-10-09 |year=2003 }}</ref> However, critics note that many abstinence education programs include information that although true, is misleading. For example, many programs exaggerate the risks of oral sex; the risk of exposure to [[HIV]] through [[saliva]] is significantly less than through exposure to semen. Furthermore, HIV is far more likely to be transmitted through saliva when the recipient is already infected with another sexually transmitted infection, such as [[syphilis]]. Epidemiological studies from [[sub-Saharan Africa]], [[Europe]], and [[North America]] have suggested that the risk of becoming infected with HIV in the presence of a genital [[ulcer]], such as those caused by syphilis and/or chancroid, is approximately four times higher. Advocates also claim other benefits, such as the freedom from teenage pregnancy, and the resulting ability to focus on education and preparing for one's future. Many critics of abstinence-promotion programs claim that these programs are not an effective way to decrease the occurrence of diseases and unwanted pregnancies. While supporters claim that abstinence is the only 100 percent successful birth control method, detractors point out that abstinence is 100 percent effective only with perfect use. Detractors further claim that human nature leads to a high failure rate in practice.<ref name="Sex, Etc.">{{ cite web |title=Abstinence Is Foolproof? Think Again! |url=http://www.sexetc.org/story/deciding_sex/2043 |accessdate=2006-10-09 |year=2006 }}</ref> Pregnancy can also be avoided through selective sexual abstinence. This method is generally known as [[fertility awareness]], or [[natural family planning]]. In order to be effective, the partners must abstain from sex for a time sufficient to ensure that no [[Spermatozoon|spermatozoa]] (which have a lifespan of up to 5-6 days) are able to fertilize an [[ovum]] (which has a lifespan of up to 48 hours). There are a variety of types of fertility awareness. Observational systems, such as the sympto-thermo method, can have correct-use failure rates as low as one percent per year under perfect use, with a two-week abstinence period<ref name = "Scientific American">{{citation |last=Mims |first=Christopher | author-link = Christopher Mims |title=Modified Rhythm Method Shown to Be as Effective as the Pill—But Who Has That Kind of Self-Control? | newspaper = Scientific American |year=2007 |date=[[2007-3-23]] |accessdate=2007-10-03 |url=http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?articleid=80D25E2D-E7F2-99DF-39F66842EB6BE952}}</ref> (According to the WHO, this method has an estimated 25% failure rate under ordinary use).<ref name="Scientific American">{{ citation |last=Mims |first=Christopher | author-link = Christopher Mims |title=Modified Rhythm Method Shown to Be as Effective as the Pill—But Who Has That Kind of Self-Control? | newspaper = Scientific American |year=2007 |date=[[2007-3-23]] |accessdate=2007-10-03 |url=http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?articleid=80D25E2D-E7F2-99DF-39F66842EB6BE952}}</ref> Statistical methods such as the Standard Days Method have higher correct-use failure rates. Organizations such as [[SIECUS]] have called abstinence-only programs "fear-based," and "designed to control young people’s sexual behavior by instilling fear, shame, and guilt." <ref>[http://www.siecus.org/pubs/tsha_scaredchaste.pdf 6-SHA2_Interior<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Author [[Judith Levine]] has argued that there might be a natural tendency of abstinence educators to escalate their messages: "Like advertising, which must continually jack up its seduction just to stay visible as other advertising proliferates, abstinence education had to make sex scarier and scarier and, at the same time, chastity sweeter." (''[[Harmful to Minors]]'', p.108) In spite of these criticisms, federal government support has made abstinence the [[de facto]] focus of [[sex education]] in the [[United States]], so that opponents frequently adopt the line that abstinence education is acceptable only if it is combined with other methods, such as instruction in the use of condoms, and easy availability thereof. Most nations of [[Western Europe]] use more comprehensive measures, and in sharp contrast to the heated discussion in the U.S., abstinence is hardly discussed as an educational measure. A [[U.S. federal government]]-promoted abstinence-only program was aimed at teens in 1981 in order to discourage premarital sex and unwanted pregnancies. However, recent studies showed ineffectiveness of this program. The Responsible Education About Life Act was introduced by Senator [[Frank Lautenberg]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]]-[[New Jersey|NJ]]) and Representatives [[Barbara Lee]] (D-[[California|CA]]) and [[Christopher Shays]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|R]]-[[Connecticut|CT]]) to support age-appropriate [[sexual education]]. This program is focused to provide teenagers with science-based information on sexual health, so that they can make a sound decision regarding their sex-life.<ref>[http://info.xxx-sextoys.net/post/congress-abstinence.html Congress changed its mind on abstinence]</ref> In 2006, the [[George W. Bush]] [[Bush administration|administration]] expanded abstinence programs from teens to adults, by introducing programs to encourage unmarried adults to remain abstinent until marriage.<ref>New Bush Administration Policy Promotes Abstinence Until Marriage Among People in their 20s, Guttmacher Policy Review 2006, Volume 9, Number 4. Available online at http://www.guttmacher.org/pubs/gpr/09/4/gpr090423.html</ref> Family-planning advocates and researchers denounced the program as unrealistic, due to the rising age of first-time marriage in the United States.<ref>Boerner, Heather. Questioning Abstinence Until Marriage. Available online at http://www.plannedparenthood.org/news-articles-press/politics-policy-issues/teen-pregnancy-sex-education/premarital-sex-13377.htm </ref> === Popularity and effectiveness === {{seealso|Sex education}} The advent of [[AIDS]] helped restore the momentum of the favorable view of abstinence. However, a review of 13 U.S. sex-abstinence programs involving over 15,000 people found that they do not stop risky sexual behavior, or help in the prevention of unwanted pregnancy<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/6927733.stm BBC NEWS | Health | No-sex programmes 'not working'<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>. Currently, there are also issues as to what abstinence means: is it an abstinence from sexual intercourse, or from sexual behavior? Movements such as [[True Love Waits]] in America, which ask teenagers to refrain from sex before marriage, are heavily subscribed, but surveys of sexual behavior indicate an increase in the popularity of oral sex.<ref> {{cite journal |author=Lisa Remez |year=2000 |month = Nov.–Dec |title=Oral Sex among Adolescents: Is It Sex or Is It Abstinence? |journal = Family Planning Perspectives |volume = 32 |issue = 6 |pages=298–304 |url=http://www.zmag.org/0007.htm |doi = 10.2307/2648199 }} </ref> The effectiveness of abstinence programs and movements remains debated. The study "Promising the Future: Virginity Pledges and First Intercourse" by Peter Bearman and Hanna Brückner examined the relationship between [[virginity pledge]]s and first sexual intercourse. From the abstract:<ref>Peter S. Bearman and Hannah Brückner: Promising the Future: Virginity Pledges and First Intercourse. American Journal of Sociology, Volume 106, Number 4 (January 2001), pp. 859-912.</ref> : Since 1993, in response to a movement sponsored by the [[Southern Baptist Convention]], over 2.5 million adolescents have taken public virginity pledges, in which they promise to abstain from sex until marriage. This paper explores the effect of those pledges on the transition to first intercourse. Adolescents who pledge are much less likely to have intercourse than adolescents who do not pledge. The delay effect is substantial. On the other hand, the pledge does not work for adolescents at all ages. Second, pledging delays intercourse only in contexts where there are some, but not too many, pledgers. The pledge works because it is embedded in an identity movement. Consequently, the pledge identity is meaningful only in contexts where it is at least partially nonnormative. Consequences of pledging are explored for those who break their promise. Promise-breakers are less likely than others to use contraception at first intercourse. The effects observed in this study (and a follow-up<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20050330014205/http://www.columbiaspectator.com/vnews/display.v/ART/2005/03/29/424928352fe31 Columbia Spectator - Abstinence Study Finds Pledges Fail To Protect<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> study) could be explained as mere correlations: Adolescents who feel the desire to take part in the virginity movement are more likely to remain abstinent for a variety of reasons, and less likely to have knowledge about contraception. Critics of abstinence-only education point to studies that show that teens who take virginity pledges are just as likely to have sex, but are more likely to do it without protection. However, they do show that they engage in sexual behavior later in life than their peers. Some studies have found that school-based abstinence programs actually increase the incidence of pregnancies.<ref name=" DiCenso"> DiCenso A. ''et al.'': [http://bmj.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/full/324/7351/1426 Interventions to Reduce Unintended Pregnancies Among Adolescents]: [[Systematic review|Systematic Review]] of [[Randomized controlled trial|Randomized Controlled Trials]]. ''British Medical Journal'' 2002;324:1426. </ref> == See also == * [[Asexuality]] * [[Abstinence, be faithful, use a condom]] * [[Abstinence-only sex education]] * [[Antisexualism]] * [[Chastity belt]] * [[Chastity ring]] * ''[[Harmful to Minors]]'', a book by [[Judith Levine]] which deals with [[sexual morality]] in the United States, and also discusses the issue of abstinence education * [[Masturbation]] * [[Promiscuity]] * [[Purity Ball]] * [[Religious aspects of marriage]] * [[Refusal skills]] * [[Spiritual marriage]] * [[Straight edge]] * [[Teenage pregnancy]] * [[Virginity pledge]] == References == <!-- See [[Wikipedia:Footnotes]] for an explanation of how to generate footnotes using the <ref(erences/)> tags --> <references/> == External links == * James W. Prescott, "''Body pleasure and the origins of violence''", The Bulletin of The Atomic Scientists, November 1975, pp. 10-20 [http://www.violence.de/prescott/bulletin/article.html online copy]. Claims that somatosensory (including sexual) deprivation as minors causes violent behavior of grown-ups. * [http://abstinence.net The Abstinence Clearinghouse] Organization committed to promoting abstinence * [http://www.justsayyes.org Just Say YES] Abstinence Speakers, Programs & Curriculum * [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03637d.htm Chastity] in Catholic Encyclopedia — a Christian view on chastity * [http://www.nonewmoney.org/ No New Money for Abstinence-Only-Until-Marriage Programs] advocacy website * [http://pureloveclub.com Pure Love Club] advocacy group that encourages sexual abstinence and chastity * [http://reallove.net Real Love] syndicated columnist and abstinence advocate * [http://www.silverringthing.com/ Silver Ring Thing] abstinence pledge program * [http://www.archive.org/details.php?identifier=TurkishPremaritalSex Social Determinants of Attitudes Towards Women's Premarital Sexuality Among Female Turkish University Students] * [http://worldcommunity.com/tl The True Love Thing to Do] abstinence curriculum (a 2½-hour abstinence seminar) for teenagers * [http://www.waitteam.org WAIT "Washington AIDS International Teens"] === Effectiveness of abstinence === * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/6927733.stm BBC News, [[2 August]] [[2007]], No-sex programmes 'not working'] * [http://www.cnn.com/2007/EDUCATION/04/13/abstinence.study.ap/index.html CNN/Associated Press, [[April 14]], [[2007]], Study: Abstinence programs no guarantee] * [http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/2005/02/24/MNG2PBG3VF1.DTL Sabin Russell, San Francisco Chronicle, [[24 February]] [[2005]], "Uganda's HIV rate drops, but not from abstinence: Study concludes basis of Bush policy apparently irrelevant"] * [http://www.family.org/welcome/press/a0024656.cfm United States poll shows parents favoring abstinence-based education] ([[Focus on the Family]] press release) * [http://web.archive.org/web/20050203192138/http://abclocal.go.com/ktrk/news/state/013105_APstate_abstinence.html Study finds abstinence programs haven't influenced TX teens] * [http://www.abstinence.net/library/index.php?entryid=1814 Texas A&M study shows abstinence works: Students more likely to abstain] * [http://www.newscientist.com/channel/being-human/teenagers/dn6957-teen-sex-abstinence-study-sparks-controversy.html Shaoni Bhattacharya, NewScientist.com news service, [[2 February]] [[2005]], "Teen sex abstinence study sparks controversy"] {{Birth control methods}} [[Category:Sexual abstinence| ]] [[Category:Asceticism]] [[Category:Celibacy]] [[Category:Human sexuality]] [[ar:عفة]] [[de:Keuschheit]] [[fr:Abstinence sexuelle]] [[lt:Lytinis susilaikymas]] [[nl:Seksuele onthouding]]