Sexual intercourse
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/* Sexual ethics and legality */ new wikilinks
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[[Image:Édouard-Henri Avril (13).jpg|thumb|The [[missionary position]] of human sexual intercourse depicted by [[Édouard-Henri Avril]]]]
[[Image:Lion sex.jpg|thumb|A pair of [[lions]] copulating in the [[Maasai Mara]], [[Kenya]]]]
{{Redirect|Intercourse}}
'''Sexual intercourse''', in its biological sense, is the act in which the [[Penis|male reproductive organ]] (in humans and other higher animals) enters the [[Vagina|female reproductive tract]], called '''copulation''' or '''coitus''' in other reference.<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9067000/sexual-intercourse sexual intercourse] [[Britannica]] entry</ref> The two entities may be of opposite [[sexes]], or they may be [[hermaphrodite|hermaphroditic]], as is the case with [[snail]]s.
Traditionally, intercourse has been viewed as the natural endpoint of all sexual contact between a man and a woman,<ref name="health.discovery.com">{{cite web | author= | title= Sexual Intercourse | publisher=health.discovery.com | accessdate=2008-01-12 | url=http://health.discovery.com/centers/sex/sexpedia/intercourse.html}}</ref> and is commonly confined to this definition today. The meaning of the term, however, has been broadened in recent years, and now labels at least three different sex acts. These three types of intercourse are: vaginal intercourse, involving vaginal penetration by the penis; [[oral sex|oral intercourse]], involving oral caress of the sex organs (male or female); and [[anal sex| anal intercourse]], involving insertion of the male's penis into his partner's anus.<ref name=health.discovery.com/>
Sex acts that involve [[Fingering (sexual act)|the use of fingers or hands]] or mutual masturbation are more often referred to as [[Non-penetrative sex|outercourse]] (with oral sex at times listed as an aspect),<ref name="books.google.com">
{{cite book | author = Kate Havelin | title =[http://books.google.com/books?id=WY-bOwg9m3UC&pg=PA35&dq=Outercourse&sig=kQzOJb8QJWjqKqmKBFq9CJwZhV0&output=html Dating: "What Is a Healthy Relationship?"] | id = ISBN 0736802924 | publisher = Capstone Press | year = 1999 |pages = 64}}</ref><ref name="Books.google.com">
{{cite book | author = Isadora Alman | title =[http://books.google.com/books?id=7O6-0j1whq4C&pg=PA97&dq=Outercourse&sig=R_bg4LB5TBny0kgLX_QF0J9evKg&output=html Doing It: Real People Having Really Good Sex] | id = ISBN 1573245208 | publisher = Conari
| year = 2001 |pages = 280}}</ref><ref name="BOoks.google.com">
{{cite book | author = Ann van Sevenant | title =[http://books.google.com/books?id=8OKWAAAACAAJ&dq=Outercourse&output=html Sexual Outercourse: A Philosophy of Lovemaking] | id = ISBN 9042916176 | publisher = Peeters | year = 2005 |pages = 249}}</ref><ref name="BOOks.google.com">
{{cite book | author = Ian Kerner | title =[http://books.google.com/books?id=aDwVuI7HAusC&pg=PA5-IA3&dq=Outercourse+is+not+sexual+intercourse&output=html&sig=xX_8O5skeY_ZE6k-H3Nik985OpM She Comes First: The Thinking Man's Guide to Pleasuring a Woman] | id = ISBN 1573245208 | publisher = HarperCollins | year = 2004 |pages = 240}}</ref> while the term '''sex''', in the context of sexual intimacy, is often understood more widely to include any mutual [[genital]] stimulation.<ref name="www.ejhs.org">{{cite web |first=Marty| last=Klein | title=The Meaning of Sex|publisher=Electronic Journal of Human Sexuality, Volume 1 August 10, 1998:|accessdate=2007-12-09|url=http://www.ejhs.org/volume1/mklein.htm}}</ref>
For most non-human animals, sexual intercourse is used mainly for [[reproduction]], at the point of [[Estrous cycle|estrus]], the most fertile period of time in the female's reproductive cycle,<ref name="BOOKs.google.com">"Females of almost all species except man will mate only
during their fertile period, which is known as [[estrus]], or heat..." {{cite book | author = Helena Curtis| title =Biology | id = ISBN 0879010401 | publisher = Worth Publishers | year = 1975 |pages =1065 }}</ref><ref name="BOOKS.google.com">
{{cite book | author =Pineda, Leslie Ernest McDonald | title =[http://books.google.com/books?id=vyxgGoDeyj8C&pg=PA307&lpg=PA307&dq=for+most+species+mating+only+occurs+during+fertility+periods&source=web&ots=KPRmb-UXbK&sig=8SaYb3YtCIkhWve1D7Xt0Dn5_oI&hl=en McDonald's Veterinary Endocrinology and Reproduction] | id = ISBN 0813811066 | publisher = Blackwell Publishing| year = 2003 |pages =597 }}</ref> through [[insemination]] and subsequent [[internal fertilization]]. However, [[bonobo]]s,<ref>[[Frans de Waal]], "Bonobo Sex and Society", ''Scientific American'' (March 1995): 82-86.</ref> [[dolphin]]s,<ref>Dinitia Smith"Central Park Zoo's gay penguins ignite debate", ''San Francisco Chronicle'' (February 7, 2004). Available online at http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2004/02/07/MNG3N4RAV41.DTL.</ref> and [[chimpanzee]]s are known to engage in sexual intercourse even when the female is not in estrus, and to engage in sex acts with same-sex partners. In most instances, humans have sex primarily for pleasure.<ref name="Diamond">{{cite book | author = Jared Diamond | title = The rise and fall of the third chimpanzee| year = 1992 | publisher = Vintage | id = ISBN 978-0099913801}}</ref> This behavior in the above mentioned animals is also presumed to be for pleasure,<ref name="wired.com">{{cite web| first=Gartner| last=John | title=Animals Just Want to Have Fun |publisher=wired.com |date=2006-08-15 |accessdate=2007-10-15|url=http://www.wired.com/culture/culturereviews/news/2006/08/71556}}</ref> which in turn strengthens social bonds.
== In animals ==
{{See also|Mating}}
[[Image:Mating seagulls.jpg|thumb|[[Herring Gull]]s mating]]
Many animals which live in the water use [[external fertilization]], whereas [[internal fertilization]] may have developed from a need to maintain [[gamete]]s in a liquid medium in the [[Late Ordovician]] epoch. Internal fertilization with many vertebrates (such as [[reptile]]s, some [[fish]], and most [[bird]]s) occur via [[cloaca]]l copulation (see also [[hemipenis]]), while [[mammal]]s copulate [[vagina]]lly, and many [[primitive (biology)|basal]] [[vertebrate]]s reproduce sexually with external fertilization.
However, some [[Terrestrial animal|terrestrial]] [[arthropod]]s do use external fertilization. For primitive [[insect]]s, the male deposits [[spermatozoon|spermatozoa]] on the substrate, sometimes stored within a special structure, and [[courtship]] involves inducing the female to take up the sperm package into her genital opening; there is no actual copulation. In groups such as [[dragonflies]] and many [[spider]]s, males extrude sperm into secondary copulatory structures removed from their genital opening, which are then used to inseminate the female (in dragonflies, it is a set of modified [[sternite]]s on the second abdominal segment; in spiders, it is the male [[pedipalp]]s). In advanced groups of insects, the male uses its [[aedeagus]], a structure formed from the terminal segments of the abdomen, to deposit sperm directly (though sometimes in a capsule called a "[[spermatophore]]") into the female's reproductive tract.
{{Portalpar|Sexuality}}
== In humans ==
[[Image:Missionary style.svg|thumb|200px|Sexual intercourse]]
{{See also|Human sexual behavior|Human sexuality}}
'''Vaginal sexual intercourse''', also called '''coitus''', is the human form of [[copulation]]. While its primary purpose is reproduction, it is often performed exclusively for pleasure and/or as an expression of love and emotional intimacy. Sexual intercourse typically plays a powerful [[Human bonding|bonding]] role; in many societies it is normal for couples to have frequent intercourse while using [[birth control]], sharing pleasure and strengthening their emotional bond through sex even though they are deliberately avoiding pregnancy.
Sexual intercourse may also be defined as referring to other forms of insertive sexual behavior, such as [[oral sex]] and [[Anal sex|anal intercourse]]. The phrase '''to have sex''' can mean any or all of these behaviors, as well as other [[non-penetrative sex]] acts not considered here.
Coitus may be preceded by [[foreplay]], which leads to [[sexual arousal]] of the partners, resulting in the [[erection]] of the [[penis]] and natural [[lubrication]] of the [[vagina]].
To engage in coitus, the erect penis is inserted into the vagina and one or both of the partners move their hips to move the penis backward and forward inside the vagina to cause [[friction]], typically without fully removing the penis. In this way, they stimulate themselves and each other, often continuing until highly pleasurable [[orgasm]] in either or both partners is achieved. Penetration by the hardened erect penis is also known as '''intromission''', or by the Latin name ''[[wiktionary:immissio#Latin|immissio]] [[wiktionary:penis#Latin|penis]]'' (Latin for "insertion of the penis").
Coitus is the basic reproductive method of humans. During ejaculation, which usually accompanies male orgasm, a series of muscular [[Muscle contraction|contractions]] delivers [[semen]] containing male [[gamete]]s known as sperm cells or [[Spermatozoon|spermatozoa]] from the penis into the [[vagina]].
The subsequent route of the sperm from the vault of the vagina is through the [[cervix]] and into the [[uterus]], and then into the [[fallopian tube]]s. Millions of sperm are present in each ejaculation, to increase the chances of one fertilizing an egg or [[ovum]]. If the woman [[orgasm]]s during or after male ejaculation, the corresponding temporary reduction in the size of the vagina and the contractions of the uterus that occur can help the sperm to reach the fallopian tubes{{Fact|date=December 2007}}, though female orgasm is not necessary to achieve pregnancy. When a fertile ovum from the female is present in the fallopian tubes, the male gamete joins with the ovum resulting in [[fertilisation|fertilization]] and the formation of a new [[embryo]]. When a fertilized ovum reaches the uterus, it becomes implanted in the lining of the uterus, known as [[endometrium]] and a [[pregnancy]] begins.
===Coitus difficulties===
The physical structure of the act of coitus favors penile stimulation over clitoral stimulation. The location of the clitoris then often necessitates manual stimulation in order for the female to achieve [[orgasm]]. In the 1974 Hite Report studies, nearly 70 percent of female respondents admitted to rarely or never achieving orgasm during coitus without simultaneous direct stimulation of the clitoris with the fingers or other implement.<ref>Sexual Honesty, by Women, For Women, by [[Shere Hite]] (1974)</ref>
Anorgasmia is the lack of orgasm during otherwise pleasurable stimulation. It is much more common in women than men. [[Masturbation]] is a well supported method for a woman to explore her body and discover what feels good for her. The absence of a partner can remove the sense of performance anxiety and allow the woman to relax and enjoy. Good communication and patience are essential in helping an anorgasmic woman achieve orgasm. Whether a woman considers anorgasmia a problem or not is highly individual, though many women find it very frustrating.
Some males suffer from [[erectile dysfunction]] (ED), or [[impotence]], at least occasionally. For those whose impotence is caused by medical conditions, prescription drugs such as [[Viagra]], [[Cialis]], and [[Levitra]] are available. However, doctors caution against the unnecessary use of these drugs because they are accompanied by serious risks such as increased chance of heart attack. Moreover, using a drug to counteract the symptom—impotence—can mask the underlying problem causing the impotence and does not resolve it. A serious medical condition might be aggravated if left untreated.
A more common sexual disorder in males is [[premature ejaculation]] (PE). The U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] is examining the drug [[dapoxetine]] to treat premature ejaculation. In clinical trials, those with PE who took dapoxetine experienced intercourse three to four times longer before orgasm than without the drug.
The [[American Urological Association]] (AUA) estimates that premature ejaculation could affect 27 to 34 percent of men in the United States. The AUA also estimates that 10 to 12 percent of men in the United States are affected by erectile dysfunction.
[[Vaginismus]] is involuntary tensing of the pelvic floor musculature, making coitus distressing, painful, and sometimes impossible.
[[Dyspareunia]] is a medical term signifying painful or uncomfortable intercourse, but does not specify the cause.
[[Mobility impairment]]:
According to the Canadian Paraplegic Association, in 2007, there were thirty six thousand Canadians living with spinal cord injuries.<ref name="Parks">{{Citation
| last=Parks
| first=Jennifer
| author-link=Jennifer Parks
| title=Enjoying the ride
| newspaper=[[Ottawa 24 hours]]
| volume=1
| issue=155
| pages=11
| year=2007
| date=Thursday June 28 2007
| url=http://24hrs.ca}}</ref> In the US there are 11 thousands spinal cord injuries every year.<ref name="Parks"/> Sexual intercourse for these mobility impaired individuals may be a [[psychologically]] daunting experience which plays an effect on [[self-concept]] as a sexual being.<ref name="Parks"/> For example Brian Chovez, a [[paraplegic]] with some mobility loss from the waist down, has indicated that he went "from having a very active sex life before the accident, to not really having one at all... it was tremendously hard psychologically."<ref name="Parks"/>
However, "sex is not impossible" according to Alan Tholkes, a [[quadriplegic]] since 1976. Tholkes said "I had sensations in all the critical areas, but my motor function was lacking. Certain positions just weren't possible."<ref name="Parks"/> There exists some sexual devices, such as swings and suspension harnesses, that facilitate sexual intercourse for those with mobility impairments.
==Functions of sex beyond reproduction==
[[Humans]], [[bonobo]]s,<ref>[[Frans de Waal]], "Bonobo Sex and Society", ''Scientific American'' (March 1995): 82-86.</ref> [[chimpanzee]]s and [[dolphin]]s<ref>Dinitia Smith, "Central Park Zoo's gay penguins ignite debate", ''San Francisco Chronicle'' (February 7, 2004). Available online at http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2004/02/07/MNG3N4RAV41.DTL.</ref> are the only species known to engage in heterosexual behaviors even when the female is not in [[Estrous cycle|estrus]], which is a point in her reproductive cycle suitable for successful impregnation. These species, and others, are also known to engage in homosexual behaviors.<ref>Bruce Bagemihl, ''Biological Exuberance: Animal Homosexuality and Natural Diversity'' (St. Martin's Press, 1999). ISBN 0-312-19239-8</ref>
In both humans and bonobos the female undergoes relatively [[concealed ovulation]], so that both male and female partners commonly do not know whether she is fertile at any given moment. One possible reason for this distinct biological feature may be formation of strong emotional bonds between sexual partners important for social interactions and, in the case of humans, long-term partnership rather than immediate sexual reproduction.<ref name="Diamond"/>
Humans, bonobos and dolphins are all intelligent social animals, whose cooperative behavior proves far more successful than that of any individual alone. In these animals, the use of sex has evolved beyond reproduction apparently to serve additional social functions. Sex reinforces intimate social bonds between individuals to form larger social structures. The resulting cooperation encourages collective tasks that promote the survival of each member of the group.
[[Alex Comfort]]{{Fact|date=January 2007}} and others<ref name="Diamond"/> posit three potential advantages of intercourse in humans, which are not mutually exclusive: reproductive, relational, and recreational. While the development of [[the Pill]] and other highly effective forms of [[contraception]] in the mid- and late 20th century increased peoples' ability to segregate these three functions, they still overlap a great deal and in complex patterns. For example: A fertile couple may have intercourse while contracepting not only to experience sexual pleasure (recreational), but also as a means of emotional intimacy (relational), thus deepening their bonding, making their relationship more stable and more capable of sustaining children in the future (deferred reproductive). This same couple may emphasize different aspects of intercourse on different occasions, being playful during one episode of intercourse (recreational), experiencing deep emotional connection on another occasion (relational), and later, after discontinuing contraception, seeking to achieve pregnancy (reproductive, or more likely reproductive and relational).
===Oral and anal sex===
{{main|Oral sex|Anal sex}}
Oral sex consists of all the [[Human sexual behavior|sexual activities]] that involve the use of the [[mouth]], [[tongue]], and possibly [[throat]] to stimulate [[Sex organ|genitalia]]. It is sometimes performed to the exclusion of all other forms of sexual activity. Oral sex may include the ingestion or absorption of [[semen]] or [[Vaginal lubrication|vaginal fluids]].
<!--[[Image:Édouard-Henri Avril (18).jpg|thumb|right|250px|Representation of [[Hadrian]] having anal sex with [[Antinous]] in Egypt]]-->
While there are many sexual acts involving the [[anus]], anal cavity, sphincter valve and/or [[rectum]], the specific meaning of anal sex is the insertion of a man's [[penis]] into another person's rectum.
==Sexual ethics and legality==
{{seealso|Sexual ethics}}
Unlike some other sexual activities, vaginal intercourse has rarely been made [[taboo]] on [[religion|religious]] grounds or by government authorities, as procreation is inherently essential to the continuation to the species or of any particular genetic line, which is considered to be a positive factor, and indeed, enables most societies to continue in the first place. Many of the cultures that had prohibited sexual intercourse entirely no longer exist; an exception is the [[Shakers]], a [[sect]] of [[Christianity]] that has four adherents at current {{Fact|date=March 2008}}. There are, however, many communities within cultures that prohibit their members to engage in any form of sex, especially members of religious orders and the priesthood in the [[Roman Catholic Church]] and priests in [[Buddhist]] monasteries. Within some ideologies, coitus has been considered the only "acceptable" sexual activity. Relatively strict designations of "appropriate" and "inappropriate" sexual intercourse have been in human culture for hundreds of years. These legal or cultural restrictions may include:
*Sex among partners who are not [[marriage|married]] (this is sometimes referred to as [[fornication]])
*Sex between a married person and someone to whom they are not married (called [[adultery]] or [[extramarital sex]]).
*Commercial sex (also called [[prostitution]]).
*Sex between partners of the same sex (also called [[homosexuality]]).
*Sex between a living human and a human corpse (also called [[necrophilia]]).
*Sex between close relatives (also called [[incest]]).
*Adults having sex with children (also called [[child sexual abuse]]).
*Humans having sex with non-human animals (also called [[bestiality]]).
*Sex between members of different tribes, ethnic groups, or races, as in [[South Africa]] or the [[United States]] during periods of [[racial segregation]]. (also called [[miscegenation]])
* Sexual intercourse during a woman's menstrual period, as in [[Islam]] and [[Judaism]].
Often a community adapts its legal definitions during [[case law]]s for settling disputes. For example, in [[2003]] the [[New Hampshire Supreme Court]] ruled that same-sex relations do not constitute ''sexual intercourse'', based on a [[1961]] definition from [[Webster's Third New International Dictionary]], in [[Blanchflower v. Blanchflower]], and thereby an accused spouse in a divorce case was found not guilty of ''adultery'' based on this technicality.
Most countries have [[age of consent]] laws specifying the minimum legal age for engaging in sexual intercourse. Sexual intercourse with a person against their will, or without their [[informed consent|informed legal consent]], is referred to as [[rape]], and is considered a serious [[criminal law|crime]] in many cultures around the world, including those found in [[Europe]], northern and eastern [[Asia]], and the [[Americas]]. Sex, regardless of consent, with a person under the age of consent is often considered to be [[sexual assault]] or [[statutory rape]]. The age of consent varies from country to country and often by state or region; commonly, the age of consent is set anywhere between twelve and eighteen years of age, with sixteen years being the most common age the law sets. Sometimes, the age of consent is lowered for people near the same age wishing to participate in intercourse. For example, in Canada, the minimum age of consent for all couples is 14. However, the age of consent can go below 14 on the condition that the couple still are not 2 years of age apart. Religions may also set differing ages for consent, with Islam setting the age at puberty, which can vary from around 10 to 14. There are exceptions in the case of anal sex or people in a position of trust/authority.
=== Religious views ===
{{main|Religious views on sexual intercourse}}
Religious views on sexual intercourse vary widely between religions, between different sects of the same religion, and even between different members of the same sect.
==See also==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
*[[Wiktionary:WikiSaurus:sexual intercourse|Synonyms for sexual intercourse]] – the [[Wiktionary|WikiSaurus]] list of synonyms and slang words for sexual intercourse in many languages
*[[Safe sex]]
*[[Sex in space]]
*[[Sex magic]]
*[[Sexual slang]]
*[[Sexology]]
*[[Orgasm]]
*[[Human sexual behavior]]
*[[Masturbation]]
{{col-2}}
*[[Non-penetrative sex]]
*[[Anal sex]]
*[[Oral sex]]
*[[BDSM]]
*[[Top and bottom in sex and BDSM]]
*[[Sex toy]]s
*[[Sexual arousal]]
*[[Foreplay]]
*[[Biological reproduction]]
*[[Sexual dysfunction]]
*[[Human sexual response cycle]]
*[[Rape]]
*[[Teledildonics]]
{{col-end}}
{{commons|Sexual intercourse in humans|Sexual intercourse}}
==References==
{{Reflist}}
==External links==
*[http://www2.hu-berlin.de/sexology/IES/xmain.html The International Encyclopedia of Sexuality]
* Janssen, D. F., [http://www2.hu-berlin.de/sexology/GESUND/ARCHIV/GUS/INDEXATLAS.HTM ''Growing Up Sexually. Volume I. World Reference Atlas'']
*[http://www.nvsh.nl/skills/greatsex.htm Dutch Society for Sexual Reform] article on "sex without intercourse"
* [http://www.cps.gov.uk/legal/section7/index.html UK legal guidance for prosecutors concerning sexual acts]
*[http://www.abouthealth.com/parent_topic_dialogue.cfm?Parent_Excerpt_ID=23&Topic_Title=3 Resources for parents to talk about sexual intercourse to their children]
*[http://www.ppacca.org/site/pp.asp?c=kuJYJeO4F&b=139496 Planned Parenthood information on sexual intercourse]
*[http://www.healthcentral.com/mhc/top/003157.cfm Medical Resources related to sexual intercourse]
* W. W. Schultz, P. van Andel, I. Sabelis, E. Mooyaart. [http://bmj.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/full/319/7225/1596 Magnetic resonance imaging of male and female genitals during coitus and female sexual arousal.] ''BMJ'' 1999;319:1596-1600 (18 December).
*[http://www.holisticwisdom.net/sex-during-period.htm Sexual Intercourse During Menstruation]
*[http://www.personallifemedia.com/podcasts/sex-love-intimacy/sex-love-intimacy-show.html Podcast series explores the question "What is Sex?"]
*[http://tidepool.st.usm.edu/crswr/103animalreproduction.html Introduction to Animal Reproduction]
*[http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/sex/advantage/ Advantages of Sexual Reproduction]
{{Reproductive physiology}}
{{sex}}
[[Category:Reproduction]]
[[Category:Human sexuality]]
[[Category:Interpersonal relationships]]
[[Category:Sexology]]
[[Category:Sexual acts]]
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