Sexual slavery 173634 225486988 2008-07-13T23:15:06Z Leondegrance 1427760 'Sneaky Vandalism' user copied information from another part of the page, and did not have any citations or evidence. {{slavery}} '''Sexual slavery''' is a special case of [[slavery]] which includes various different practices: # forced [[prostitution]] # single-owner sexual slavery # ritual slavery, sometimes associated with traditional religious practices # slavery for primarily non-sexual purposes where sex is common or permissible In general, the nature of slavery means that the slave is ''de facto'' available for sex, and ordinary social conventions and legal protections that would otherwise constrain an owner's actions are not effective. For example, [[extra-marital sex]] between a married man and a slave was not considered [[adultery]] in most societies that accepted slavery.<ref>[http://www.fjkluth.com/lovs.html#Sxsl Love and Sex and Women in the Art of Ancient Greece]</ref> Female slaves are at highest risk of sexual abuse and sexual slavery. The term "sex slave" and "consensual sexual slavery" are sometimes used in [[BDSM]] to refer to a [[consensual]] agreement between sexual partners (see also [[total power exchange]]). This should not be confused with the meaning of the term as defined in this article, which refers specifically to unwilling slavery. ==Modern types== ===Forced prostitution=== [[Image:First Group of Five Move Out.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Many women in the [[Gulag]] were involved in forced prostitution to survive. Painting by [[Nikolai Getman]] ]] Forced [[prostitution]] is a form of sexual slavery that is often directed at immigrants to Western and Asian countries. Often the "owners" of these people will confiscate passports and/or money in order to make them completely dependent. This practice, also known as ''sex trafficking'' or ''human trafficking,'' is illegal in most countries. [[Human trafficking]] is not the same as [[people smuggling]]. A smuggler will facilitate illegal entry into a country for a fee, but on arrival at their destination, the smuggled person is free; the trafficking victim is enslaved. Traffickers use coercive tactics including [[deception]], [[fraud]], [[intimidation]], [[isolation]], [[coercion|threat]] and use of physical force, [[debt bondage]] or even force-feeding with drugs to control their victims. Women are typically recruited with promises of good, legal jobs in other countries or provinces, or are tricked into a false 'marriage', and, lacking better options at home, agree to migrate. Traffickers arrange the travel and job placements, the women are escorted to their destinations and delivered to the [[employer]]s. Upon reaching their destinations, some women learn that they have been deceived about the nature of the work they will do; most have been lied to about the financial [[arrangement]]s and [[condition]]s of their [[employment]]; and all find themselves in coercive and abusive situations and kept in a financial situation that they are stuck in a form of [[debt bondage]] from which escape is both difficult and dangerous. A [[US Government]] report published in 2003, estimates that 800,000-900,000 people worldwide are trafficked across borders each year,<ref>[http://usinfo.state.gov/gi/Archive/2004/May/12-381449.html Fighting Human Trafficking Inside the United States] US Dept of State</ref> the majority to [[Southeast Asia]], [[Japan]], [[Europe]] and [[North America]]. The trafficking of women has also been recorded (in lower numbers) in [[South Asia]] and the [[Middle East]] and from [[Latin America]] into the [[United States]]. Since the mid 1990s, with the opening up of the former [[Soviet Union]], the end of the wars in the former [[Yugoslavia]], and the opening up of [[East Asia|East]] and Southeast Asia, there has been an increase in the trafficking of human beings. It is estimated that 2/3 of women trafficked for prostitution worldwide annually come from [[Eastern Europe]], three-quarters have never worked as prostitutes before.<ref>[http://www.catwinternational.org/factbook/EUeast.php Eastern Europe - Coalition Against Trafficking of Women]</ref><ref>[http://www.uri.edu/artsci/wms/hughes/ukraine/eeeu.htm Eastern Europe Exports Flesh to the EU]</ref> An estimated 500,000 women from Central and Eastern Europe are working in prostitution in the [[European Union]] alone.<ref>[http://www.unesco.org.ezproxy.auckland.ac.nz/courier/2000_02/uk/ethique/intro.htm For East Europe’s Women, a Rude Awakening]</ref> Annually, thousands of [[Russia]]n women end up as prostitutes in [[China]], [[Japan]], or [[South Korea]].<ref>[http://vn.vladnews.ru/Arch/2000/iss239/text/news1.html Police bring home 3 sex slaves from China]</ref> ''See the main article on'' [[human trafficking]]. A recent development should be noted that proponents of the [[Trafficking Victims Protection Act]] ([[TVPA]]) in the [[United States]], and [[Sweden|Sweden's]] [[Act On Prohibiting The Purchase Of Sexual Services]] seek to define all forms of [[prostitution]] as [[exploitive]] or ''[[de facto]]'' [[slavery]], and place [[emphasis]] on suppressing the demand for sex services, by prosecuting profiteers and customers. While this effort is advanced as a means to protect trafficked [[children]] and [[women]], that are variously estimated at 20,000-100,000 annually in the United States, who have issued numerous critiques of these laws as another form of prohibition and stigmatization, that serve mainly to marginalize [[sex worker]]s.<ref>[http://www.swopusa.org/ Sex Workers Outreach Project-USA]</ref> [[Prostitute right]]s organizations argue that [[decriminalization]] and extension of [[labor rights]] to [[sex]] workers is more effective in ensuring their economic, mental and [[medical]] [[health]] than any form of prohibition.<ref>[http://www.bayswan.org/penet.html Prostitutes Education Network]</ref> The term "[[sex worker]]" itself is rejected by the advocates of anti-slavery laws, who argue that women cannot choose sex as an economic activity, and claim it is the criminal networks and customer demand that are the driving forces, not economic necessity. ===The United States=== Reports exist of sexual slavery in the [[United States]]. They include sexual slavery of children under inhumane conditions, working children in organized crime as well as in legitimate businesses, and trading sexual favors for contracts and business . In 2002, the US [[Department of State]] repeated an earlier [[CIA]] estimate that each year, about 50,000 women and children are brought against their will to the United States for sexual exploitation.<ref>[http://www.now.org/nnt/summer-2000/slavery.html Worldwide Tragedy: U.S. Not Immune to Sexual Slavery]</ref><ref>[http://www.state.gov/g/tip/rls/tiprpt/2002/ Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act of 2000: Trafficking in Persons Report]</ref> Former [[Secretary of State]] [[Colin Powell]] said that "[h]ere and abroad, the victims of trafficking toil under inhuman conditions -- in brothels, sweatshops, fields and even in private homes."<ref>[http://usgovinfo.about.com/library/weekly/aa061202a.htm Modern Slavery: People for Sale]</ref> ===China=== Thousands of women are forced into prostitution in and from China every year. Chinese women are brought to countries like the US and European countries under the cover of massage therapists, and other specialized employees. These women are forced/contracted(illegally) into prostitution by their perpetrators. Thousands of girls are also sold into prostitution in countries like Singapore, Thailand and other Asian Pacific countries.<ref name="chinafacts">[http://www.uri.edu/artsci/wms/hughes/china.htm Factbook on Global Sexual Exploitation]</ref> They are also trafficked into South Asian and Middle Eastern countries, such as Pakistan and Afghanistan, where "Chinese teahouses", "massage parlors", and "restaurants" are commonly known as fronts for prostitution, as they are often are in other countries.<ref>[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/chinese-prostitutes-arrested-in-kabul-restaurant-raids-466118.html Chinese prostitutes arrested in Kabul 'restaurant' raids] By Justin Huggler, Asia Correspondent, Friday, [[10 February]] [[2006]]. ''The Independent''</ref> <ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/25/world/asia/25islamabad.html?_r=3&oref=slogin&oref=slogin&oref=slogin Militant Students Capture Masseuses to Make a Point] ''The New York Times''</ref> Indeed, the term "Chinese" is virtually synonymous with "prostitute" amongst local law enforcement and other groups in the Afghan capital of Kabul. ===Africa=== {{main|Slavery in modern Africa}} Sex slavery is a problem in some parts of [[Africa]]. The [[colonial]] powers abolished slavery in the nineteenth century, but in areas outside their jurisdiction, such as the [[Mahdist]] empire in [[Sudan]], the practice continued to thrive. Now, institutional slavery has been banned worldwide, but there are numerous reports of women sex slaves in areas without an effective government control, such as until recently, Sudan,<ref>[http://web.amnesty.org/library/index/engafr540762004 Sudan: Darfur: Rape as a weapon of war: sexual violence and its consequences]</ref> [[Liberia]],<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6264200.stm Liberia's Taylor appears in court]</ref> [[Sierra Leone]],<ref>[http://www.hrw.org/press/2003/01/sl0116.htm Sierra Leone: Sexual Violence Widespread in War]</ref> northern [[Uganda]],<ref>[http://hrw.org/english/docs/2006/07/27/uganda13863.htm Uganda: No Amnesty for Atrocities]</ref> [[Democratic Republic of Congo|Congo]],<ref>[http://www.nctimes.com/articles/2007/03/04/news/nation/17_58_563_3_07.txt Girls at U.N. meeting urge action against sex slavery, trafficking, child labor, AIDS]</ref> [[Niger]]<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/4250709.stm Born to be a slave in Niger]</ref> and [[Mauritania]].<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6938032.stm Mauritanian MPs pass slavery law]</ref> In [[Ghana]], [[Togo]], and [[Benin]], a form of [[religious prostitution]] known as ''trokosi'' ("[[ritual servitude]]") forcibly keeps thousands of girls and women in traditional shrines as "wives of the gods", where priests perform the sexual function in place of the gods.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/1158115.stm Ghana's trapped slaves], By Humphrey Hawksley in eastern Ghana, [[8 February]], [[2001]]. BBC News</ref> This can be compared with the [[devadasi]] system in [[India]]. ===The Middle East=== In the contemporary [[Middle East]], sexual slavery exists, and transportation and trafficking occurs. In [[Israel]], officials report a significant problem in human trafficking for the sex trade industry <ref>[http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,129157,00.html Israel a Human Trafficking Haven] FoxNews.com</ref><ref>[http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2005/03/23/world/main682673.shtml Israel's Sex Trade Escalating] CBS News</ref> — much of it involving women from [[Eastern Europe]]. Eastern European women also end up in [[Turkey]] and [[United Arab Emirates]].<ref>[http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2005/08/42b5f74c-f6c2-475a-b488-20a0662664d1.html World: Sex Traffickers Prey On Eastern Europeans]</ref> Many of the Iraqi women fleeing the [[Iraq War]] are turning to prostitution, while others are trafficked abroad, to countries like Syria, Jordan, Qatar, the United Arab Emirates, Turkey, and Iran.<ref>[http://www.sexual-terrorism.org/2007/07/12/sexual-slavery-on-the-rise-in-iraq/ Sexual Slavery on the rise in Iraq]</ref> In [[Syria]] alone, an estimated 50,000 [[Refugees of Iraq|Iraqi refugee]] girls and women, many of them widows, have become prostitutes.<ref>[http://news.independent.co.uk/world/middle_east/article2701324.ece '50,000 Iraqi refugees' forced into prostitution]</ref> Cheap Iraqi prostitutes have helped to make Syria a popular destination for sex tourists. The clients come from wealthier countries in the [[Middle East]] - where many are [[Saudi Arabia|Saudi]] men.<ref>[http://www.radionetherlands.nl/currentaffairs/iraq070824 Iraqi refugees forced into prostitution]</ref> High prices are offered for virgins.<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/29/world/middleeast/29syria.html?ex=1338177600&en=8caf56b484d2ebb9&ei=5124&partner=digg&exprod=digg Desperate Iraqi Refugees Turn to Sex Trade in Syria]</ref><ref>[http://www.radionetherlands.nl/currentaffairs/iraq070824 Iraqi refugees forced into prostitution]</ref> ===India=== As many as 200,000 [[Nepal]]i girls, many under the age of 14, have been sold into sex slavery in [[India]]. Nepalese women and girls, especially virgins, are favoured in [[India]] because of their fair skin and young looks.<ref>[http://archive.newsmax.com/archives/articles/2001/4/23/184354.shtml Millions Suffer in Sex Slavery]</ref><ref>[http://www.thefullmonte.com/traffic.htm Fair skin and young looks: Nepalese victims of human trafficking languish in Indian brothels]</ref> ===Pakistan=== Sexual slavery in [[Pakistan]] is one of the worst in [[South Asia]]<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.paralumun.com/issuespakistan.htm | title=PAKISTAN FACTS ON PROSTITUTION}}</ref>. Young girls (sometimes as young as 9 years old) are sold by their own fathers to brothels as sex slaves in big cities. Often this happens due to debt accumulated from gambling, whereby the father has no other way to raise the money than to sell his daughters<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.ipoaa.com/pakistan_slave_trade.htm | title=PAKISTAN'S SLAVE TRADE: Afghan refugees sold into prostitution; indentured servitude flourishes;scenes from a slave auction | first=ANDREW | last=BUSHELL}}</ref>. There have even been cases recorded where wives and sisters have been sold to brothels to raise money for gambling, drinking or consuming drugs. Many sex slaves are also bought by 'agents' in [[Afghanistan]] who trick young virgin girls into coming to Pakistan for well-paying jobs. Once in Pakistan they are taken to brothels (called ''Kharabat'') and forced into sexual slavery for many years. <ref>[http://www.frontpagemag.com/Articles/Read.aspx?GUID={32A1A7A6-6D7F-44EE-9A34-4C59EB5CAF59} Frontpagemag.com: Sex Slave Jihad]</ref><ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/01/world/asia/01hiv.html New York Times: Sex Slaves Returning Home Raise AIDS Risks, Study Says]</ref>. [[Watta satta]] ([[Urdu]]: '''وٹہ سٹہ'''), which is a prevalent tribal practice of trading brides, is also considered a form of sexual slavery by certain women’s groups in Pakistan <ref>[http://www.cid.harvard.edu/bread/papers/0509conf/bread0509_jacoby_mansuri.pdf Watta Satta (وٹہ سٹہ) in Pakistan] </ref>. === Southeast Asia === In [[Asia]], [[Japan]] is the major destination country for trafficked women, especially from the [[Philippines]] and [[Thailand]]. The US State Department has rated Japan as either a ‘Tier 2’ or a ‘Tier 2 Watchlist’ country every year since 2001, in its annual ''Trafficking in Persons'' reports. Both these ratings implied that Japan was (to a greater or lesser extent) not fully compliant with minimum standards for the elimination of human trafficking trade. Currently an estimated 300,000 women and children are involved in the sex trade throughout [[Southeast Asia]].<ref>[http://www.worldnetdaily.com/news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=26296 Sex-slave trade flourishes in Thailand]</ref> It is common that [[Thai]] women are lured to Japan and sold to [[Yakuza]]-controlled brothels where they are forced to work off their price.<ref>[http://www.nationmultimedia.com/search/page.arcview.php?clid=3&id=126551&date=2006-01-23 "Woman's Dying Wish: to punish traffickers who ruined her life"] ''The Nation'', [[January 23]] [[2006]]</ref><ref>[http://www.hrw.org/reports/1993/thailand/ A modern form of slavery: Trafficking of Burmese Women and Girls into Brothels in Thailand]</ref> In Cambodia at least a quarter of the 20,000 people working as prostitutes are children with some being as young as 5 (somaly.org) ===Sex Trafficking in Cambodia=== ====Problem Facts in Cambodia==== [[Cambodia]] has the highest proportion of its population trapped in prostitution and sex slavery in the South East Asia region. It is estimated that there are between 80,000 to 100,000 prostitutes and sex slaves in Cambodia. With a population of just 10-12 million, Cambodia's sex slave and prostitution problem is enormous where more than 1 in 150 people in Cambodia involved in sex trade. Most of those involved are women and children who have been trafficked from impoverished rural areas or brought to and from neighboring countries, such as Vietnam and Thailand.<ref>[http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/4038249/ Dateline goes undercover with a human rights group to expose sex trafficking in Cambodia] NBC News.</ref> ====Human Security approach as a solution to the problem==== =====Human Security Goals===== #To have a more comprehensive concept of security under the Human Security agenda. Combating Sex Slavery and Trafficking as Government Security Priority The Human Security agenda enabled the Cambodia government to have a more comprehensive understanding of national security and make the issue of sex trafficking as a national security priority. Traditional state-centered security was defined narrowly as security of territory from external aggression, and hence under this approach, Cambodia might be regarded as a secure state. On the other hand, human security is a people-centered approach which recognizes a broader scope of the concept of security and that lasting stability cannot be achieved until people are protected from violent threats to their rights, safety or lives.<ref>[http://hdr.undp.org/reports/global/1994/en/ UNDP , Human Development Report 1994, Oxford University Press, 1994]</ref> While the women and children who sought security in their daily lives were being neglected under the traditional security paradigm, the human security agenda suggested the government to focus efforts on those who are particularly vulnerable to the threat of sex trafficking. #To supplement the inherent incapable Government with the portfolio diversification strategy. While traditionalists regard the state as the primary actor in providing for security, the human security agenda encourages diverse portfolio of actors in providing security, which helped in alleviating the problem of sex trafficking in Cambodia. A state-centered approach would be insufficient and incapable in enhancing personal security of vulnerable children and women in Cambodia due to the following reasons: ##Corruption and Lax law enforcement of Cambodia's anti-trafficking efforts remained hampered by systemic corruption and an ineffectual judicial system. Although Cambodia is the first country in the world to create a special police task force to fight human trafficking, this Police Anti-trafficking Department has conducted only a limited numbers of proactive investigations. Corruption, lack of training and funding for law enforcement, and a weak judiciary remain the most serious impediments to the effective prosecution of traffickers. There are reports that corrupt police officials continue to leak information to brothel/karaoke operators about upcoming police raids.<ref>2006 US State Department trafficking in Persons Report, p 83</ref> Moreover, the government provides limited assistance to victim and made modest efforts to promote awareness of sex slavery and trafficking due to limited human and financial resources. ##Complexity and transnational nature of the problem Unlike some human rights abuses which are primarily regional, sex trafficking is complex and transnational in nature. Victims come from virtually all developing countries and are trafficked into or through virtually all developing and developed countries where demands from wealthy countries keep this criminal industry extremely profitable for traffickers.<ref>[http://tfgwebmaster.web.aplus.net/wwwthefuturegrouporg/id20.html The Future Group, A Human Security Crisis of Global Proportions]</ref> =====Consistency with the portfolio diversification strategy in Cambodia===== #Practical with normative appeal With the above reasons, a portfolio diversification strategy would be needed to deal with this complex and transnational security threat to Cambodia and to supplement the state’s insufficiencies and incapability. This strategy has been practical since to protect vulnerable children and women is normatively appealing and hence attracts help from non-state actors and attention from mass media. The onus of moral responsibility to intervene to protect individual lives was deemed highly acceptable in the eyes of most supporters and hence effectively persuaded publics around the world to provide assistance to these vulnerable children and women in Cambodia. #Efforts by diverse portfolio of actors Portfolio diversification strategy has been used in implementing human-focused security policies which would enhance Cambodia’s security through combating the problem of sex trafficking. States like United States and Canada, international organizations (IOs) like the Asia Foundation, United Nations International Children’s Fund, Red Cross,<ref>First Cambodian Red Cross Northwest Regional Workshop: Red Cross Responses to Human Trafficking</ref> International Labor Organization and International Organization for Migration (“IOM”), and local non-governmental organization, like Cambodian Center for the Protection of Children’s Rights (“CCPCR”) and Cambodian Women’s Development Association, have been exerting pressure and cooperating with the Government of Cambodia in combating sex trafficking.<ref>[http://www.humantrafficking.org/uploads/updates/final_action_points_for_royal_government_of_cambodia.doc Human trafficking Organization, Human Trafficking in Cambodia: Finding Local and Regional Solutions to a Global Problem]</ref> ##To exert pressure on Government of Cambodia in combating sex slavery and trafficking Cambodia was placed on Tier 3 in the 2005 United States Department of State Trafficking in Persons Report for its lack of progress in combating severe forms of trafficking. Subjected to the international pressure together with supervision from global mass media, the Cambodian Government stepped up efforts to arrest, prosecute, and convict traffickers. Police actions increased over 2006 and the Cambodian Government also made efforts to address trafficking-related official corruption. The Ministry of Interior (MOI) also developed a National Action Plan to eradicate trafficking in persons. In addition, the Cambodian Government made clear progress in its anti-trafficking law enforcement efforts by approving a comprehensive anti-trafficking bill that provides law enforcement and judicial officials with enhanced powers to arrest and prosecute traffickers in 2006. ##To provide human and financial resources and supplement insufficient Government’s effort Cambodia has a very active domestic and international NGO community working to combat trafficking. Regarding to the lack of human resources and rampant corruption problems, IOs and NGOs cooperated with the Government to conduct training for police officers on investigation techniques, surveillance, and case preparation and management of trafficking cases. Victims are mainly referred to NGOs and IOs and relied primarily on foreign and domestic NGOs to provide protective services to victims.<ref>Although the Government operated two temporary shelters for victims through the Ministry of Social Affairs, Veterans, and Youth Rehabilitation (MOSAVY)</ref> For example, the IOM provides trafficked women and children with long term recovery and reintegration assistance and CCPCR, which provides rescue, rehabilitation and reintegration services to child victims of trafficking. NGOs and IOs also worked with the Government to implemented campaigns in most parts of the country to raise public awareness regarding the dangers of trafficking. For example, the Ministry of Women's Affairs collaborated with the IOM to expand a nationwide anti-trafficking information and advocacy campaign that included district-level meetings with government officials and the distribution of educational materials and videos. ##International Cooperation Efforts: International treaties Cambodia has made progress in engaging in regional and international cooperation by signing and ratifying important instruments concerning the protection of children from sexual exploitation.<ref>Cambodia signed the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children (Trafficking Protocol) in 2001, but has not ratified it - a significant gap in its protection of children against trafficking for sexual purposes.</ref> In October 2004, Cambodia participated in the Coordinated Mekong Ministerial Initiative Against Trafficking (COMMIT) which is a regional agreement at the government level committing governments to prepare country-specific plans of action.<ref>[http://www.humantrafficking.org/countries/cambodia Human trafficking Organization, Structure of Cambodia Task Force on Human Trafficking]</ref> Cambodia also acceded to the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) in 1992, and ratified the Optional Protocol on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography (Optional Protocol) in 2002 and ratified ILO Convention No. 182 in 2006.<ref>[http://www.humantrafficking.org/uploads/publications/Global_Monitoring_Report-CAMBODIA.pdf End Child Prostitution And Trafficking (ECPAT) International, Global Monitoring Report on the Status of Action against the Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children: Cambodia, 2006.]</ref> #Effectiveness and Sustainability of the efforts In 2005, the Cambodian police reported conducting 67 operations, resulted in the arrest of 111 perpetrators and the rescue of 164 victims. The Ministry of Justice reported the prosecution and conviction of at least 45 traffickers during 2005, double the number in 2004.<ref name="tiprpt2006">[http://www.state.gov/g/tip/rls/tiprpt/2006/ United States, Department of State, Trafficking in Persons Report 2006 (Washington, D.C., 2006).]</ref> However, these cases were mostly generated by the efforts of NGOs.<ref name="tiprpt2006"/> In addition, implementation of the policies and commitments of the international treaties has been slow, mainly due to lack of resources, poor law enforcement and corrupt practices. Hence sustainability of these efforts is in question. In long run, the Cambodian Government should put greater effort in building a working judicial system and legal infrastructure to enforce these laws. Moreover, to enhance the sustainability of their anti-trafficking efforts, other states and IOs ought to focus on cooperating with local NGOs and the government departments in order to empower them. Luckily, the Cambodia Government has been quite active in learning from other states and to cooperate with IOs and NGOs. ==Historical types== ===United Kingdom=== Prostitution, allied with destitution, was so widespread in [[Victorian era|Victorian]] [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|Britain]] that campaigning journalist [[William Thomas Stead]] was able to buy a 13 year old virgin for £5, then equal to a labourer's monthly wage. See the [[Eliza Armstrong case]]. ===North America=== {{Expand|date=May 2008}} {{Original research|date=May 2008}} In the mid-nineteenth century in the [[United States|U.S.]], there was a [[white slavery]] scare which suggested that large numbers of white women were being kidnapped and forced into prostitution. The prevalence of this practice was greatly exaggerated due to [[xenophobia]]{{Fact|date=April 2008}}, and this phenomenon is generally regarded today as having been an example of a [[moral panic]]. At that time, the US victims of sexual slavery were overwhelmingly women of African descent, held as slaves, often purchased primarily for sexual exploitation.{{Fact|date=October 2007}} One unverified story of such a girl, purchased as a sexual slave when she was fourteen, is told in ''Celia, A Slave'' by [[Melton A. Mclaurin]]. Such practice is also widely referred to in other literature discussing the era e.g. ''[[Roots: The Saga of an American Family|Roots]]'' by [[Alex Haley]] and Chapter thirty of ''[[Uncle Tom's Cabin]]''. [[Frederick Douglass]], in his [[autobiography]], described the sale of female slaves openly advertised for sexual purposes at slave auctions in the nineteenth century United States. According to [[John A. Morone]]'s book ''[[Hellfire Nation]]'', slaveowners in the American South openly admitted to practicing sexual slavery, while Southern diarist, Mary Chestnut, famously wrote that {{cquote|Like the patriarchs of old, our men live all in one house with their wives and their concubines; and the [[mulatto]]es one sees in every family partly resemble the white children. Any lady is ready to tell you who is the father of all the mulatto children in everybody’s household but her own. Those, she seems to think, drop from the clouds.}} ===Shōwa Japan during World War II=== {{main|Comfort women}} "Comfort women" is a [[euphemism]] for the up to 200,000 women who served in the [[Empire of Japan|Japanese]] [[Imperial Japanese Army|army's]] brothels during [[World War II]]. Historians and researchers into the subject have stated that the majority were from [[Korea]], [[China]], and other occupied territories part of the [[Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere]], and were recruited by force or deception to serve as sex slaves.<ref>{{cite news | first=Martin | last=Fackler | coauthors= | title=No Apology for Sex Slavery, Japan’s Prime Minister Says | date=[[2007-03-06]] | publisher= | url =http://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/06/world/asia/06japan.html | work =The New York Times | pages = | accessdate = 2007-03-23 | language = }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | first= | last= | coauthors= | title=Abe questions sex slave 'coercion' | date=[[2007-03-02]] | publisher= | url =http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/6411471.stm | work =BBC News | pages = | accessdate = 2007-03-23 | language = }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | first= | last= | coauthors= | title=Japan party probes sex slave use | date=[[2007-03-08]] | publisher= | url =http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/6431011.stm | work =BBC News | pages = | accessdate = 2007-03-23 | language = }}</ref><ref>[http://english.chosun.com/w21data/html/news/200703/200703190023.html Comfort Women Were 'Raped': U.S. Ambassador to Japan]</ref> === By Nazi Germany in WWII === {{main|Sexual enslavement by Nazi Germany in World War II}} At least 34,000 women from Europe were forced into prostitution. Usually organized in hotels confiscated from their rightful places, they also served travelling soldiers or those withdrawn from the front. Usually they also included a bar, a restaurant and a brothel. In most cases, especially in the East, the women were forced to serve as prostitutes after being caught at random on the streets in [[Łapanka]]s, kidnapping raids by Nazi German military of civilians in [[Poland]]. ===The Middle East=== {{main|Arab slave trade}} Slave trade, including trade of sex slaves,<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/history/slavery_7.shtml Islam and slavery: Sexual slavery]</ref> fluctuated in certain regions in the Middle East up until the twentieth century.<ref>[http://www.saiia.org.za/modules.php?op=modload&name=News&file=article&sid=1141 Mauritania made slavery illegal last month]</ref> These slaves came largely from [[Sub-Saharan Africa]] and the [[Caucasus]],<ref>[http://chnm.gmu.edu/lostmuseum/lm/311/ "Horrible Traffic in Circassian Women—Infanticide in Turkey," New York Daily Times, [[August 6]] [[1856]]]</ref> and often from parts of [[Central Asia]] and [[Eastern Europe]].<ref>[http://www.avalanchepress.com/Soldier_Khan.php Soldier Khan]</ref> ==References== {{Reflist|2}} ==Further reading== * [[K.S. Lal|Lal, K. S.]] ''Muslim Slave System in Medieval India'' (1994), chapter XII: ''"Sex Slavery"'' [http://www.voi.org/books/mssmi/ch12.htm] ISBN 81-85689-67-9 * Wright, Terry Lee ''River of Innocents'' (2008) [http://www.riverofinnocents.com] ==See also== *[[Ritual servitude]] *[[Trafficking in human beings]] *[[Sexism]] *[[Rape]] *[[Harem]] *[[Child sexual abuse]] <!-- If these are genuine references, please cite them inline. This is a spam magnet/link farm. ==External references== *[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/4532617.stm Sex trade's reliance on forced labour - BBC] *[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/3979725.stm A modern slave's brutal odyssey – BBC] *[http://www.iwpr.net/index.pl?archive/bcr3/bcr3_200303_415_3_eng.txt# 'Bosnia: Sex Slave Recounts Her Ordeal - Institute for War & Peace Reporting] *[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/2783655.stm 'Asia's sex trade is 'slavery' - BBC] *[http://www.iranfocus.com/modules/news/article.php?storyid=6 'Iran's Sex Slaves Suffer Hideously Under Mullahs - Iranfocus'] *[http://observer.guardian.co.uk/magazine/story/0,11913,1316649,00.html 'Streets of despair - The Observer] *[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,7-1307679,00.html ‘They said I wasn’t human but something that can be bought’ – The Times] *[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2005/11/06/npros106.xml&sSheet=/news/2005/11/06/ixhome.html ‘Mine for £1,300: Ileana, the teenage sex slave ready to work in London’ – The Sunday Telegraph] *[http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/2/8/1/12818/12818-8.txt eText] of ''Heathen Slaves and Christian Rulers'' (1907) by Elizabeth Wheeler Andrew and Katharine Caroline Bushnell, at [[Project Gutenberg]]. A work about "Oriental brothel slavery on the Pacific Coast". * [http://web.amnesty.org/library/index/ENGMDE150172000 Human Rights Abuses Affecting Trafficked Women in Israeli's Sex Industry - Amnesty International] *[http://www.paralumun.com/womensissues.htm Womens Issues and Worldwide Sex Slavery Trafficking] * [http://www.averroes-foundation.org/articles/sex_slavery.html Traditionalist Islamic View on Sex Slavery] *Celia, a slave (ISBN 0-380-71935-5) *Roots (ISBN 0-440-17464-3) * The Natashas: Inside the New Global Sex Trade, by Victor Malarek. (ISBN 1-55970-735-6) * [http://prostitutionresearch.com/c-trafficking.html Prostitution Research] * [http://www.counterpunch.org/nathan02172006.html ''The "Teen Sex Slave" Scams''] -- ABC's Primetime Fakery, Debbie Nathan * [http://www.answers.com/topic/celia-a-slave 'Celia, a Slave' - Answers.com] * [http://digg.com/world_news/WWII_Sex_Slaves_Testify_Against_Japan 'Japanese War Crimes' - Digg]--> ==External links== * [http://womennewsnetwork.net/2007/09/29/trqafficking-a-long-standing-crime-us-troop-use-of-japans-trafficked-women-1945/''"Trafficking Is a Long Standing Crime - US Troop Use of Japan's Trafficked Women 1945"''] WNN - Women News Network Sept 29, 2007 * [http://www.uri.edu/artsci/wms/hughes/pubvio.htm Coalition against Trafficking in Women] Publications on sexual exploitation and violence against women by Professor Donna M. Hughes of [[Rhode Island University]]. * [http://womennewsnetwork.net/2007/09/16/a-child-in-danger-is-a-child-that-cannot-wait-%e2%80%93-columbia-and-child-prostitution-in-today%e2%80%99s-world/''"A Child in Danger is a Child that Cannot Wait - Columbia and Child Prostitution in Today's World"''] WNN - Women News Network Sept 16, 2007 * [http://www.ecpat.org End Child Prostitution and Trafficking / Child Wise] * [http://www.bayswan.org/FoundTraf.html Foundation against Trafficking in Women (STV)] * [http://www.inet.co.th/org/gaatw Global Alliance against Traffic in Women (GAATW)] * [http://anti-slaverysociety.addr.com/odalisques.htm Odalisques] * [http://www.somalymamfoundation.org/ Somaly Mam Foundation - to raise awareness and combat global sex slave trade] * [http://www.atalliance.org.uk/ The Anti Trafficking Alliance]UK Charity tackling sex trafficking and supporting its survivors [[Category:Crimes against humanity]] [[Category:Prostitution]] [[Category:Sex crimes]] [[Category:Sex trade]] [[Category:Slavery]] [[Category:Human trafficking]] [[da:Tvangsprostitution]] [[de:Zwangsprostitution]] [[fr:Esclavage sexuel]] [[gd:Tràillealachd-drùise]] [[nl:Seksuele slavernij]] [[ja:性的奴隷]] [[simple:Sexual slavery]] [[zh:性奴隸]]