Seychelles 27288 225759447 2008-07-15T07:36:31Z Kikos 5978254 /* Geography */ inner links {{tooshort|date=July 2008}} {{Infobox Country |native_name = ''Repiblik Sesel<br/>République des Seychelles'' |conventional_long_name = Republic of Seychelles |common_name = Seychelles |image_flag = Flag of the Seychelles.svg |image_coat = Seychelles coa.png |symbol_type = Coat of arms |image_map = LocationSeychelles.png |national_motto = "Finis Coronat Opus"{{nbsp|2}}<small>([[Latin language|Latin]])<br/>"The End Crowns the Work"</small> |national_anthem = ''[[Koste Seselwa]]'' |official_languages = [[English language|English]], [[French language|French]], [[Seychellois Creole]] |demonym = Seychellois |capital = [[Victoria, Seychelles|Victoria]] |latd=4 |latm=37 |latNS=S |longd=55 |longm=27 |longEW=E |largest_city = [[Victoria, Seychelles|Victoria]] |government_type = [[Republic]] |leader_title1 = [[President of Seychelles|President]] |leader_name1 = [[James Michel]] |area_rank = 197th |area_magnitude = 1 E+8 |area_km2 = 451 |area_sq_mi = 176 |percent_water = negligible |population_estimate = 80,699 |population_estimate_rank = 205th |population_estimate_year = [[2005]] |population_census = |population_census_year = |population_density_km2 = 178 |population_density_sq_mi = 458 |population_density_rank = 60th |GDP_PPP = $1404 million |GDP_PPP_rank = 165th |GDP_PPP_year = [[2006]] |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $17829 (IMF) |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 39th |GDP_PPP_per_capita_year = [[2008]] |sovereignty_type = [[Independence]] |sovereignty_note = from the [[United Kingdom]] |established_event1 = Date |established_date1 = [[29 June]] [[1976]] |HDI = {{increase}} 0.843 |HDI_rank = 50th |HDI_year = 2007 |HDI_category = <font color="green">high</font> |currency = [[Seychellois rupee]] |currency_code = SCR |country_code = |time_zone = [[Seychelles Time|SCT]] |utc_offset = +4 |time_zone_DST = ''not observed'' |utc_offset_DST = +4 |cctld = [[.sc]] |calling_code = 248 |awesomeness = Uber |footnotes = }} '''Seychelles''' ({{pronEng|seɪˈʃɛl}} or {{IPA|/seɪˈʃɛlz/}} in [[English language|English]] and {{IPA2|seʃɛl}} in [[French language|French]]), officially the '''Republic of Seychelles''' ({{lang-fr|République des Seychelles}}; [[Seychellois Creole|Creole]]: ''Repiblik Sesel''), is an [[archipelago]] [[Country|nation]] of 115 islands in the [[Indian Ocean]], some {{convert|1500|km|mi}} east of mainland [[Africa]], northeast of the island of [[Madagascar]]. Other nearby island countries and territories include [[Zanzibar]] to the west, [[Mauritius]] and [[Réunion]] to the south, [[Comoros]] and [[Mayotte]] to the southwest, and the [[Suvadives]] of the [[Maldives]] to the northeast. Seychelles has the smallest population of any sovereign state of [[Africa]]. == History == [[Image:Seychelles Governor inspection 1972.jpg|thumb|left|Colonial Governor of the Seychelles inspecting police guard of honour in 1972]] {{main|History of Seychelles}} While [[Austronesian people|Austronesian]] seafarers or [[Arab]] traders may have been the first to visit the uninhabited Seychelles, the first recorded sighting of them took place in [[1502]], by the [[Portugal|Portuguese]] Admiral [[Vasco da Gama]], who passed through the [[Amirantes]] and named them after himself (islands of the Admiral). The first recorded landing and first written account was by the crew of the English East Indiaman ''Ascension'' in 1609. As a transit point for trading between [[Africa]] and [[Asia]], they were occasionally used by [[pirate]]s until the [[France|French]] began to take control of the islands starting in [[1756]] when a Stone of Possession was laid by Captain Nicholas Morphey. The islands were named after [[Jean Moreau de Séchelles]], Louis XV’s Minister of Finance. <ref>[http://www.virtualseychelles.sc/pages/vs_ie.htm Virtual Seychelles<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> The [[United Kingdom|British]] contested control over the islands with the French between [[1794]] and [[1812]]. Jean Baptiste Quéau de Quincy, French administrator of Seychelles during the years of war with the United Kingdom, declined to resist when armed enemy warships arrived. Instead, he successfully negotiated the status of capitulation to [[United Kingdom|Britain]], which gave the settlers a privileged position of neutrality. Britain eventually assumed full control upon the surrender of [[Mauritius]] in [[1812]] and this was formalised in [[1814]] at the [[Treaty of Paris (1814)|Treaty of Paris]]. The Seychelles became a [[crown colony]] separate from [[Mauritius]] in [[1903]] and independence was granted in [[1976]], as a [[republic]] within the [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]]. In 1977, a coup d'état ousted the first president of the republic, [[James Mancham]], replacing him with [[France Albert René]]. The 1979 [[constitution]] declared a [[socialism|socialist]] one-party state, which lasted until [[1991]]. The first draft of a new [[constitution]] failed to receive the requisite 60 percent of voters in 1992, but in 1993 an amended version was approved. == Politics == [[Image:State House Victoria Seychelles.jpg|thumb|State House, [[Victoria, Seychelles|Victoria]] - the seat of the President]] {{main|Politics of Seychelles}} The Seychelles [[president]], who is both [[head of state]] and [[head of government]], is elected by popular vote for a five-year term of office. The previous president, [[France Albert René]], first came to power in a [[coup d'état]] in 1977, one year after independence. He was democratically elected after the [[constitution]]al reforms of [[1992]]. He stood down in [[2004]] in favour of his vice-president, [[James Michel]], who was re-elected in 2006. The [[cabinet]] is presided over and appointed by the president, subject to the approval of a majority of the legislature. The [[unicameral]] Seychellois [[parliament]], the [[National Assembly of Seychelles|National Assembly]] or ''Assemblée Nationale'', consists of 34 members, of whom 25 are elected directly by popular vote, while the remaining 9 seats are appointed proportionally according to the percentage of votes received by each party. All members serve five-year terms. Politics is a topic of hot debate in the country - The main rival parties are the Seychelles People's Progressive Front (SPPF) and the Seychelles National Party (SNP). Since the inception of politics in the early sixties, politics has been an integral part of the Seychellois lives. The range of opinion spans socialist and liberal democrat ideology. The Seychelles are part of the [[Indian Ocean Commission]](IOC), La Francophonie (the union of French Speaking countries) SADEC and Commonwealth organisation. == Administrative divisions == {{main|Districts of Seychelles}} [[Image:Clock Tower -Victoria -Seychelles2.jpg|upright|thumb|The famous clock tower in the centre of Victoria, capital of Seychelles.]] Seychelles is divided into twenty-five administrative regions, called districts: {{columns |width = 160px |gap = |col1 = *[[Anse aux Pins]] *[[Anse Boileau]] *[[Anse Etoile]] *[[Anse Royale]] *[[Au Cap]] *[[Baie Lazare]] *[[Baie Sainte Anne]] |col2 = *[[Beau Vallon]] *[[Bel Air, Seychelles|Bel Air]] *[[Bel Ombre]] *[[Cascade, Seychelles|Cascade]] *[[Glacis, Seychelles|Glacis]] *[[Grand' Anse (Mahe)]] *[[Grand' Anse (Praslin)]] |col3 = *[[La Digue]] *[[English River]] *[[Les Mamelles]] *[[Mont Buxton]] *[[Mont Fleuri]] *[[Plaisance (Seychelles)|Plaisance]] *[[Pointe La Rue]] |col4 = *[[Port Glaud]] *[[Roche Caiman]] *[[Saint Louis, Seychelles|Saint Louis]] *[[Takamaka]] }} == Geography == {{main|Geography of Seychelles}} [[Image:Beau Vallon (Seychelles).jpg|thumb|left|Beau Vallon Beach]] An [[island nation]], the Seychelles is located in the [[Indian Ocean]] northeast of [[Madagascar]] and about 1,600 km (1,000 [[mile]]s) east of [[Kenya]]. The number of islands in the archipelago is often given as 115 but the Constitution of the Republic of Seychelles lists 155. The islands as per the Constitution are divided into various groups as follows. There are 42 [[Granitic Seychelles|granitic islands]], in descending order of size: [[Mahé, Seychelles|Mahé]], [[Praslin]], Silhouette, La Digue, Curieuse, Félicité, Frégate, St. Anne, North, Cerf, Marianne, Grand Sœur,Thérèse, Aride, Conception,Petite Sœur, Cousin, Cousine, Long, Récif, Round (Praslin), Anonyme, Mamelles, Moyenne, Ile aux Vaches Marines, L'Islette, Beacon (Ile Sèche), Cachée, Cocos, Round (Mahé), L'Ilot Frégate, Booby, Chauve Souris (Mahé),Chauve Souris (Praslin), Ile La Fouche, Hodoul, L'Ilot, Rat, Souris, St. Pierre (Praslin),Zavé, Harrison Rocks (Grand Rocher). There are two coral sand cays north of the granitics: Denis, Bird. There are two coral islands south of the granitics: [[Coëtivy]], Platte. There are 29 coral islands in the [[Amirantes|Amirantes group]], west of the granitics: Desroches, Poivre Atoll (comprising 3 islands : Poivre, Florentin and South Island), Alphonse, D'Arros, St. Joseph Atoll (comprising 14 islands: St. Joseph Ile aux Fouquets, Ressource, Petit Carcassaye, Grand Carcassaye, Benjamin, Bancs Ferrari, Chiens, Pélicans, Vars, Ile Paul, Banc de Sable, Banc aux Cocos and Ile aux Poules), Marie Louise, Desnoeufs, African Banks (comprising 2 islands: African Banks and South Island), Rémire, St. François, Boudeuse, Etoile, Bijoutier. There are 13 coral islands in the [[Farquhar Group]], south-south west of the [[Amirantes]]: [[Farquhar Atoll]] (comprising 10 islands: Bancs de Sable Déposés Ile aux Goëlettes Lapins Ile du Milieu North Manaha South Manaha Middle Manaha North Island and South Island), Providence Atoll (comprising two islands: Providence and Bancs Providence) and St Pierre. {{Wide image|2005-03-14 Seychellen, Berjaja Mahé Beach.jpg|2500px|Berjaja Mahé Beach}} There are 67 raised coral islands in the [[Aldabra Group]], west of the [[Farquhar Group]]: [[Aldabra Atoll]] (comprising 46 islands: Grande Terre, Picard, Polymnie, Malabar, Ile Michel, Ile Esprit, Ile aux Moustiques, Ilot Parc, Ilot Emile, Ilot Yangue, Ilot Magnan, Ile Lanier, Champignon des Os, Euphrate, Grand Mentor, Grand Ilot, Gros Ilot Gionnet, Gros Ilot Sésame, Heron Rock, Hide Island, Ile aux Aigrettes, Ile aux Cèdres, Iles Chalands, Ile Fangame, Ile Héron, Ile Michel, Ile Squacco, Ile Sylvestre, Ile Verte, Ilot Déder, Ilot du Sud, Ilot du Milieu, Ilot du Nord, Ilot Dubois, Ilot Macoa, Ilot Marquoix, Ilots Niçois, Ilot Salade, Middle Row Island, Noddy Rock, North Row Island, Petit Mentor, Petit Mentor Endans, Petits Ilots, Pink Rock and Table Ronde), Assumption, Astove and [[Cosmoledo Atoll]] (comprising 19 islands: Menai, Ile du Nord (West North), Ile Nord-Est (East North), Ile du Trou, Goëlettes, Grand Polyte, Petit Polyte, Grand Ile (Wizard), Pagode, Ile du Sud-Ouest (South), Ile aux Moustiques, Ile Baleine, Ile aux Chauve-Souris, Ile aux Macaques, Ile aux Rats, Ile du Nord-Ouest, Ile Observation, Ile Sud-Est and Ilot la Croix). == Economy == {{main|Economy of Seychelles}} Since independence in [[1976]], per capita output has expanded to roughly seven times the old near-subsistence level. Growth has been led by the [[tourism|tourist]] sector, which employs about 30% of the labour force and provides more than 70% of hard currency earnings, and by [[tuna]] fishing. In recent years the government has encouraged foreign investment in order to upgrade hotels and other services. These incentives have given rise to an enormous amount of investment in real estate projects and new (mostly 5 star) resort properties. Hilton, Four Seasons and Banyan Tree are all new entrants to Seychelles. Development projects projected in the hundreds of millions of dollars each are in the beginning stages for Emirates Airlines, Qatar Airlines, Raffles, Shangri-La, etc. Other private developments such as Ile Aurore, Per Aquam and Eden Island are projected at over $2 billion. [[Image:Coconut oil making Seychelles.jpg|thumb|left|300px|Coconut oil making in the early 1970s]] At the same time, the government has moved to reduce the dependence on tourism by promoting the development of [[farming]], [[fishing]], small-scale [[manufacturing]] and most recently the offshore sector. The vulnerability of the tourist sector was illustrated by the sharp drop in [[1991]]-[[1992]] due largely to the country's significantly overvalued exchange rate and the [[Gulf War]], and once again following the [[September 11, 2001 attacks]] on the United States. Other issues facing the government are the curbing of the [[budget deficit]], including the containment of [[social welfare]] costs, and further [[privatisation]] of public enterprises. The government has a pervasive presence in economic activity, with public enterprises active in petroleum product distribution, insurance (has now been privatized), banking (is being privatized very soon), imports of basic products (now being privatized), telecommunications (4 private ISP/telecom companies), and a wide range of other businesses. Beginning at the turn of the millennium the Seychelles Petroleum Company (SEPEC) started to develop the first fleet of modern Petroleum double-hull tankers (five vessels), which was completed by late 2007/early 2008 with the possibility to build more in the near future. The Seychelles President claims that this has opened the door to a new industry for his country and encourage economic growth by further removing over-reliance on traditional trades like fisheries and tourism which is now falling rapidly as the country's main income but nevertheless, has experienced significant growth in recent years. Growth slowed in [[1998]]–[[2001]], due to sluggish tourist and tuna sectors. Also, tight controls on exchange rates and the scarcity of foreign exchange have impaired short-term economic prospects. The [[black market]] value of the [[Seychellois rupee]] is anywhere from two thirds to one half the official exchange rate. The next few years were also a bit slow due to the worldwide economic downturn and the fear of flying brought on by September 11, 2001. More recently though, tourism has roared back at a record pace setting successive records in 2006 and again in 2007 for number of visitors. The increased availability of flights to and from the archipelego due in part to new entrants Emirates and Qatar airlines is also beginning to show. New 5 star properties and the devaluation of the currency by nearly 33% by the Seychelles Government is having a positive influence on the tourism sector as well. Both at official exchange rates and at [[purchasing power parity]] (PPP), Seychelles remains the second-richest territory in Africa in terms of [[GDP per capita]] (US$8,551 at real exchange rates and US$13,887 at PPP as of [[2005]]),<ref name=GDP>{{cite web|url=http://siteresources.worldbank.org/ICPINT/Resources/ICPreportprelim.pdf|title=2005 International Comparison Program|author=[[World Bank]]|accessdate=2008-04-07}}</ref> behind [[Réunion]] (US$19,233 at real exchange rates).<ref>{{fr_icon}} {{cite web|url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/insee_regions/reunion/rfc/docs/ter2007_11_1_resultats_economiques.pdf|title=11.1 - RÉSULTATS ÉCONOMIQUES|author=[[INSEE]] Réunion|accessdate=2008-04-07}}</ref>. However, in real terms it can be considered the richest independent African/Indian Ocean country as Reunion is a French dependent territory which is part of the EU and uses the Euro currency. Because of economic contraction (the economy declined by about 2% in 2004 and 2005 and lost another 1.4% in 2006 according to the IMF) the country was moving downwards in terms of per capita income; however, the economy came roaring back in 2007 growing by 5.3% due in part to the record tourism numbers, but also the booming building and offshore industries which also continue to set records. It is important to note that Seychelles is, per capita, the most highly indebted country in the world according to the [[World Bank]], with total public debt around 122.8% of GDP. Approximately two thirds of this debt is owed domestically, with the balance due to [[multilateral]]s, [[bilateral]]s, and [[commercial banks]]. Current external debt is estimated at 35.5% according to the IMF (2007). The country is in arrears to most of its international creditors and has had to resort to pledged commercial debt to continue to be able to borrow. This high debt burden is a direct consequence of the overvalued exchange rate — in essence, the country is living beyond its means, and financing its lifestyle by borrowing domestically and internationally. New detailed studies and exploration show that the Seychelles potentially have large off-shore petroleum reservoirs which is yet to be discovered. Seychelles is the smallest nation in the world issuing its own currency (i.e., not [[Fixed exchange rate|pegged]] to a foreign currency and not shared with any other country). == Demographics == {{main|Demographics of Seychelles}} {{seealso|Indo-Seychellois|Sino-Seychellois|Seychellois Creole People|Seychellois Creole|Franco-Seychellois}} [[Image:Victoria (Seychelles).jpg|thumb|Victoria, Seychelles.]] As the islands of the Seychelles had no indigenous population, the current Seychellois are composed of people who have immigrated to the island. The largest ethnic groups are those of [[France|French]], [[Africa]]n, [[India]]n, and [[overseas Chinese|Chinese]] descent. [[French language|French]] and [[English language|English]] are official languages along with [[Seychellois Creole]], which is primarily based upon French. Most Seychellois are [[Christianity|Christians]]; the [[Roman Catholic Church]] is the main denomination. == Culture == {{seealso|Religion in Seychelles|Women in Seychelles|Music of Seychelles}} Seychellois society is essentially [[matriarchal]].<ref name=cs>Tartter, Jean R. "Status of Women". [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/sctoc.html Indian Ocean country studies: Seychelles] (Helen Chapin Metz, editor). [[Library of Congress]] [[Federal Research Division]] (August 1994). ''This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the [[public domain]].''</ref><ref name=hr>[http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2007/100502.htm Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Seychelles (2007)] [[Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor]] ([[March 11]], [[2008]]). ''This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the [[public domain]].''</ref> Mothers tend to be dominant in the household, controlling most current expenditures and looking after the interests of the children.<ref name=cs/> [[Unwed mother]]s are the societal norm, and the law requires fathers to [[child support|support their children]].<ref name=hr/> Men are important for their earning ability, but their domestic role is relatively peripheral.<ref name=cs/> Older women can usually count on financial support from family members living at home or contributions from the earnings of grown children.<ref name=cs/> The state however, provides one of the best pension schemes in the developing world, which can rival many advanced nations and the country provides an unconditional social care for its most vulnerables (i.e. orphans, ageing and disabled population).{{Fact|date=June 2008}} The [[music of Seychelles]] is diverse. The [[folk music]] of the islands incorporates multiple influences in a syncretic fashion, including [[England|English]] [[contredanse]], [[polka]] and [[mazurka]], French folk and pop, [[sega music|sega]] from [[Mauritius]] and [[Réunion]], [[taarab]], [[soukous]] and other pan-African genres, and [[Polynesia]]n, [[India]]n and [[Arcadia]]n music. A complex form of [[percussion instrument|percussion]] music called [[contombley]] is popular, as is [[Moutya]], a fusion of native folk rhythms with [[Kenya]]n [[benga]] developed by [[Patrick Victor]]. As of 1992, some ninety percent of the population was [[Roman Catholic]] and approximately seven percent [[Anglican]]. Other religions have been introduced with Islam being one of the fastest growing. Traditionally, despite a greater connection with Great Britain ( i.e. in Education, which follows the GCSE and 'A' (advanced) Level curriculum and have a branch of The University of Manchester as one of its highest Educational Institutions and on many aspects of the Law) a British 'Sunday telegraph' travel journalist and many other notable foreign observers has stated that "the culture remains emphatically French" and about 70% of the population have a French sounding Family name, compared with only about 20% English sounding family names, the two are often mixed with the First name, such that you get an English first name and a French family name or vice-versa e.g. Jean-pierre Kingsmith. Most people are of mixed origins often of White Europeans with Black Africans, where the whites are mainly French and the Blacks are mainly East Africans. == Flora and fauna == {{main|Flora and fauna of Seychelles}} [[Image:Vallei de Moi.jpg|thumb|Vallée de Mai|upright|]] In common with many fragile island ecosysytems, the early human history of Seychelles saw the loss of biodiversity including the disappearance of most of the [[giant tortoises]] from the granitic islands, felling of coastal and mid-level forests and extinction of species such as the chestnut flanked white eye, the [[Seychelles Parakeet]] and the [[saltwater crocodile]]. However, extinctions were far fewer than on other islands such as [[Mauritius]] or [[Hawaii]], partly due to a shorter period of human occupation (since 1770). The Seychelles today is known for success stories in protecting its flora and fauna. The granitic islands of Seychelles are home to about 75 endemic plant species, with a further 25 or so species in the Aldabra group. Particularly well-known is the [[Coco de mer]], a species of palm that grows only on the islands of [[Praslin]] and neighbouring [[Curieuse]]. Sometimes nicknamed the 'love nut' because of its suggestive shape, the coco-de-mer is the world's largest seed. The [[jellyfish tree]] is to be found in only a few locations today. This strange and ancient plant has resisted all efforts to propagate it. Other unique plant species include the Wrights Gardenia found only on [[Aride]] Island Special Reserve. [[Image:Seychelles giant tortoise.jpg|thumb|Giant Tortoise (''[[Dipsochelys hololissa]]'')|upright]] The [[giant tortoise]]s from [[Aldabra]] now populate many of the islands of the Seychelles. The Aldabra population is the largest in the world. These unique reptiles can be found even in captive herds. It has been reported that the granitic islands of Seychelles supported distinct species of [[Seychelles giant tortoise]]s, the status of the different populations is currently unclear. Seychelles hosts some of the largest seabird colonies in the world. Islands such as Bird, [[Aride Island]], Cousin, [[Aldabra]] and [[Cosmoledo]] host many species of seabirds including the [[sooty tern]], fairy tern, white-tailed tropicbird, [[noddy (tern)|noddies]] and [[frigatebirds]]. [[Aride Island]] has more species of seabird and greater numbers than the other 40 granite islands combined including the world's largest colony of Audubon's Shearwater and Lesser Noddy. The marine life around the islands, especially the more remote coral islands, can be spectacular. More than 1000 species of fish have been recorded. Since the use of [[speargun]]s and [[dynamite]] for fishing was banned through efforts of local conservationists in the 1960s, the wildlife is unafraid of snorkelers and divers. [[Coral bleaching]] in 1998 has unfortunately damaged most reefs, but some reefs show healthy recovery (e.g. [[Silhouette Island]]. The reefs comprise a vast selection of soft corals and hard corals alike. There is great diving and snorkeling opportunity. The taking of marine turtles was completely stopped in 1994, turtle populations are now recovering on several protected islands, most notably [[Cousin Island]], [[Aride Island]], [[Silhouette Island]] and [[Aldabra]]. However, they continue to decline at unprotected sites. The use of gill nets for shark fishing as well as the practice of shark finning are now banned. ==Media and telecommunications== {{main|Media and telecommunications in Seychelles}} == See also == {{Seychelles topics}} == Further reading == * ''Aldabra'' Adrian Skerrett (Editor) * ''Berlitz Pocket Guide'' Adrian & Judith Skerrett * ''[http://www.amazon.com/Birds-Seychelles-Princeton-Field-Guides/dp/0691088632/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1204285329&sr=8-1 ]Birds of the Seychelles'' Adrian Skerrett, Ian Bullock, Tony Disley * ''Bradt travel Guide: Seychelles'' Lynnath Beckleya and Lyn Mair * ''The History of Slavery in Mauritius and the Seychelles, 1810-1875'' Moses D. E., Nwulia * ''Insight Guide: Mauritius, Réunion and Seychelles'' Emily Hatchwell * ''Insight Pocket Guide: Seychelles'' Judith & Adrian Skerrett * ''Journey through Seychelles'' Mohamed Amin, Duncan Willets, Adrian Skerrett, Judith Skerrett * ''Lonely Planet World Guide: Mauritius, Réunion and Seychelles'' Jan Dodd, Madeleine Philippe * ''Political Castaways'' Christopher Lee * ''The Seychelles'' Michael Friedel * ''Seychelles'' Vincenzo Paolillo * ''Seychelles: Garden of Eden in the Indian Ocean'' Sarah Carpin * ''Paradise Raped'' James R. Mancham * ''Seychelles: The New Era'' France Albert René * ''Seychelles, What Next?'' Alain St.Ange * ''Seychelles Since 1770: History of a Slave and Post-Slavery Society'' Deryck Scarr * ''Seychelles, In Search of Democracy'' Alain St.Ange & Bernard Georges * ''<nowiki>'</nowiki>Rivals in Eden' and 'Hard Times in Paradise<nowiki>'</nowiki>'' Bill McAteer * ''Seychelles, The Cry of A People'' Alain St.Ange ==References== <!-- ---------------------------------------------------------- See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Footnotes for a discussion of different citation methods and how to generate footnotes using the <ref>, </ref> and <reference /> tags ----------------------------------------------------------- --> {{reflist}} == External links == {{sisterlinks}} ===Government=== * [http://www.virtualseychelles.sc Virtual Seychelles] - Primary government of Seychelles portal. * [http://www.egov.sc Seychelles citizens information portal] * [http://www.moh.gov.sc Ministry of Health and Social Services of Seychelles] * [http://www.seychelles.travel seychelles.travel] The official site of the Seychelles Tourism Board. * [http://www.mfa.gov.sc Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Seychelles] * [http://www.siba.net Seychelles International Business Authority] * [http://www.sib.sc Seychelles Investment Bureau] * [http://www.cbs.sc Central Bank of Seychelles] ===News=== * [http://nation.sc The Seychelles Nation] - a government-supported daily newspaper. * [http://www.sbc.sc Seychelles Broadcasting Company] - the government-operated Radio & TV station. * [http://www.regar.sc The Regar] - opposition newspaper, extensive investigative journalism and expose's. * [http://www.seychellesweekly.com Le Nouveau Seychelles Weekly] * [http://www.thepeople.sc The People] - weekly newspaper. * [http://www.seychellesreview.com Seychelles Review] - weekly newspaper. * [http://www.seynews.com SeyNews] A user powered Seychelles community and news site. ===Tourism=== * [http://www.cousineisland.com Cousine Island - Seychelles Turtle Conservation Projects] * [http://www.islandconservationsociety.com Island Conservation Society] * [http://www.natureseychelles.org Seychelles Nature] A non-profit nature protection society. * [http://www.seybay.com Seychelles SeyBay] A non-profit website for Seychellois and Tourists. * [http://www.helicopterseychelles.com/video.html Videos about history and nature of Seychelles with aerial shots] * [http://www.sez.sc Seychelles] SEZ - Information. * {{wikitravel|Seychelles}} {{Template group |title = Geography |list = {{Countries of Africa}} {{Indian Ocean}} }} {{Template group |title = International organizations |list = {{Member states of the SADC}} {{Member states of the African Union}} {{La Francophonie}} {{Commonwealth of Nations}} }} <!--Interwiki--> <!--Categories--> [[Category:Seychelles| ]] [[Category:African Union member states]] [[Category:Archipelagoes]] [[Category:Members of the Commonwealth of Nations]] [[Category:Island countries]] [[Category:French-speaking countries]] [[Category:Global 200 ecoregions]] [[Category:English-speaking countries and territories]] {{Link FA|}} <!--Other languages--> [[af:Seychelle]] [[als:Seychellen]] [[am:ሲሸልስ]] [[ar:سيشيل]] [[an:Seychelles]] [[frp:Sêch·èles]] [[ast:Seychelles]] [[zh-min-nan:Sesel]] [[be-x-old:Сэйшэлы]] [[bs:Sejšeli]] [[br:Sechelez]] [[bg:Сейшели]] [[ca:Seychelles]] [[ceb:Seychelles]] [[cs:Seychely]] [[cy:Seychelles]] [[da:Seychellerne]] [[de:Seychellen]] [[dv:ސެސެލް]] [[et:Seišellid]] [[el:Σεϋχέλλες]] [[es:Seychelles]] [[eo:Sejŝeloj]] [[eu:Seychelleak]] [[fa:سیشل]] [[fr:Seychelles]] [[fy:Seysjellen]] [[ga:Na Séiséil]] [[gv:Ny h-Ellanyn Heshell]] [[gd:Na h-Eileanan Sheiseall]] [[gl:Seixeles - Seychelles]] [[ko:세이셸]] [[hi:सेशल्स]] [[hr:Sejšeli]] [[io:Seycheli]] [[bpy:সেইশেল দ্বীপপুঞ্জ]] [[id:Seychelles]] [[ie:Seychelles]] [[is:Seychelles-eyjar]] [[it:Seychelles]] [[he:סיישל]] [[pam:Seychelles]] [[kn:ಸೆಶೆಲ್ಸ್]] [[ka:სეიშელის კუნძულები]] [[kw:Seychellys]] [[sw:Shelisheli]] [[ht:Sechèl]] [[ku:Seyşelan]] [[la:Insulae Seisellenses]] [[lv:Seišelu Salas]] [[lb:Seychellen]] [[lt:Seišeliai]] [[lij:Seychelles]] [[ln:Seyshel]] [[hu:Seychelle-szigetek]] [[mk:Сејшели]] [[ml:സേഷെത്സ്]] [[ms:Seychelles]] [[nah:Seychelleh]] [[nl:Seychellen]] [[ja:セーシェル]] [[no:Seychellene]] [[nn:Seychellane]] [[nov:Seyshels]] [[oc:Seichèlas]] [[uz:Seychelles]] [[ps:سېچېلېس]] [[pms:Seychelles]] [[nds:Seychellen]] [[pl:Seszele]] [[pt:Seychelles]] [[crh:Seyşeller]] [[ro:Seychelles]] [[qu:Sichillakuna]] [[ru:Сейшелы]] [[se:Seychellsullot]] [[sa:सेशेल]] [[sq:Sejshelli]] [[simple:Seychelles]] [[sk:Seychely]] [[sl:Sejšeli]] [[sr:Сејшели]] [[sh:Sejšeli]] [[fi:Seychellit]] [[sv:Seychellerna]] [[tl:Seychelles]] [[ta:சேஷெல்ஸ்]] [[th:ประเทศเซเชลส์]] [[vi:Seychelles]] [[tg:Ҷазираҳои Сейшел]] [[tr:Seyşel Adaları]] [[uk:Сейшельські Острови]] [[ur:سیچیلیس]] [[vec:Seychelles]] [[vo:Säceluäns]] [[wo:Seysel]] [[ts:Seychelles]] [[diq:Seyşeli]] [[bat-smg:Seišielē]] [[zh:塞舌尔]]