Shadda 1663228 209643955 2008-05-02T06:43:48Z Obersachse 191890 [[Image:00-Taschdid.png|thumb]] '''[[Shadda]]''' ([[Arabic language|Arabic]] {{lang|ar|شَدَّةٌ}} ''{{ArabDIN|šaddatun}}'' "[sign of] emphasis", also called by the verbal noun to the same root, '''Tashdid''' {{lang|ar|تشديد}} ''{{ArabDIN|tašdīdun}}'' "emphasis"), is one of the diacritics ([[Harakat]]) used with the [[Arabic alphabet]], marking a long consonant ([[gemination|geminate]]). It is thus functionally equivalent to writing a consonant twice in the orthographies of languages like [[Latin]], [[Italian language|Italian]], [[Swedish language|Swedish]] and [[Ancient Greek]], and thus it is rendered in Latin script in most schemes of [[Arabic transliteration]], e.g. {{lang|ar|رُمَّان}} = ''{{ArabDIN|rummān}}'' "pomegranate". Consonant length in Arabic is contrastive: {{lang|ar|دَرَسَ}} ''{{ArabDIN|darasa}}'' means "he studied" while {{lang|ar|دَرَّسَ}} ''{{ArabDIN|darrasa}}'' means "he taught"; {{lang|ar|بَكَى صَبِيّ}} ''{{ArabDIN|baka ṣabiyy}}'' means "a youth cried" while {{lang|ar|بَكَى الصَّبِيّ}} ''{{ArabDIN|baka ṣṣabiyy}}'' means "the youth cried". A consonant may be long because of the form of the noun or verb, e.g. the causative form of the verb requires the 2nd consonant of the root to be long, as in ''{{ArabDIN|darrasa}}'' above, or by assimilation of consonants, for example the ''{{ArabDIN|l-}}'' of the [[Al-|Arabic definite article]] assimilates to all dental consonants, e.g. ''{{ArabDIN|(a)ṣṣabiyy}}'' instead of ''{{ArabDIN|(a)lṣabiyy}}'', or through haplology, that is, the elision of two identical consonants, for example {{lang|ar|أَقَلّ}} ''{{ArabDIN|ʾaqall}}'' "less, fewer" instead of {{lang|ar|أَقْلَل}} ''{{ArabDIN|ʾaqlal}}'', as compared to {{lang|ar|أَكْبَر}} ''{{ArabDIN|ʾakbar}}'' "greater". The syllable closing with the long consonant is made a long syllable. This affects both stress and prosody. Stress falls on the first long syllable from the end of the word, hence {{lang|ar|أَقَلّ}} ''{{ArabDIN|ʾaqáll}}'' (or, with [[i`rab]], ''{{ArabDIN|ʾaqállu}}'') as opposed to {{lang|ar|أَكْبَر}} ''{{ArabDIN|ʾákbaru}}'', {{lang|ar|مَحَبَّة}} {{Unicode|''maḥábba''}} "love, [[agape]]" as opposed to {{lang|ar|مَعْرِفَة}} ''{{ArabDIN|máʿrifa}}'' "[experiential] knowledge". In Arabic [[Verse (poetry)|verse]], when scanning the meter, the syllable closing with the long consonant is counted as long, just like any other syllable closing with a consonant or a syllable ending in a long vowel: {{lang|ar|أَلا تَمْدَحَنَّ}} ''{{ArabDIN|ʾalā tamdaḥanna}}'' "Will you not indeed praise...?" is scanned as ''{{ArabDIN|ʾa-lā tam-da-ḥan-na}}'': short, long, long, short, long, short. ==See also== * [[Harakat]] * [[Arabic alphabet]] [[Category:Arabic letters]] [[Category:Diacritics]] [[ar:شدة]] [[de:Taschdid]] [[ja:シャッダ]]