Shaving 155154 226028148 2008-07-16T14:37:01Z Wizard191 935746 added dab for metalworking process {{otheruses4|the use of a razor|the thin strip removed from the surface of a piece of [[wood]] by planing|Plane (tool)}} {{for|the metalworking process|Piercing (metalworking)#Shaving}} [[Image:AtTheCuttingEdge.jpg|thumb|280px|right|A man shaving his undercheek using a [[straight razor]].]] [[Image:Shaving2.jpg|thumb|right|280px|Closeup of a disposable razor shaving [[stubble]] off the underside of a chin. Note the direction of razor travel is the same as the direction of the stubble hairs.]] '''Shaving''' is the removal of hair, by using a sharp blade known as a [[razor]] or with any other kind of bladed implement, to slice it down to the level of the skin. Shaving is most commonly practiced by men to remove their facial hair and by women to remove their leg and underarm hair. A man is called ''clean-shaven'' if he has had his [[beard]] part removed.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/clean-shaven |title=Clean-shaven |publisher=|freedictionary.com |accessdate=2007-09-26}}</ref> Both men and women sometimes shave their facial hair, undercheek hair, [[chest hair]], [[abdominal hair]], [[leg hair]], [[underarm hair]], [[pubic hair]] or any other bodily hair.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://honeymoons.about.com/cs/femalebody1/a/BikiniWax.htm |title=What is a Bikini Wax? |author=Susan Breslow Sardone |publisher=about.com |accessdate=2007-09-26}}</ref> [[Head shaving]] is much more common among men. It is often associated with religious practice, the [[armed forces]] and some competitive sports such as [[swimming]] and [[extreme sports]]. It has become common for men with partial [[baldness]]. Head shaving has also been used to humiliate, punish and show submission to an authority.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/6375683.stm |title=Mark of a woman |author=Mark of a woman |publisher=BBC News |date=[[February 20]], [[2007]] |accessdate=2007-09-26}} |accessdate=2007-09-26}} (from internet archive)<</ref> In many societies there is a [[social stigma]] around the presence of perceptible beard growth on a woman and strong pressure to remove it. == History == [[Image:BattleofIssus333BC-mosaic-detail1.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Alexander the Great's shaven image on the [[Alexander Mosaic]], 2nd Century BC]] Before the advent of razors, some humans removed hair using two [[animal shell|shells]] to pull the hair out.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://web.archive.org/web/20061019123013/http://www.shaving.com/history/war.asp |title=The war against hair |publisher=shaving.com |accessdate=2007-09-26}}</ref> Later, around 3,000 BC, when [[copper]] tools were developed, humans developed copper razors. The idea of an [[aesthetic]] approach to [[personal hygiene]] may have begun at this time, though [[Ancient Egypt|Egypt]]ian [[priests]] may have practiced something similar to this earlier. [[Alexander the Great]] strongly promoted shaving during his reign in the [[4th century BC]]. == Shaving methods == Shaving can be done with a [[Razor#Straight razors|straight razor]] or [[Razor#Safety razors|safety razor]] (called 'manual shaving' or 'wet shaving') or an [[Razor#Electric razors|electric razor]] (called 'dry shaving'). If a manual wet razor is used, some lathering or lubricating agent such as [[shaving cream|cream]], soap, gel, foam or oil is normally applied to the area to be shaved first; this helps avoid a painful [[Shaving#Razor burn|razor burn]]. These lubricate the area to be shaved, moisturize the skin and lift, soften and swell the hairs. This enhances the cutting action and sometimes permits cutting the hairs deeper below the surface of the skin. === Wet shaving === [[Image:Saftey razor shaving kit.jpg|thumb|right|Safety razor, shaving brush and shaving soap. The brush is used to make lather from the soap.]] There are two types of manual razors: straight razor and safety razors. Safety razors are further subdivided into double-edged razors, injector razors, cartridge razors and disposable razors. Straight razors are still made today, notably by [[DOVO Solingen|Dovo]], Zowada Razors, [[Thiers Issard]], and Feather. Shaving with these razors requires some practice but one can pick up the art very quickly. Once it was more commonplace but now is seen mostly in use in barber shops wielded by a skilled [[barber]]. While straight razors did give a good shave, there was the task of sharpening and honing the razor from which the invention of the double-edged razor offered freedom.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.classicshaving.com/articles/article/590351/5693.htm |title=Safety Razors - What you need to know before you buy |publisher=Classic Shaving Guide |accessdate=2007-09-26}}</ref> Double-edge razors are also readily available and are still made by [[Merkur Solingen|Merkur]] in Germany, Antique [[Global Gillette|Gillette]], [[Wilkinson Sword]], [[Schick (razors)|Schick]], and Feather (a Japanese company). Double-edge razors are named so because the blade that they use has two sharp edges. Cartridge razors are the most expensive type as the blades are designed to only fit the razors of the manufacturer. Current multi-bladed cartridges claim to improve shaving and have seen a design war with manufacturers adding greater numbers of blades than competitors. However, there is a growing movement of men finding simpler is better, and are returning to traditional double edge razors with great success.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.badgerandblade.com |title=The largest online community devoted to traditional wet shaving |publisher=Badger and Blade |accessdate=2008-07-13}}</ref> Disposable razors are the cheapest available and have a simple handle built into the blade. Purchasers are not tied to a single manufacturer but can easily switch to cheaper or better brands thus keeping prices low. These methods can be used with disposable cartridges, disposable razors, safety razors and straight razors.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ftmguide.org/shaving.html |title=All About Shaving] Hudson's |publisher=FTM Resource Guide |accessdate=2007-09-26}}</ref> ==== Shave once method ==== References <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.health24.com/Man/Great_man_guides/748-3270-2890.asp |title=How to shave correctly |publisher=health24.com |accessdate=2007-09-26}}</ref> # Wet part of body to be shaved with warm or hot water<ref name="water">Hot water opens up the pores in the skin, making the hairs easier to cut. Cold water is used after shaving to reclose the pores, sealing in moisture. http://www.straightdope.com/mailbag/mshave.html</ref> # Apply shaving cream or lubricant # Shave once in direction of the hair [[nap]] (grain) (Use the fingers to detect the direction of nap by rubbing over the skin. One direction will feel more resistance than others, that direction is against the nap) # Rinse razor often # Rinse area of skin being shaved in cold water<ref name="water" /> # Apply aftershave if desired ==== Shave twice method ==== Some tough beards may get a closer shave by shaving again immediately after the first shave, but this time going in the direction across the grain or against the grain. (Some find that shaving against the grain leads to cuts, soreness and [[ingrown hair]]s.) # Omit the cold rinse and aftershave application after the first shave # Apply shaving cream or lubricant again # Shave again in direction against or across the grain. # Rinse area of skin being shaved in cold water<ref name="water" /> # Apply aftershave if desired ==== Shaving soap or cream ==== Shaving cream acts as a lubricant and a moisturizer, and also as an indicator of which areas have not been shaved.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.straightdope.com/mailbag/mshave.html |title=Shaving seminar: (a) With the grain or against it? (b) Hot water or cold? |publisher=The Straight Dope |accessdate=2007-09-26}}</ref> Shaving gels may dry out the skin. The modern shaving cream may be slightly more expensive but offers a more comfortable shave; they are often found to be enriched with aloe vera (soothing) and/or tea tree oil (natural [[antiseptic]]). A cheaper alternative is to use any soft soap and a brush with long soft bristles (called a [[Shaving brush]]). The soap is worked up into a foam by the brush, either against the face, in a [[Shaving mug]], bowl or [[Shaving scuttle|scuttle]]. ==== Aftershave ====<!-- This section is linked from [[The Lone Ranger]] --> {{main|Aftershave}} Many men use an aftershave lotion after they have finished shaving. It may contain an [[antiseptic]] agent such as [[isopropyl alcohol]] to prevent [[infection]] from cuts, a [[perfume]] to enhance scent, and a [[moisturizer]] to soften the facial skin. ==== Moisturizing the skin ==== One of the most overlooked aspects after shaving is moisturizing the skin. The skin ends up damaged and dry after shaving, so in order to give back its natural moisture levels moisturizer must be applied. It's better if the moisturizer has solar protection included, because the dryness and sun damage can lead to faster aging. === Electric shaving === [[Image:Philishave hq5426.jpg|thumb|A rotary design electrical shaver]] The [[Electric razor#Electric razors|electric razor]] consists of a set of oscillating or rotating blades, which are held behind a perforated metal foil that prevents them coming into contact with the skin. Bristles poke through holes in the foil and are sliced by the moving blades. In some designs the blades are a rotating cylinder, in others they are one or more rotating disks, and in others a set of oscillating blades. Each design has an optimum motion over the skin for the best shave and manufacturers provide guidance on this. Generally for circular blades it is a circular motion and for cylindrical or oscillating blades it is up and down. The first electric razor was built by Jacob Schick in 1928. The main disadvantages to electric shaving are that it is not as close as wet shaving and you need a source of electricity. The advantages are as follows: fewer cuts in the skin, no ingrown hairs ([[pseudofolliculitis barbae]], also called razor bumps), quicker shaving, no need for a water supply. Many pre- and post-electric lotions are sold but electric shaving does not usually require the application of any lubrication to be effective and can be done dry. There are special electrical razors available for use by women, but these are essentially no different from those made for men. ==== Shaving aids ==== Shaving without the aid of shaving cream, gel, soap, or oil is known as ''dry shaving''. Electric razors are typically used without external shaving aids, and were originally called ''dry shavers''. However, modern electric razors often lubricate the skin slightly, and pre-shave lotions which provide some lubrication without clogging electric razors are available. The removal of a full beard often requires the use of scissors or an electric (or beard) trimmer to reduce the mass of hair, simplifying the process. == Side effects of shaving == Shaving can have numerous side effects, including cuts, abrasions, and irritation. Many side effects can be minimized by using a fresh blade, applying plenty of lubrication, and avoiding pressing down with the razor. A shaving brush can also help. The cosmetic market in most developed consumer economies offers many products to reduce these effects; they commonly dry the affected area, and some also help to lift out the trapped hair(s). Some shavers choose to use only single-blade or wire-wrapped blades that shave farther away from the skin. Others have skin that cannot tolerate razor shaving at all; they use depilatory shaving powders to dissolve hair above the skin's surface. === Cuts === Cuts from shaving can bleed for about fifteen minutes (more if the victim is [[haemophilic]] and/or clot-inhibited by medications such as acetylsalicylic acid). Shaving cuts can be caused by blade movement parallel to the blade's cutting axis, or by regular / orthogonal shaving over prominent bumps on the skin (which the blade incises). Common methods used to stop shaving-induced bleeding include: (1) pressing any simple alcohol onto the cut until the bleeding stops (e.g. with a cotton swab); (2) placing a small piece of tissue or [[toilet paper]] onto the cut; (3) applying [[styptic pencil]]s and styptic liquids; and (4) placing a small amount of [[petroleum jelly]] on the cut after most of the bleeding has ended (which can stop the bleeding without forming a [[scab]]). Shaving in or just after a cold shower can help prevent bleeding as well, because blood flow to the skin is reduced in these conditions due to [[vasoconstrictor|vasoconstriction]] caused by the cold water. Shaving blade disposal in the era of safety razors and double-edged blades was a concern for a man's spouse and children who could easily take a casually cast blade into the garbage, and in the process of compressing or compacting the garbage, cut themselves seriously. In fact bathroom mirrored cabinets had blade slots manufactured into their chassis so that the dulled blades could be placed out of the hands of children by dropping the blades between the studs of the house wall framing, "out of sight out of mind". === Razor burn === ''Razor burn'' is an irritation of the skin caused by using a blunt blade or not using proper technique. It appears as a mild [[rash]] 2-4 days after shaving (once hair starts to grow through sealed skin) and usually disappears after a few hours to a few days, depending on severity. In severe cases, razor burn can also be accompanied by [[pseudofolliculitis barbae|razor bumps]], where the area around shaved hairs get raised red welts or infected [[pustules]]. A rash at the time of shaving is usually a sign of lack of lubrication. Razor burn is a common problem, especially among those who shave coarse hairs on areas with sensitive skin like the [[bikini line]], [[pubic hair]], [[armpit|underarms]], [[chest]], and [[beard]]. The condition can be caused by shaving too closely, shaving with a blunt blade, dry shaving, applying too much pressure when shaving, shaving too quickly or roughly, or shaving against the grain. Ways to prevent razor burn include keeping the face moist, using a shaving brush and lather, using a moisturizing shaving gel, shaving in the direction of the [[hair]] growth, resisting the urge to shave too closely, applying minimal pressure, avoiding scratching or irritation after shaving, avoiding irritating products on the shaved area ([[cologne]]s, [[perfume]]s, etc.) and using an [[aftershave]] cream with [[aloe vera]] or other [[emollient]]s.<ref>[http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/6886845/ How to Get That Perfect Shave]</ref> Also, it is good to prepare the skin for shaving by cleansing the area to be shaved with a face wash containing [[salicylic acid]], to facilitate the removal of oils and dead skin. Putting a warm, wet cloth on one's face helps as well, by softening hairs.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.razorburnrelief.com/preshave.html |title=Preshave |publisher=razorburnrelief.com |accessdate=2007-09-26}}</ref> Ways that may help heal and soothe razor burn include applying [[witch hazel (astringent)|witch hazel]], mild [[salicylic acid]] solutions, [[aloe vera]] gel or cold [[water]]. <ref>[http://www.rightshave.com/Home-Remedy-For-Razor-Burn.html Home Remedy for Razor Burn]</ref> === Razor bumps === {{main|pseudofolliculitis barbae}} Pseudofolliculitis barbae is a medical term for persistent inflammation caused by shaving. It is also known by the initials '''PFB''' or colloquial terms such as '''"razor bumps."''' == Shaving in religion == ===Christianity, Hinduism and Buddhism === [[Image:Tenzin Gyatzo foto 2.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Tenzin Gyatso]], the 14th Dalai Lama shows a shaved face and a shaved head.]] [[Tonsure]] is the practice of some [[Christian]] churches, and some [[Hindu]] and [[Buddhist]] (only monks or nuns) temples of shaving the hair from the scalp of priests as a symbol of their renunciation of worldly fashion and esteem. === Islam === Muslim men are discouraged from shaving their faces. Some legal schools include the moustache in this definition while others encourage the moustache to be shaved. [http://www.masud.co.uk/ISLAM/nuh/beard.htm] === Judaism === {{mainarticle|Shaving in Judaism}} [[Jew]]ish men are forbidden by the [[Torah]] to shave their facial hair with a [[razor]].<ref>[[Leviticus]] 19:27</ref> Whether it is permitted to shave with an electric razor is a matter of debate among Jewish legal decisors, but most are lenient.<ref>{{cite web | last = Heinemann | first = Moshe | title = Electric Shavers | url = http://www.star-k.org/kashrus/kk-mitzvos-shavers.htm | accessdate = December 2006 }}</ref> === Sikhism === Hair (known as Kesh) is one of the Five K’s which baptised [[Sikhs]] keep. It is a common belief among Sikhs (who have taken [[Khalsa]]) that it is forbidden to shave any body hair because God created the human body with hair, and it is against his will for them to remove it. One of the reasons Sikhs wear turbans is to cover their hair. Historically however, Sikhs were required to wear a turban and beard in India during moghul rule in order to be easily identifiable and to show that they would not only openly practise their religion in the face of religious persecution, but also afford protection to other Sikhs and Hindus seeking shelter from the Muslim rulers of the time. == See also == {{wikibooks|Shaving}} {{Illustrated Wikipedia|Facial Hair comic.jpg}} * [[Hair removal]] * [[Barber]] * [[Razor]]s * [[Leg shaving]] * [[Head shaving]] * [[Burma-Shave]] * [[Glabrousness]] * [[Pubic hair]] * [[Androgenic hair]] * [[Beard Liberation Front]] ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Depilation]] [[Category:Facial hair]] [[Category:Shaving| ]] [[cs:Holení]] [[da:Barbering]] [[de:Rasur]] [[es:Afeitado]] [[eo:Razado]] [[fr:Rasage]] [[it:Rasatura]] [[he:גילוח]] [[nl:Scheren]] [[ja:剃毛]] [[no:Barbering]] [[simple:Shaving]] [[sv:Rakning]]