Shetland 28916 226025238 2008-07-16T14:21:20Z 99.254.79.121 {{otheruses}} {{infobox Scotland council area| |Council= Shetland<br />''Sealtainn'' |common_name= Shetland |Image= [[Image:ScotlandShetlandIslands.png|200px]] |image_logo = Flag of Shetland.svg |logo = Flag of Shetland |logo_type = Flag |image_coat =Coat of arms of Shetland.jpg |SizeRank= 12th |Size= {{convert|1466|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} |Water= ? |AdminHQ= [[Lerwick]] |ISO= GB-ZET |ONS= 00RD |PopulationRank= 31st |PopulationDate= [[2004]] |Population= 21,940 |PopulationDensity= |CouncilDetails= Shetland Islands Council<br>http://www.shetland.gov.uk/ |Control= <!-- Edit (with refs per WP:VERIFY) at [[Template:Scottish council control]] --> |MPs= <ul><li>[[Alistair Carmichael]]</ul> |MSPs= <ul><li>[[Tavish Scott]]</ul> }} '''Shetland''' (formerly spelled '''Zetland''', from ''{{latinx|Ȝ}}etland''; [[Old Norse]] ''{{lang|non|Hjaltland}}''; {{lang-gd|Sealtainn}}<ref>It should be noted that there is no evidence of Gaelic as a community language in Shetland</ref>) is an [[archipelago]] off the northeast coast of mainland [[Scotland]]. The islands lie to the northeast of [[Orkney]], {{convert|280|km|mi|abbr=on|lk=on}} from the [[Faroe Islands]] and form part of the division between the [[Atlantic Ocean]] to the west and the [[North Sea]] to the east. The total area is approximately [[1 E9 m²|1,466 km²]] (566 [[Square mile|sq&nbsp;mi]]). Shetland constitutes one of the 32 [[council areas]] of Scotland. The islands' administrative centre and only [[burgh]] is [[Lerwick]]. The largest island, known as "[[Shetland Mainland|Mainland]]," has an area of 967 km² (374 sq&nbsp;mi), making it the third-largest [[List of islands of Scotland|Scottish island]] and the [[list of the British Isles by area|fifth-largest]] of the [[British Isles]]. Shetland is also a [[Lieutenancy areas of Scotland|lieutenancy area]], comprises the [[Shetland (Scottish Parliament constituency)|Shetland constituency]] of the [[Scottish Parliament]], and was formerly a [[counties of Scotland|county]]. ==History== ===Prehistory=== Shetland has been populated since at least 1500 BC.<ref>Nicolson, James R. (1972) ''Shetland''. Newton Abbott. David & Charles. p31.</ref> The early people subsisted on cattle-farming and agriculture. During the [[Bronze Age]], around 2000 BC, the climate cooled and the population moved to the coast. During the [[Iron Age]], many stone fortresses were erected, some ruins of which remain today. Around A.D. 297, Roman sources describe a people known as the [[Picts]] who ruled much of north [[Scotland]], and Shetland eventually became part of the Pictish kingdom. Shetland's Picts were later conquered by the [[Vikings]]. Due to the practice, dating to at least the early Neolithic, of building in stone on the virtually tree-less islands, Shetland is extremely rich in physical remains of all these periods,{{Fact|date=August 2007}} though fewer are preserved as Ancient Monuments than in [[Orkney]]. The artefacts of all the eras of Shetland's past are best studied by a visit to the newly built (2007) Shetland Museum in [[Lerwick]]. ===Norwegian colonisation=== [[Image:Flateyjarbok Haraldr Halfdan.jpg|thumb|Harald Hårfagre took control of Hjaltland in ca 875. <br><small>The image is from the Icelandic manuscript [[Flateyjarbók]] from the 1400s</small>]] By the end of the ninth century the Vikings shifted their attention from plundering to invasion, mainly due to the overpopulation of [[Norway]] in comparison to resources and arable land available there. Vikings colonised much of northern Europe, including Normandy, England, Scotland, Shetland, [[Orkney]], the [[Hebrides]], the [[Isle of Man]], the [[Faroe Islands]], [[Iceland]] and [[Greenland]], and subsequently [[Vinland|North America]]. The Norwegians tended to follow a northern route to the islands and less populous places whereas the [[Danes]] went to more populated areas such as [[England]] and [[France]], and the [[Swedish people|Swedes]] went east.<ref> James Graham-Campbell: Cultural Atlas of the Viking World, 1999. Page 38. ISBN 0816030049 </ref> ''Hjaltland'' was colonised by Norwegian Vikings in the 9th century, the existing indigenous population no doubt being wiped out or driven out. The ''colonisers'' gave it that name and established their laws and language. That language evolved into the [[West Norse|West Nordic]] language [[Norn language|Norn]], which survived into the 1800s. After [[Harald Hårfagre]] took control of all Norway, many of his opponents fled, some to Orkney and Shetland. From these [[Northern Isles|northern isles]] they continued to raid Scotland and Norway, prompting Harald Hårfagre to raise a large fleet which he sailed to the islands. In about [[875]] he and his forces took control of Shetland and Orkney. [[Ragnvald Eysteinsson|Ragnvald, Earl of Møre]] received Orkney and Shetland as an earldom from the king as reparation for his son's being killed in battle in Scotland. Ragnvald gave the earldom to his brother [[Sigurd Eysteinsson|Sigurd the Mighty]]. Shetland was [[Christianity|Christianised]] in the tenth century. === Conflict with Norway === [[Image:Sverrir by Arbo.jpg|thumb|King Sverre transferred Shetland from the earl to the Crown of Norway in 1195. <br><small>Image: The oil painting '''''King Sverre's march over the Vossefjell''''' by [[Peter Nicolai Arbo]].</small>]] In 1194 when king [[Sverre Sigurdsson]] (ca [[1145]] - [[1202]]) ruled Norway and [[Harald Maddadsson]] was Earl of Orkney and Shetland, the Lendmann Hallkjell Jonsson and the Earl's brother-in-law Olav raised an army called the [[eyjarskeggjar]] on Orkney and sailed for Norway. Their pretender king was Olav's young foster son [[Sigurd Magnusson|Sigurd]], son of king [[Magnus Erlingsson]]. The eyjarskeggjar were beaten in the [[battle of Florvåg]] near [[Bergen]]. The body of Sigurd Magnusson was displayed for the king in Bergen in order for him to be sure of the death of his enemy, but he also demanded that Harald Maddadsson (Harald jarl) answer for his part in the uprising. In 1195 the earl sailed to Norway to reconcile with King Sverre. As a punishment the king placed the earldom of Shetland under the direct rule of the king, from which it was probably never returned. ===Increased Scottish interest=== [[Image:HakonTheOldAndSon-Flateyjarbok.jpg|thumb|left|After defending the Hebrides, Håkon IV Håkonsson dies in Kirkwall the same year. <br><small>Image from the Icelandic manuscript [[Flateyjarbók]] from the 1400s</small>]] When [[Alexander III of Scotland]] turned twenty-one in 1262 and became of age he declared his intentions of continuing the aggressive policy his father had begun towards the western and northern isles. This had been put on hold when his father had died thirteen years earlier. Alexander sent a formal demand to the Norwegian King [[Håkon Håkonsson]]. After decades of civil war, Norway had achieved stability and grown to be a substantial nation with influence in Europe and the potential to be a powerful force in war. With this as a background, King Håkon rejected all demands from the Scottish. The Norwegians regarded all the islands in the North Sea as part of the Norwegian Realm. To put more weight on his answer King Harald activated the [[leidang]] and set off from Norway in a fleet which is said to have been the largest ever assembled in Norway. The fleet met up in ''Breideyarsund'' in Shetland (probably today's [[Bressay Sound]]) before the king and his men sailed for Scotland and made landfall on [[Isle of Arran]]. The aim was to conduct negotiations with the large army as a backup. Alexander III drew out all negotiations while he patiently waited for the autumn storms to set in. Finally, after tiresome diplomatic talks, King Håkon lost his patience and decided to attack. At the same time a large storm set in which destroyed several of his ships and kept others from making landfall. The [[Battle of Largs]] in October 1263 was not decisive and both parties claimed victory, but King Håkon Håkonsson's position was hopeless. On [[5 October]], he returned to Orkney with a discontented army where he died of a fever on [[17 December]] [[1263]]. His death halted any further Norwegian expansion in Scotland. King [[Magnus Lagabøte]] broke with his father's expansion policy. He started negotiations with Alexander III. With the [[Treaty of Perth]] in 1266 he surrendered furthest Norwegian possessions including [[Isle of Man|Man]] and the Sudreyar ([[Hebrides]]) to Scotland in return for 4000 marks sterling and an annuity of 100 marks. The Scottish also recognised the Norwegian sovereignty over Orkney and Shetland. One of the main reasons behind the Norwegian desire for peace with Scotland was that trade with England was suffering from the state of war. In the new trade agreement between England and Norway in 1223 the English demanded Norway make peace with Scotland. In 1269, this agreement was expanded to include mutual free trade. ===Pawned to Scotland=== [[Image:Christian 1 of Denmark.jpg|thumb|left|[[Christian I of Norway|King Christian I]] pawned the islands to pay a dowry. <br><small>Illustration from the book ''Nordens Historie'' from 1887 by [[Niels Bache]]</small>]] In the 14th century Norway still treated Orkney and Shetland as a Norwegian province, but Scottish influence was growing, and in 1379 the Scottish earl [[Henry Sinclair]] took control of Orkney on behalf of the Norwegian king [[Håkon VI of Norway|Håkon VI Magnusson]].<ref>Julian Richards, ''Vikingblod'', page 235, Hermon Forlag, ISBN 8283200165 </ref> In 1348 Norway was severely weakened by the [[Black Plague]] and in 1397 it entered the [[Kalmar Union]]. With time Norway came increasingly under [[Denmark|Danish]] control. King [[Christian I of Norway|Christian I]] of Denmark and Norway was in financial troubles and, when his daughter Margaret became engaged to [[James III of Scotland]] in 1468, he needed money to pay her [[dowry]]. Apparently without the knowledge of the Norwegian [[Riksråd]] (Council of the Realm) he entered into a contract on 8 September 1468 with the King of Scotland in which he pawned Orkney for 50,000 Rhenish [[Rhenish gulden|guilder]]s.<!-- see: de:Gulden# (Rheinischer Münzverein) --><ref> [http://www.rosslyntemplars.org.uk/orkney&shetland.htm Acquisition of Orkney and Shetland 1468-9]</ref> On 28 May the next year he also pawned Shetland for 8,000 Rhenish guilders.<ref> [http://www.ub.uib.no/avdeling/spes/diplom/1509.htm University Library, University in Bergen: Article on Shetland {{no icon}}]</ref>. He secured a clause in the contract which gave future kings of Norway the right to redeem the islands for a fixed sum of 210 kg of gold or 2,310 kg of silver. Several attempts were made during the 17th and 18th centuries to redeem the islands, without success.<ref> [http://universitas.uio.no/Arkiv/1996/16okt96/norsk.htm Universitas, Norsken som døde (Norwegian article on the history of the islands) {{no icon}}]</ref> Following a legal dispute with [[William James Douglas, 10th Earl of Morton|William, Earl of Morton]], who held the estates of Orkney and Shetland, [[Charles II of England|Charles II]] ratified the pawning document by an [[1669 Act for annexation of Orkney and Shetland to the Crown|Act of Parliament]] on [[December 27]], [[1669]] which officially made the islands a [[Crown dependency]] and exempt from any "''dissolution of His Majesty’s lands''". In 1742 a further Act of Parliament returned the estates to a later Earl of Morton however, the original act of Parliament specifically ruled that any future act regarding the islands status would be "''considered null, void and of no effect''". In [[December]] [[2006]] the [[Commonwealth Magistrates and Judges Association]] examined the matter and found the islands status may need to be decided in an international court of law.{{Fact|date=July 2008}} [[Image:James III and Margaret of Denmark.jpg|thumb|200px|James III and Margaret, their betrothal led to Shetland passing from Norway to Scotland]] ===The Hansa era=== After the decline of the Vikings, four centuries followed where the Shetlanders sold their goods through the [[Hanseatic League]] of German merchantmen in Bergen, and later to merchants from [[Bremen (city)|Bremen]], [[Lübeck]] and [[Hamburg]]. The Hansa would buy shiploads of salted [[Atlantic cod|cod]] and [[Common ling|ling]]. In return, the island population got cash, [[grain]], [[cloth]], [[beer]] and other goods. The trade with the North German towns lasted until the [[Act of Union 1707]] prohibited the German merchants from trading with Shetland. Briefly Shetland went into an economic depression as the Scottish and local traders were not as skilled in trading with salted fish. However, some local merchant-lairds took up where the German merchants had left off, and fitted out their own ships to export Shetland fish to the Continent. For the independent farmers of Shetland this led to a negative spiral, where they had to fish for the merchant-lairds.<ref>[http://www.visitshetland.com/about-shetland/history/ Visit Shetland history page]</ref>. The [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberal]] prime minister [[William Ewart Gladstone]] freed the Shetland 'serfs' from the rule of the landlords in the 1880s. ===Napoleonic wars=== Some 3000 Shetlanders served in the [[Royal Navy]] during the [[Napoleonic wars]] from 1800 to 1815.{{Fact|date=April 2007}} ===World War II=== During [[World War II]] a Norwegian naval unit nicknamed the Shetland Gang or the [[Shetland bus]] was established by the [[Special Operations Executive]] Norwegian Section in the autumn of 1940 with a base first at Lunna and later in [[Scalloway]] in order to conduct operations on the coast of Norway. About 30 fishing vessels used by Norwegian refugees were gathered in Shetland. Many of these vessels were rented, and Norwegian fishermen were recruited as volunteers to operate them. The Shetland Gang sailed in covert operations between Norway and Shetland, carrying men from [[Company Linge]], intelligence agents, refugees, instructors for the resistance, and military supplies. Many people on the run from the Germans, and much important information on German activity in Norway, were brought back to the Allies this way. Some mines were laid and direct action against German ships was also taken. At the start the unit was under a British command, but later Norwegians joined in the command. The fishing vessels made 80 trips across the sea. German attacks and bad weather caused the loss of 10 boats, 44 crewmen, and 60 refugees. Because of the high losses it was decided to procure faster vessels. The [[USA|Americans]] gave the unit the use of three submarine chasers ([[HNoMS Hessa|HNoMS ''Hessa'']], [[HNoMS Hitra|HNoMS ''Hitra'']] and [[HNoMS Vigra|HNoMS ''Vigra'']]). None of the trips with these vessels incurred loss of life or equipment.<ref>[http://web.hist.uib.no/digitalskolen/gammel_motstand/Shetlandsgjengen.htm University in Bergen, Historical institute page on the Shetland Gang{{no icon}}]</ref> The Shetland Gang made over 200 trips across the sea and the most famous of the men, [[Leif Andreas Larsen]] (Shetlands-Larsen) made 52 of them.<ref>[http://www.kulturnett.no/hordaland/kulturminner/kulturminne.jsp?id=T8461534&lang=no_NO Kulturnett Hordaland page on Shetlands-Larsen{{no icon}}]</ref> ===Shetland today=== In the early 1970s, oil and gas were found off Shetland. The [[East Shetland Basin]] is one of the largest petroleum sedimentary basins in Europe and the oil extracted there is sent to the terminal at [[Sullom Voe]] (Norse: ''Solheimavagr''). Sullom Voe terminal opened in 1978 and is the largest oil export harbour in the [[United Kingdom]] with a volume of 25 million tons per year. Income from oil, and the improved economic state that oil-related development has brought, has resulted in reduced emigration and vastly improved infrastructure throughout Shetland, leading to an improved quality of life. As a result of the oil revenue and the cultural links with Norway, a small independence movement developed briefly within Shetland. It saw as its model the [[Isle of Man]], as well as its closest neighbour, [[Faroe]], an autonomous dependency of [[Denmark]] <ref>[http://www.newstatesman.com/200704020064 New Statesman - Independence thinking<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>. ===Timeline=== {| class="wikitable" !Year !!Event |- |[[3000 BC]] || First sign of settlement |- |[[297|297 AD]] || Roman sources mention the Picts |- |[[875]] || [[Harald Hårfagre]] took control of the islands |- |[[1195]] || [[Harald Maddadsson]] lost the earldom of Shetland and the islands are put directly under the Norwegian king [[Sverre of Norway|Sverre Sigurdsson]] |- |[[1379]] || The Scottish earl [[Henry Sinclair]] took control of Orkney on behalf of the Norwegian king [[Håkon VI of Norway|Håkon VI Magnusson]] |- |[[1469]] || [[Christian I]] pawned Shetland to the Scottish king [[James III of Scotland|James III]] |- |1700-1760 || [[Smallpox]] hit the islands hard |- |1700s || [[Norn language]] gradually dies out |- |[[1707]] || The [[German merchants]] lost their trading rights in Shetland |- |[[1708]] || Capital moved from [[Scalloway]] to [[Lerwick]] |- |[[1861]] || 32,000 inhabitants |- |1880s || [[William Ewart Gladstone]] freed the [[serfdom|serfs]] |- |[[1940]] || [[Shetland bus]] established by the [[Special Operations Executive]] |- |[[1961]] || 17&nbsp;814 inhabitants |- |[[1969]] || Shetland marks 500 years under both Norwegian and Scottish rule |- |[[1975]] || [[Lerwick Town Council]] and [[Zetland County Council]] merged to [[Shetland Islands Council]] |- |[[1978]] || Oil terminal in [[Sullom Voe]] opened |- |[[2001]] || 21&nbsp;990 inhabitants |- |[[2005]] || [[Lord Lyon King of Arms]], the heraldic authority of Scotland, approved the blue and white flag of Shetland as an official flag |} ==Culture== The main cultural influences on Shetland are Scandinavian and British (especially Scottish) but North Sea and North Atlantic commerce have ensured various other influences. Shetland's fiddle music is a blend of ancient Norwegian folk music, Scots reels, jigs and slow airs, and tunes brought home by sailors from Ireland, Germany, North America and even Greenland. Notable exponents of Shetland folk music include [[fiddle]] players, the late [[Tom Anderson (fiddler)|Tom Anderson]] and [[Aly Bain]], and the [[guitar]]ist, the late [[Peerie Willie Johnson]]. The landscape and the light found in Shetland have been an inspiration to many [[artist]]s in the fields of painting, drawing and sculpturing, both local and from elsewhere. There are several local art galleries. As with other Scottish dialects, the Shetland dialect, a mixture of old English, Scots and Norse words, was actively discouraged in schools, churches and civic life until the late twentieth century, but has since then been restored as a language of culture. It is used both in local radio and dialect writing, kept alive by the [[Shetland Folk Society]] and the quarterly [[New Shetlander]] magazine.<ref>[http://www.visitshetland.com/about-shetland/culture/ Visit Shetland page on culture]</ref> [[Up Helly Aa]] is any of a variety of fire festivals held in Shetland annually in the middle of winter. The festival is just over 100 years old in its present, highly organised form. Originally a temperance festival held to break up the long nights of winter the festival has become one celebrating the isles heritage and includes a procession of men dressed as Vikings, the burning of a replica [[longship]] and copious amounts of alcohol. The main Up Helly Aa in Lerwick bars women from taking part in the processions of guizers. Instead, women prepare food for the big night.<ref>[http://www.visitshetland.com/events/up-helly-aa-event/ Visit Shetland page on Up Helly Aa]</ref> Shetland competes in the bi-annual [[International Island Games Association|Island Games]], which it hosted in 2005. ===Language=== {{main|Norn language|Shetlandic|Pictish language}} [[Image:Faroe stamp 047 europe (jakob jakobsen).jpg|thumb|right|140px|[[Jakob Jakobsen]] was a [[Faroes]]e linguist and leading documentarist of [[Norn language|Norn]]]] The [[Pictish language]] died out during the Viking occupation to be replaced by [[Old Norse language|Old Norse]], which in turn evolved into [[Norn language|Norn]]. This remains the most prominent remnant of Norse culture on the islands. Almost every place name in use there can be traced back to the Vikings.<ref>Julian Richards, ''Vikingblod'', page 236, Hermon Forlag, ISBN 8283200165 </ref> Norn continued to be spoken until the 18th century when it was replaced by an insular dialect of [[Scots language|Scots]] also known as [[Shetlandic]], which in turn is being replaced by [[Scottish English]]. However, the legacy of Norn remains in a number of words, making the Shetland dialect a distinctive form of Scots. The use of dialect was actively discouraged in schools, churches and civic life throughout Scotland until the late 20th century but islanders now take a pride in their native speech. Efforts are made to retain the use of the dialect and counter influence from English. Although Norn was spoken for hundreds of years it is now extinct and few written sources remain. {{-}} Example of the [[Lord's Prayer]] in Shetland Norn: {{col-begin}} {{col-3}} '''[[Shetland]] Norn''' : ''Fy vor or er i Chimeri.'' : ''Halaght vara nam dit.'' : ''La Konungdum din cumma.'' : ''La vill din vera guerde'' : ''i vrildin sin da er i chimeri. : ''Gav vus dagh u dagloght brau.'' : ''Forgive sindorwara sin vi forgiva gem ao sinda gainst wus.'' : ''Lia wus ikè o vera tempa, but delivra wus fro adlu idlu.'' : ''For do i ir Kongungdum, u puri, u glori, Amen'' {{col-3}} '''Translation to modern [[Norwegian language|Norwegian (nynorsk)]]''' : ''Far vår som er i himmelen!'' : ''Heilagt skal namnet ditt vera.'' : ''Lat kongedømet ditt koma.'' : ''Lat viljen din verta gjort'' : ''på jorda som i himmelen.'' : ''Gjev oss i dag vårt daglege brød.'' : ''Forlat syndene våre, som vi òg forlèt dei som har synda mot oss.'' : ''Lei oss ikkje ut i freisting, men frels oss frå alt ille.'' : ''For kongedømet er ditt, og makta og æra i all æve. Amen.'' {{col-3}} '''Old Norse version''' : ''Faþer vár es ert í himenríki,'' : ''verði nafn þitt hæilagt'' : ''Til kome ríke þitt,'' : ''værði vili þin'' : ''sva an iarðu sem í himnum.'' : ''Gef oss í dag brauð vort dagligt'' : ''Ok fyr gefþu oss synþer órar,'' : ''sem vér fyr gefom þeim er viþ oss hafa misgert'' : ''Leiðd oss eigi í freistni,'' : ''heldr leys þv oss frá öllu illu.'' {{col-end}} {{col-begin}} {{col-3}} '''English version (not literal translation)''' : ''Our Father in heaven,'' : ''Hallowed be your name,'' : ''Your kingdom come,'' : ''Your will be done,'' : ''On earth as in heaven.'' : ''Give us today our daily bread.'' : ''Forgive us our sins as we forgive those who sin against us.'' : ''Save us from the time of trial,'' : ''And deliver us from evil.'' : ''For the kingdom, the power, and the glory are yours,'' : ''Now and forever. Amen.'' {{col-end}} For comparison to Orkney Norn and other languages please see: [[The Lord's Prayer in different languages]]. ====Name==== The original Norse name for Shetland was ''Hjaltland''. ''Hjalt'' in [[Old Norse]] meaning the [[hilt]] or cross[[Guard (weapon)|guard]] of a sword. As the local language evolved the ''ja'' became ''je'' as with Norse hjalpa which became hjelpa. Then the pronunciation of the combination of the letters ''hj'' changed to ''sh''. This is also found in some Norwegian dialects in for instance the word hjå (with) and the place names [[Hjerkinn]] and [[Sjoa]] (from ''*Hjó''). Lastly the ''l'' before the ''t'' disappeared.<ref>[http://www.xn--sprkrdet-c0ac.no/Leik/Ord_4/Stadnamn_paa_-a,_hjalt,_Leirv/ Norwegian language council: Placenames with -a, hjalt, Leirvik, vin in placenames{{no icon}}]</ref>. As Norn was gradually replaced by Scots ''Shetland'' became ''{{latinx|Ȝ}}etland'' (the initial letter being the [[Middle Scots]] letter, ''[[yogh]]'' (which can also be found in the name Menzies, e.g. [[Menzies Campbell]].) This sounded almost identical to the original Norn sound, /hj/). When the letter ''yogh'' was discontinued, it was often replaced by the similar-looking letter '[[z]]', hence ''Zetland'', the mis[[pronounce]]d form used to describe the pre-[[1975]] [[Traditional counties of Scotland|county council]]. The earliest recorded name for the islands was ''Inse Catt'', "islands of the Cat people": the same people that [[Caithness]] is named after. ====Norse names==== The old Norse names of the principal islands were: *Hjaltland (Mainland) *Jell (Yell) - might be pre-Norse Pictish *Unst - might be pre-Norse Pictish *Fetlar - might be pre-Norse Pictish *Hvalsey (Whalsay) - literally ''whale island'' (Hvalsøy/Kvalsøy in modern Norwegian) *Brusey (Bressay) - most likely named after a Norse nobleman ''Bruse'' *Fugley (Foula) - literally ''bird<nowiki>'</nowiki>s island'' (Fugløy in modern Norwegian) *Frjóey (Fair Isle) - literally ''fertile island'' (Froøy/Fræøy in modern Norwegian) === Shetland on film=== [[Michael Powell (director)|Michael Powell]] made ''[[The Edge of the World]]'' in [[1937]]. This film is a dramatisation based on the true story of the evacuation of the last thirty-six inhabitants of the remote island of [[St Kilda, Scotland|St Kilda]] on [[29 August]] [[1930]]. St Kilda lies in the [[Atlantic Ocean]], 64 kilometres west-northwest of [[North Uist]] in the Outer [[Hebrides]]; the inhabitants spoke [[Scottish Gaelic language|Gaelic]]. Powell was unable to get permission to film on St. Kilda. Undaunted, he made the film over four months during the summer of [[1936]] on the island of [[Foula]], in the Shetland Isles. The film transposes these events to one of the islands of Shetland. 40 years later, the documentary ''[[The Edge of the World#Return to the Edge|Return To The Edge Of The World]]'' ([[1978]]) was filmed, capturing a reunion of cast and crew of the film as they visited the island. A number of other films have been made on or about Shetland: * {{imdb title|id=0419101|title=The Rugged Island: A Shetland Lyric (1934)}} * [http://www.screenonline.org.uk/film/id/711399/index.html A Crofter's Life in Shetland] ([[1932]]) * ''[[Devil's Gate (film)|Devil's Gate]]'' ([[2003]]). * ''[[It's Nice Up North]]'' ([[2006]]) comedy documentary by [[Graham Fellows]] as John Shuttleworth. ===Shetland in Literature=== *[[Raman Mundair]], 'A Choreographer's Cartography', [[Peepal Tree Press]], Leeds, 2007, ISBN13: 9781845230517 The first section of this book - 60 degrees north - is a series of poems, some in Shetland dialect, that reflect the poet's experiences of Shetland and offers a unique British Asian perspective to the landscape. ===Churches=== [[Image:Haroldswick Methodist Church.jpg|thumb|right|220px|[[Haroldswick]] Methodist Church is the most northerly church building in the UK. It was designed by Frank A Robertson.]] There are churches of many different denominations in Shetland, with the largest variety found in Lerwick. Unlike much of Scotland, the [[Methodist Church of Great Britain|Methodist Church]] has a relatively high membership in Shetland. Shetland comprises a District of the Methodist Church (the rest of Scotland comprises a separate District). The [[Church of Scotland]] has a [[Presbyterian polity|Presbytery]] of Shetland; the largest congregation is [[Lerwick and Bressay Parish Church]].{{Fact|date=October 2007}} == Geography == [[Image:Crossbeddingbressay.jpg||thumb|left|250px|A fine example of [[cross-bedding]] in Middle [[Old Red Sandstone]] on the Isle of [[Bressay]].]] Out of the approximately 100 islands, only fifteen are inhabited. The main island of the group is known as [[Shetland Mainland|Mainland]]. The other inhabited islands are: [[Bressay]], [[Burra]], [[Fetlar]], [[Foula]], [[Muckle Roe]], [[Papa Stour]], [[Trondra]], [[Vaila]], [[Unst]], [[Whalsay]], [[Yell (island)|Yell]] in the main Shetland group, plus [[Fair Isle]] to the south, and [[Housay]] and [[Bruray]] in the [[Out Skerries]] to the east (see below). [[Image:Wfm shetland map.png|thumb]] For a more complete list of islands, see [[List of Shetland islands]]. [[Fair Isle]] lies approximately halfway between Shetland and Orkney, but it is administered as part of Shetland and is often counted as part of the island group. The [[Out Skerries]] lie east of the main group. Due to the islands' [[latitude]], on clear winter nights the [[aurora borealis]] or 'northern lights' can sometimes be seen in the sky, while in summer there is almost perpetual daylight, a state of affairs known locally as the 'simmer dim'. {{infobox Scotland county | |County= Zetland |Image= <!--[[Image:ShetlandTraditional.png|230px]]--> |SizeRank= 15th |Size= 352,876 acres |Water= ? |CountyTown= [[Lerwick]] |ChapmanCode=SHI }} ===Climate=== Shetland has a Maritime Subarctic climate. The climate all year round is mild due to the influence of the relative warmth of the surrounding seas, the surface temperature of which falls to 5°C in early March and peaks at 13 to 14°C in late August. However, summers are cool and temperatures over 21°C are rare. The warmest month on record was August 1947, when the average maximum temperature was 17.2°C. The general character of the climate is windy and cloudy with at least 1mm of rain falling on about 200 days a year. Average yearly [[Precipitation (meteorology)|precipitation]] at Lerwick is 1238 mm, with November and December the wettest months, together receiving about a quarter of annual precipitation. Snowfall can occur at any time from July to early June although it seldom lies on the ground for more than a day. Less rain falls from April to August although no month receives less than 50mm. [[Fog]] is common in the east of the islands during summer due to the cooling effect of the sea on mild southerly airflows. There is a wide variation in daylength during the course of the year due the islands' northerly location. On the shortest day at the [[winter solstice]] sunlight lasts 3 hours and 45 minutes and this stretches to 23 hours at the summer solstice, with twilight occupying the remainder of the time. However, the remoteness of the islands from warm and dry airflows means that all months are cloudy. Annual sunshine hours average 1065 hours or about 25% daytime so fine days are rare and overcast days are common.<ref>UK Meteorological Office, www.meto.gov.uk</ref> {| class="wikitable" |Average maximum temperature coldest month |4.9 °C (February) |- |Average maximum temperature warmest month |14 °C (August) |- |Number of days with air frost |33 days |- |Annual precipitation |1037 mm |- |Number of days a year with snowfall |60 days |- |Number of days a year with rain or showers |285 days |} <ref>[http://www.visitshetland.com/about-shetland/climate/ Shetlands tourist agency climate page], accessed [[19 April]] [[2007]]</ref> ===Flora=== The landscape in Shetland is marked by the grazing of [[sheep]] and the rarity of [[tree]]s. The flora is dominated by Arctic-alpine plants, wild flowers, [[moss]] and [[lichen]]. ===Fauna=== Shetland is the site of one of the largest bird colonies in the North Atlantic, home to more than one million birds. Most birds are found in colonies on [[Hermaness]], [[Foula]], [[Mousa]], [[Noss]], [[Sumburgh Head]] and [[Fair Isle]]. Some of the birds found on the islands are [[Atlantic Puffin]], [[Storm-petrel]], [[Northern Lapwing]] and [[Winter Wren]]. Many [[arctic]] birds spend the winter on Shetland and among those are [[Whooper Swan]] and [[Great Northern Diver]]. The Shetland Isles are also the home of the [[Shetland Sheepdog]] or 'Sheltie' which is a small, robust but graceful dog. The geographical isolation and recent glacial history of Shetland have resulted in a depleted mammalian fauna. The wood mouse (''[[Apodemus sylvaticus]]'' L.), along with the brown rat (''[[Rattus norvegicus]]'' Berkenhout) and the house mouse (''[[Mus musculus]] domesticus'' Schwartz & Schwartz), are the only recorded types of rodent present on the island. Based largely on morphological studies of [[epigenetic]] variations, the source of the original founding population has been attributed to [[Norway]] with the most obvious date of introduction being presumed to be around the 9th century AD with the arrival of the [[Vikings]]. However, archaeological evidence now suggests that this species was present during the Middle [[Iron Age]] (around 200 BC - AD 400), and one theory proposes that ''Apodemus'' was in fact introduced from [[Orkney]] where a population had existed since at the least the [[Bronze Age]].<ref>Nicholson, R.A., Barber, P., and Bond, J.M. (2005). New Evidence for the Date of Introduction of the House Mouse, ''Mus musculus domesticus'' Schwartz & Schwartz, and the Field Mouse, ''Apodemus sylvaticus'' (L.) to Shetland. ''Environmental Archaeology'' '''10''' (2): 143-151</ref> ===Notable places=== *[[Clickimin broch]] *[[Fort Charlotte, Shetland|Fort Charlotte]] *[[Jarlshof]] archaeological site *[[Mavis Grind]] *[[Mousa Broch]] *[[Muness Castle]] the most northerly castle in the United Kingdom *[[Old Scatness]] archaeological site *[[Scalloway Castle]] *[[Selivoe]] *[[St Ninian's Isle]] *[[Sullom Voe]] oil terminal *[[Sumburgh Head]] *[[Skaw]] the most northerly settlement in the United Kingdom *[[Extreme phoneboxes]] - The most northerly phone box in Scotland, and the United Kingdom ==Subdivisions== Shetland is subdivided into 22 [[List of civil parishes in Scotland|parishes]] or [[Wards of the United Kingdom|ward]]s that have no more administrative significance but are used for statistical purposes: #Sound #[[Clickimin]] #North Central #[[Breiwick]] #South Central #Harbour and [[Bressay]] #North #Upper Sound, Gulberwick and Quarff #[[Unst]] and Island of [[Fetlar]] #Yell #[[Northmavine]], [[Muckle Roe]] and [[Busta]] #Delting West #Delting East and Lunnasting #[[Nesting, Shetland|Nesting]], [[Whiteness, Shetland|Whiteness]], Girlsta and Gott #[[Scalloway]] #[[Whalsay]]/Skerries #[[Sandsting]], Aithsting and Weisdale #[[Walls, Shetland|Walls]], Sandness and Clousta #[[Burra]]/[[Trondra]] #[[Cunningsburgh]] and [[Sandwick]] #Sandwick, [[Levenwick]] and Bigton #[[Dunrossness]] ==Economy== [[Image:Maquereaux etal.jpg|thumb|85% of the catch (67&nbsp;000 tonn) in Shetland is [[herring]] and [[Atlantic mackerel|mackerel]] which is 52% of the catch value. [[Haddock]], [[Atlantic cod|cod]] and [[Lophius piscatorius|angler]] achieve higher prices and make up the rest of the catch value, even though these species only make up 15% of the catch. Pictured: Mackerel.]] Fishing has been an integral part of Shetland's economy since prehistory and it remains central to the islands' economy even today. It was also important in bringing in commerce from outside the isles, for example 17th century Hanseatic traders and Victorian-era herring activities. The main areas of revenue in Shetland today are agriculture, [[aquaculture]], [[fishing]] and [[Petroleum|petroleum industry]] ([[Crude oil]] and [[Natural gas]] production). Farming is mostly connected to raising of [[Shetland (sheep)|Shetland sheep]]<ref>[http://shetlandsheep.atspace.com Shetland sheep]</ref>, known for their unusually fine wool, along with the [[Shetland Sheepdog]] as well as the [[Shetland pony]]. Crops raised include oats and barley; however, the cold, windswept islands make for a harsh environment for most plants. [[Crofting]], the farming of small plots of land on a legally restricted tenancy basis, is still practiced and viewed as a key Shetland tradition as well as important source of income. [[Image:04 North Sea oil rig May 1975.jpg|thumb|left|North Sea oil rig]] More recently, oil reserves discovered in the 20th century out to sea have provided a much needed alternative source of income for the islands. The [[East Shetland Basin]] is one of [[Europe]]'s largest oil fields. Oil produced there is landed at the [[Sullom Voe]] terminal in Shetland. Taxes from the oil have increased spending on social welfare, art, sport, environmental measures and financial development. Three quarters of the islands work force is employed in the service sector. Even though oil makes up 15% of the islands' economy, £116 million a year, the fish related industry generates twice as much income and employs three times as many workers.<ref>[http://www.visitshetland.com/about-shetland/economy/ Visit Shetland's economy page]</ref>, however the oil revenue allows increased expenditure by the Shetland Islands Council, which alone accounted for 27.9% of employment in 2003 <ref>Shetland Islands Council. Shetland In Statistics 2005</ref>. The last 25 years unemployment has been under 5% and as of 2004 was on 2%, but the fluctuations in the market for farmed [[Atlantic salmon|salmon]] and [[trawl]]ed white fish leads to seasonal changes in unemployment. In January 2007, the [[Shetland Islands Council]] signed a partnership agreement with [[Scottish and Southern Energy]] for a 200 turbine [[wind farm]] and subsea cable. The [[renewable energy]] project would produce about 600 megawatts and contribute about £20 million to the Shetland economy per year<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/north_east/6277049.stm BBC News 'Powering on with Island wind plan', 19 Jan 2007]</ref>, but this plan is meeting significant opposition within the islands, primarily resulting from expected visual impact of the development. ===Media=== Shetland is served by a weekly local newspaper, [[The Shetland Times]] (one of the first UK newspapers to publish on the internet), two monthly magazines, Shetland Life and i'i' Shetland and a news website, www.shetland-news.co.uk Radio service is provided by [[BBC Radio Shetland]] (the local opt-out of [[BBC Radio Scotland]]) and [[SIBC]], a commercial radio station. ===Transport=== Transport between islands is primarily by ferry. Shetland is served by a domestic ferry connection from Lerwick to the mainland, operated by [[Northlink Ferries]] to [[Aberdeen]]. [[Image:Loganair Islander at Fair Isle.jpg|thumb|left|Aeroplane from Loganair on Fair Isle, midway between Orkney and Shetland]] [[Sumburgh Airport]], the main airport on Shetland, is located close to [[Sumburgh]], 40 km (25 miles) south of Lerwick. [[Loganair]] operates flights under [[British Airways]] to other parts of the British Isles seven times a day. The destinations are [[Kirkwall]], [[Aberdeen]], [[Inverness]], [[Glasgow]] and [[Edinburgh]]. In the summer months, there are also flights to [[London]] (Stansted) and the Faeroes operated by the Faeroese airliner [[Atlantic Airways]]. Inter-Island flights from the Shetland Mainland to Fair Isle, Foula, Papa Stour, and Out Skerries are operated from [[Tingwall Airport]] 11 km west of Lerwick, by Directflight Ltd., using Islander aircraft owned by the Shetland Islands Council. There are frequent charter flights from [[Aberdeen]] to [[Scatsta]] (near [[Sullom Voe]]), which are used to transport oilfield workers. ==Public services== ===Shetland Islands Council=== The [[Shetland Islands Council]] provide services in the areas of Environmental Health , Roads, Social Work, Community Development, Organisational Development, Economic Development, Building Standards, Trading Standards, Housing, Waste, Education, Burial Grounds, Fire Service, Port and Harbours and others. The council is allowed to collect [[Council Tax]]. Political composition: *[[Independent (politician)|Independent]] - 17 *[[Scottish Liberal Democrats]] - 5 === Schools === In Shetland there are a total of 34 schools: two High Schools, seven Junior High Schools with primary and nursery departments, and 25 Primary Schools. *[[Anderson High School (Lerwick, Shetland)|Anderson High School]] *[[Brae High School (Brae, Shetland)|Brae High School]] Shetland is also home to the [[North Atlantic Fisheries College]] ===NHS=== The Shetland NHS is the local Scottish health service in the Shetland Islands. ===Flag=== [[Image:Shetland Flag.jpg|thumb|[[Flag of Shetland]]]] Roy Grönneberg founded the local chapter of the SNP ([[Scottish National Party]]) in 1966 and was active in the struggle for Shetland [[autonomy]]. In 1969 he designed the flag of Shetland in cooperation with Bill Adams to mark the 500 year anniversary of the transfer of Shetland from Norway to Scotland.<ref>[http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/gb-shetl.html Flags of the Worlds page on the flag of Shetland]</ref>. The reasons behind the design was the desire to illustrate the Shetland had been a part of Norway for 500 years and a part of Scotland for 500 years. The colours are identical to the ones in [[Flag of Scotland]], but shaped in the [[Nordic cross]] and is the same design Icelandic republicans used in the early 20th century known in Iceland as the Hvítbláinn, the white-blue. In 1975 the two local authorities in Shetland, Lerwick Town Council and Zetland County Council, were combined in to the Shetland Islands Council. Grönneberg wanted his flag proposal to become the official flag of Shetland, but was unsuccessful. A plebiscite in 1985 also failed to give it official status. In 2005 the [[Lord Lyon King of Arms]] approved the flag as the official flag of Shetland. ==People== It is believed that the island group had an original population about which little is known who were replaced or assimilated by the [[Picts]]. Historical, archaeological, place-name and linguistic evidence indicates complete Norse cultural dominance of Shetland during the Viking period.<ref>Jones G. (1984) A History of the Vikings Oxford University Press: Oxford.</ref> It is not known whether the Picts were rapidly assimilated into the Norse population or driven away. A few place names might have Pictish origin, but this is disputed. Several genetic studies have been made comparing the genetic makeup of the islands' population today in order to establish its origin. Shetland, due to its relative isolation continues to have almost identical proportions of Scandinavian matrilineal and patrilineal ancestry (ca 44%). This suggests that the islands were settled by both men and women. The genetic make-up of those in Shetland today also suggesting that the indigenous population simply disappeared, giving credence to the theory that the Vikings eradicated the indigenous culture already settled within the isles. This genetic distribution is also found in Orkney and the northern and western coastline of Scotland, but areas of the British Isles further away from Scandinavia show signs of being colonised primarily by males who found local wives.<ref>[http://www.nature.com/hdy/journal/v95/n2/full/6800661a.html#bib14 Article: Genetic evidence for a family-based Scandinavian settlement of Shetland and Orkney during the Viking periods]</ref> After the islands were transferred to Scotland thousands of Scots families emigrated to Shetland in the 16th and 17th centuries. Contacts with Germany and the Netherlands through the fishing trade brought smaller numbers of immigrants from those countries. [[World War II]] and the oil industry have also contributed to population increase through immigration.<ref>[http://www.visitshetland.com/about-shetland/people/ Visit Shetland page on the people]</ref> ===Population development=== The population development on Shetland has through the times been affected by deaths at sea and epidemics. [[Smallpox]] afflicted the islands hard in the 17th and 18th centuries, but as vaccines became common after 1760 the population increased to 40 000 in 1861. The population increase led to a lack of food and many young men went away to serve in the British merchant fleet. 100 years later the islands' population was more than halved. This decrease was mainly caused by the large number of Shetlandic men being torpedoed at sea during the two world wars and the waves of emigration in the 1920s and 1930s. Now more people of Shetlandic background live in [[Canada]], [[Australia]] and [[New Zealand]] than in Shetland. {| class="sortable wikitable" !District||Population 1961||Population 1971||Population 1981||Population 1991 ||Population 2001 |- |[[Bound Skerry]] (& [[Grunay]])||3||3||0||0||0 |- |[[Bressay]]||269||248||334||352||384 |- |[[Bruray]]||34||35||33||27||26 |- |[[East Burra]]||92||64||78||72||66 |- |[[Fair Isle]]||64||65||58||67||69 |- |[[Fetlar]]||127||88||101||90||86 |- |[[Foula]]||54||33||39||40||31 |- |[[Housay]]||71||63||49||58||50 |- |[[Mainland (Shetland)|Mainland]]||13,282||12,944||17,722||17,562||17,550 |- |[[Muckle Flugga]]||3||3||0||0||0 |- |[[Muckle Roe]]||103||94||99||115||104 |- |[[Noss]]||0||3||0||0||0 |- |[[Papa Stour]]||55||24||33||33||25 |- |[[Trondra]]||20||17||93||117||133 |- |[[Unst]]||1,148||1,124||1,140||1,055||720 |- |[[Vaila]]||9||5||0||1||2 |- |[[West Burra]]||561||501||767||817||753 |- |[[Whalsay]]||764||870||1,031||1,041||1,034 |- |[[Yell (island)|Yell]]||1,155||1,143||1,191||1,075||957 |- !Total||17,814||17,327||22,768||22,522||21,990 |} See also: [[List of Shetland islands]] === Notable Shetlanders === *[[Arthur Anderson (businessman)|Arthur Anderson]] (1792-1868), co-founder of [[P&O]] *[[Tom Anderson (fiddler)|Tom Anderson]] [[Order of the British Empire|MBE]] (1910-1991), a fiddler, composer, folklorist and teacher who was a profoundly influential figure in the development of Shetland music *[[Aly Bain]] (b. 1946), fiddle player. *[[Ian Bairnson]] (b. 1953), session guitarist ([[The Alan Parsons Project]]) *Sir William Watson Cheyne of Leagarth.[http://www.watson-cheyne.com] (b. 14 December 1852, d. 19 April 1932) Pioneered the development of antiseptic. *[[Morgan Goodlad]] (b. 1950), controversial Chief Executive of Shetland Islands Council (see, for example, [[Private Eye (magazine)|Private Eye]] No 1144 p27, or [http://www.sundayherald.com/52923 this story] from the [[Sunday Herald]]. Found guilty of maladministration by the [[Scottish Public Services Ombudsman]] on 23 May 2007.) *Sir [[Herbert John Clifford Grierson]] (1866-1960), a literary scholar and critic *Neil Hughes from [[Seven Up!]] *Stuart Hill, eccentric campaigner for Shetland independence *[[Willie Hunter]] (1934-1994), the best all-around example of Shetland fiddling * [[Robert Alan Jamieson]] (b. 1958), [[poet]] and [[novelist]]. *[[Peerie Willie Johnson]] (1920-2007), a highly renowned pioneer of jazz swing influenced folk guitar who played with the likes of Tom Anderson and Willie Hunter. *[[Norman Lamont]] (b. 1942), [[conservatism|Conservative]] MP, [[Chancellor of the Exchequer]] from [[1990]] to [[1993]]. *[[Christine De Luca]], poet *[[Steven Robertson]] (b. 1980), a theatre and film actor from [[Vidlin]] *[[Robert Stout]] (1844-1930), [[Prime Minister of New Zealand]] on two occasions in the late 19th century *[[Hazel Tindall]], world champion knitter *[[Astrid Williamson]], musician *"[[Vagaland]]" (1903-1973), often considered the national poet. *[[Sandra Voe]] (b. 1936), actress appearing in many small film and TV roles (including ''[[Coronation Street]]'') and mother of [[Pulp (band)|Pulp]] keyboard player [[Candida Doyle]]. ==References== {{reflist}} ==External links== {{wiktionary|Shetland Islands}} {{commonscat|Shetland}} *{{wikitravel}} *[http://www.visitshetland.com VisitShetland.com] *[http://www.shetland.org Shetland.org] *[http://www.insideoot.com Up-Helly-Aa: Insideoot, a book by Vertigo] *[http://www.shetland.gov.uk/council/documents/sins2005.pdf Shetland in Statistics] (pdf file) *[http://www.wirhoose.co.uk/ Shetland Dialect] *[http://www.shetlink.com/ Shetlink - Shetland's Online Community] *[http://www.undiscoveredscotland.co.uk/areashet/index.html Undiscovered Scotland - Shetland Islands] *[http://www.shetland.gov.uk/ Shetland Islands Council] *[http://www.shetlandscenes.co.uk/ Shetland Scenes] *[http://www.originart.eu/oa/frame.html Virtual Tour of Shetland] *[http://www.shetlopedia.com Shetlopedia.com - The Shetland Encyclopedia that anyone can edit] *[http://www.scotlandontv.tv/?channel=Town+and+Country&clipid=1380_SMG115 Tom Weir on the Shetland Language] *[http://www.shetlanddictionary.com/ ShetlandDictionary.com - Online Shetland Dictionary] {{Shetland}} {{Scotland subdivisions}} {{Scotland counties}} {{Former possessions of Norway}} [[Category:Counties of Scotland]] [[Category:Former Norwegian colonies]] [[Category:Shetland Islands| ]] [[Category:National Scenic Areas (Scotland)]] [[Category:Islands of Scotland]] [[Category:Northern Isles]] [[Category:Lieutenancy areas of Scotland]] [[an:Islas Shetland]] [[bg:Шетландски острови]] [[ca:Shetland]] [[cs:Shetlandy]] [[cy:Shetland]] [[da:Shetlandsøerne]] [[de:Shetlandinseln]] [[et:Shetlandi saared]] [[es:Islas Shetland]] [[eo:Ŝetlandaj Insuloj]] [[eu:Shetland uharteak]] [[fa:شتلند]] [[fo:Hetland]] [[fr:Shetland]] [[gv:Shetlynn]] [[gd:Sealtainn]] [[gl:Illas Shetland]] [[ko:셰틀랜드 제도]] [[id:Shetland]] [[is:Hjaltlandseyjar]] [[it:Isole Shetland]] [[he:איי שטלנד]] [[lt:Šetlando salos]] [[hu:Shetland]] [[nl:Shetlandeilanden]] [[ja:シェトランド諸島]] [[no:Shetland]] [[nn:Shetlandsøyane]] [[pl:Szetlandy]] [[pt:Shetland]] [[ro:Shetland]] [[ru:Шетлендские острова]] [[simple:Shetland]] [[sk:Shetlandy]] [[fi:Shetlandinsaaret]] [[sv:Shetlandsöarna]] [[tr:Shetland]] [[zh:设德兰群岛]]