Shipyard
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[[Image:Shipyard in klaksvik, faroe islands.jpg|thumb|Small shipyard in [[Klaksvík]] (Faroe Islands), reparing fishing vessels]]
[[Image:Grave vistrap inlaat scheepswerf.jpg|thumb|[[Fish ladder]] and shipyard in [[Grave (Netherlands)|Grave]], [[the Netherlands]]]]
[[Image:Schichau Seebeck halle hg.jpg|thumb|Construction hall of Schichau Seebeck Shipyard, Bremerhaven]]
[[Image:DSCF6406.jpg|thumb|[[Stocznia Gdynia|Gdynia Shipyard]]]]
<!-- Image with unknown copyright status removed: [[Image:FMV air.jpg|thumb|The FMV-shipyard in [[Fredrikstad]], [[Norway]]]] -->
'''Shipyards''' and '''dockyards''' are places which repair and [[ship-building|build ship]]s. These can be [[yacht]]s, military vessels, [[cruise liner]]s or other cargo or passenger ships. Dockyards are sometimes more associated with maintenance and basing activities than shipyards, which are sometimes associated more with initial construction. The terms are routinely used interchangeably, in part because the evolution of dockyards and shipyards has often caused them to change or merge roles.
Countries with large ship building industries include [[South Korea]], [[Japan]], [[China]], [[Germany]], [[Turkey]], [[Poland]] and [[Croatia]]. The ship building industry tends to be more fragmented in [[Europe]] than in [[Asia]]. In European countries there are more smaller companies, compared to the fewer, larger companies in the ship building countries of Asia.
Most ship builders in the [[United States]] are privately owned, the largest being [[Northrop Grumman Corporation|Northrop Grumman]], a multi-billion dollar defense contractor. The publicly owned shipyards in the US are [[Navy|Naval]] facilities providing basing, support and repair.
Shipyards are constructed by the sea or by tidal rivers to allow easy access for their ships. In the [[United Kingdom]], for example, shipyards were established on the [[River Thames]] (King [[Henry VIII of England|Henry VIII]] founded yards at [[Woolwich Dockyard|Woolwich]] and [[Deptford]] in 1512 and 1513 respectively), [[River Mersey]], [[River Tees]], [[River Tyne, England|River Tyne]], [[River Wear]] and [[River Clyde]] - the latter growing to be the World's pre-eminent shipbuilding centre. Sir [[Alfred Yarrow]] established his yard by the Thames in [[London]]'s Docklands in the late 19th century before moving it northwards to the banks of the Clyde at [[Scotstoun]] (1906-08). Other famous UK shipyards include the [[Harland and Wolff]] yard in [[Belfast]], [[Northern Ireland]], where the [[RMS Titanic|''Titanic'']] was built, and the naval dockyard at [[Chatham, England]] on the [[Medway]] in north [[Kent]].
The site of a large shipyard will contain many specialised [[crane (machine)|crane]]s, [[dry dock]]s, [[slipway]]s, dust-free warehouses, painting facilities and extremely large areas for fabrication of the ships.
After a ship's useful life is over, it makes its final voyage to a [[shipbreaking]] yard, often on a [[beach]] in [[South Asia]]. Historically shipbreaking was carried on in drydock in developed countries, but high wages and environmental regulations have resulted in movement of the industry to developing regions.
==History==
The world's earliest dockyards were built in the [[Indus Valley Civilization|Harappan]] [[port city]] of [[Lothal]] circa [[2400 BC]] in [[Gujarat]], [[India]]. Lothal's dockyards connected to an ancient course of the [[Sabarmati]] river on the trade route between [[Harappa]]n cities in [[Sindh]] and the peninsula of [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]] when the surrounding [[Kutch]] desert was a part of the [[Arabian Sea]]. Lothal engineers accorded high priority to the creation of a dockyard and a [[warehouse]] to serve the purposes of naval trade. The dock was built on the eastern flank of the town, and is regarded by archaeologists as an engineering feat of the highest order. It was located away from the main current of the river to avoid silting, but provided access to ships in high tide as well.
Ships were the first items to be manufactured in a [[factory]], several hundred years before the [[Industrial Revolution]], in the [[Venice Arsenal]], [[Venice]], [[Italy]]. The Arsenal apparently [[mass production|mass produced]] nearly one ship every day using [[American system of manufacturing|pre-manufactured parts]], and [[assembly line]]s and, at its height, employed 16,000 people.
==Historic shipyards==
* [[Lothal]] in [[Gujarat]], [[India]] circa 2400 BC to 1900 BC
* [[Blackwall Yard]] 1614 to 1987
* [[Thames Ironworks and Shipbuilding Co. Ltd]] 1837 to 1912
* [[John Brown & Company]] 1851 to 1972
*[[Gdańsk Shipyard]] the birthplace of [[History of Solidarity|Solidarity Movement]] - (still a working yard)
* [[Swan Hunter]] - (closed in april 2006 and sold to Bharati Shipyards, India's second largest private sector shipbuilder)
* [[Harland and Wolff]] - (still a working yard)
* [[Cammell Laird]] - (still a working repair yard)
* [[Blohm + Voss]], where the Bismarck was constructed (still a major yard)
* [[Royal Naval Dockyards]] in the [[United Kingdom|UK]] (including [[Woolwich Dockyard|Woolwich]], [[Deptford]], [[Chatham Dockyard|Chatham]], [[Portsmouth Dockyard|Portsmouth]] and [[HMNB Devonport|Devonport]]), [[Gibraltar]], [[Bombay]], [[Bermuda]], [[Hong Kong]] and elsewhere [[worldwide]]
* [[Bethlehem Steel Corporation]] had 15 shipyards during [[World War II]]
**[http://www.destroyers.org/DD-Bldg-Images/BSCSI-Main.htm Staten Island Shipyard] 1895
* Charlestown Navy Yard, later [[Boston Navy Yard]], [[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]], [[Massachusetts]] 1800 to 1974
* [[Ulstein Verft]], Norway, established in 1917 (still a working yard under the [[Ulstein Group]])
* [[Navy Island]], [[Ontario]], [[Canada]] - French in 1700s, then British 1763 to [[War of 1812]]
* [[Mare Island Naval Shipyard]], [[Mare Island, California|Mare Island]], [[California]] 1854 to 1996
* New York Naval Shipyard (NYNSY), also known as the Brooklyn Navy Yard, the [[New York Navy Yard]], and United States Navy Yard, New York 1801 to 1966
* [[Philadelphia Naval Shipyard]] 1799 to 1965
* [[San Francisco Naval Shipyard]], later Hunters Point Naval Shipyard, then Treasure Island Naval Station Hunters Point Annex, 1941 to 1994
*[[Potrero Point]] [[San Francisco]] California 1880s - still a working yard
* [[Long Beach Naval Shipyard]] 1943 to 1997
* [[Portsmouth Naval Shipyard]] Located on Maine,New Hampshire border Operatinal:1800 to present making it the oldest continuously-operating shipyard of the US Navy.
* [[Chantiers de l'Atlantique]](Aker Yard France) - established in 1861 (still a working yard)
* [[3. Maj]] - One of the largest shipyard in [[Mediterranean]], established in 1892 in [[Rijeka]] (still a working yard)
== Prominent dockyards and shipyards ==
* [[ABG Shipyard Ltd,Mumbai]]
* [[BVT Surface Fleet]], a joint venture between [[BAE Systems]] and [[VT Group]] operates three shipbuilding yards in the United Kingdom; [[Portsmouth]], England and [[Scotstoun]] and [[Govan]] on the [[River Clyde]] in [[Glasgow]], [[Scotland]]. Major projects include the [[Type 45 destroyer]] and the [[Queen Elizabeth class aircraft carrier|''Queen Elizabeth'' class aircraft carriers]].
* [[BAE Systems Submarine Solutions]] operates a major shipyard at [[Barrow-in-Furness]] in [[Cumbria]], [[England]]. It is one of the few yards in the world capable of building [[nuclear submarines]] such as the Royal Navy's {{Sclass|Vanguard|submarine|4}}. This division has built surface ships in the past and will manufacture blocks of the ''Queen Elizabeth'' class.
* [[Northrop Grumman Newport News]], (formerly Newport News Shipbuilding & Drydock Company) is the largest private ship builder in the [[United States|US]] and the one best known for its unique capacity to build the {{Sclass|Nimitz|aircraft carrier|1}}s.
*[[Cochin Shipyard]] is the largest shipyard in India. Currently an aircraft carrier, the Indigenous aircraft carrier (IAC) is under construction at Cochin shipyard.
* [[HMNB Devonport|Devonport Dockyard]] [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/2002476.stm] [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/1422130.stm], located in the city of [[Plymouth]], [[England]] in the county of [[Devon]] is the largest naval base in Western [[Europe]]. It has 15 [[dry dock]]s, four miles (6 km) of waterfront, 25 tidal berths, five basins and covers 650 acres (2.6 km²). It is the main refitting base for [[Royal Navy]] nuclear submarines and also handles work on frigates. It is the base for seven of the Trafalgar class nuclear powered hunter-killer submarines and many frigates, exploiting its convenient access to the [[Atlantic Ocean]]. It supports the [[Current Royal Navy ships#Vanguard-class submarines|Vanguard class]] [[Trident missile]] nuclear ballistic missile submarines in a custom-built refitting dock. It houses the {{HMS|Courageous}}, a nuclear powered submarine used in the [[Falklands War]] and open to the general public[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/1695215.stm]. Facilities in the local area also include a major naval training establishment and a base for the [[Royal Marines]].
*[[Garden Reach Shipbuilders and Engineers]] is located in India. It is owned by the Government of India and is constructing the [[Shardul class- Large Landing Ship Tank|Shardul class]] Large landing ship tank for the Indian Navy.
* [[Hyundai Heavy Industries]] [[Ulsan Shipyard]], in South Korea, is currently the largest in the world and has the capability to build a variety of vessels including Commercial Cargo, Offshore and Naval vessels.
* [[Ingalls Shipbuilding]], part of [[Northrop Grumman Corporation|Northrop Grumman's]] [[Northrop Grumman Ship Systems]] sector, located in [[Pascagoula, Mississippi]] repaired the [[USS Cole (DDG-67)|USS ''Cole'']] and builds [[offshore drilling rig]]s, [[cruise ship]]s and naval vessels.
* [[Mazagaon|Mazagaon Dockyard]], operated by [[Government of India|state-owned]] Mazagaon Dock Limited, is one of [[India]]'s largest shipyards. It constructs a variety of ships both for the defence and civilian sector. The dockyard is known for constructing Britain's {{HMS|Trincomalee}}. Currently the shipyard is building three [[Shivalik class frigate]]s and three [[Kolkata class destroyer]]s for the [[Indian Navy]].
[[Image:NorfolkNavalShipyardAerialView.jpg|thumb|200px|Aerial view of [[Norfolk Naval Shipyard]]]]
* [[Norfolk Naval Shipyard]] in [[Portsmouth, Virginia]], is one of the largest shipyards in the world; specializing in repairing, overhauling and modernizing ships and submarines. It's the oldest and largest industrial facility that belongs to the [[United States Navy]]
* The [[Portland, Oregon]] shipyard, operated by [http://www.casgen.com Cascade General Ship Repair] is the largest such facility on the [[United States]] West Coast.
* [[Yantai Raffles]] [http://www.yantai-raffles.com/] is the largest ship builder in [[China]] located in [[Yantai]]. It has built numerous cargo ships, [[tugboat]]s and support vessels, as well as pleasure vessels such as yachts.
* The beach at [[Alang]] in the Indian state of [[Gujarat]] is the site of a large complex of [[shipbreaking]] yards which processes 50% of the ships that are salvaged.{{Fact|date=February 2007}}<!--50% of India's ships? or 50% of the world's?-->
* [[Karachi Shipyard]] [http://www.karachishipyard.com.pk] is the only shipbuilding company in [[Pakistan]] located in [[Karachi]]. It has built numerous cargo ships, [[tugboat]]s and support vessels, Naval vessels, submarines and [[Frigate]]s.
==See also==
* [[List of shipbuilders and shipyards]]
==External links==
*[http://www.seayourhistory.org.uk/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=47&Itemid=113 Sea Your History] - Website from the Royal Naval Museum - Discover detailed information about Portsmouth Dockyard and the Royal Navy in the 20th Century.
*[http://www.coltoncompany.com U.S. Shipyards] - extensive collection of information about U. S. shipyards, including over 500 pages of U. S. shipyard construction records
*[http://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/nof/docks Trading Places] - interactive history of European dockyards
*[http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/facility/shipyard.htm Shipyards] United States - from GlobalSecurity.org
{{Commonscat|Shipyards}}
[[Category:Commercial item transport and distribution]]
[[Category:Ship construction]]
[[Category:Coastal construction]]
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