Shirin Ebadi
337976
225593484
2008-07-14T13:41:45Z
99.224.185.16
/* External links */
{{Infobox Person
| name = شیرین عبادی <br />Shirin Ebadi {{click|image=Nobel medal dsc06171.jpg|link=Nobel Peace Prize|width=20px|height=20px}}
| image = Ebadi.jpg
| image_size = 150px
| caption = Shirin Ebadi in 2005
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1947|6|21}}
| birth_place = [[Hamedan]], [[Iran]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = lawyer and founder of Children's Rights Support Association
| residence = [[Tehran]], [[Iran]]
| spouse = ''married''
| parents =
| children = 2
| nationality = [[Iranian peoples|Iranian]]
| religion = [[Shia Islam]]
}}
'''Shirin Ebadi''' ({{lang-fa|شیرین عبادی}} - ''Širin Ebâdi''; born [[21 June]] [[1947]]) is an [[Iran]]ian [[lawyer]], [[human rights]] activist and founder of Children's Rights Support Association in Iran. On [[October 10]], [[2003]], Ebadi was awarded the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] for her significant and pioneering efforts for democracy and human rights, especially women's and children's rights. She is the first Iranian, the first [[Shia]] and the first [[Islam|Muslim]] woman to receive the prize.
==Life and early career==
Ebadi was born in [[Hamadan]], Iran. Her father, Mohammad Ali Ebadi, was the city's chief [[notary public]] and professor of [[commercial law]]. The family moved to [[Tehran]] in 1948.
Ebadi was admitted to the [[law]] department, [[University of Tehran]] in 1965 and upon graduation in 1969 passed the qualification exams to become a judge. After a six-month [[internship]] period, she officially started her judging career in March 1970. She continued her studies in University of Tehran in the meanwhile and received a master's degree in law in 1971. In 1975, she became the first woman to preside over a legislative court.
Following the [[Iranian revolution]] in 1979, conservative [[cleric]]s insisted that [[Islam]] prohibits women from becoming judges and Ebadi was demoted to a secretarial position at the branch where she had previously presided. She and other female judges protested and were assigned to the slightly higher position of "law expert." She eventually requested early [[retirement]] as the situation remained unchanged.
As her applications were repeatedly rejected, Ebadi was not able to practice as a lawyer until 1993, while she already had a law [[office]] permit. She used this free time to write books and many articles in Iranian [[periodical]]s, which made her known widely.
==Ebadi as a lawyer==
Ebadi now lectures law at the University of Tehran and is a campaigner for strengthening the legal status of children and women, the latter of which played a key role in the May 1997 landslide presidential election of the reformist [[Mohammad Khatami]].
As a lawyer, she is known for taking up cases of liberal and dissident figures who have fallen foul of the judiciary, one of the bastions of hardline power in Iran. She has represented the family of [[Dariush Forouhar]], a dissident intellectual and politician who was found stabbed to death at his home. His wife, [[Parvaneh Forouhar|Parvaneh Eskandari]], was also killed at the same time.
The couple were among several dissidents who died in a spate of grisly murders that terrorized Iran's intellectual community. Suspicion fell on extremist hard-liners determined to put a stop to the more liberal climate fostered by President Khatami, who championed freedom of speech. The murders were found to be committed by a team of the employees of the [[Iranian Ministry of Intelligence]], whose head, [[Saeed Emami]], committed [[suicide]] in jail before being brought to court.
Ebadi also represented the family of [[Ezzat Ebrahim-Nejad]], the only officially accepted case of murder in the [[Iran student protests, July 1999|Iranian student protests]] of July 1999. In the process, in 2000 Ebadi was accused of distributing the videotaped confession of [[Amir Farshad Ebrahimi]], a former member of one of the main "plainclothes" paramilitary forces, [[Ansar-e Hezbollah]]. Ebrahimi accused his former associates of attacking members of President Khatami's cabinet on orders of high-level conservative authorities. Ebadi claimed that she had only videotaped Amir Farshad Ebrahimi's confessions in order to present them to the court. This case was named "Tape makers" by hardliners who also were/are controlling the judiciary system in order to decrease the credibility of his videotaped deposition. Ebadi and Rohami were sentenced to five years in jail and suspension of their law licenses for sending Ebrahimi's videotaped deposition to Islamic President Khatami and the head of the Islamic judiciary. The sentences were later vacated by the Islamic judiciary's supreme court, but they did not forgive Ebarahimi's videotaped confession and sentenced him to 48 months jail, including 16 months in solitary confinement. This case brought increased focus on Iran from human rights groups abroad.
Ebadi has also defended various cases of [[child abuse]] cases and a few cases dealing with bans of periodicals (including the cases of [[Habibollah Peyman]], [[Abbas Marufi]], and [[Faraj Sarkouhi]]). She has also established two non-governmental organizations in Iran, the ''Society for Protecting the Rights of the Child'' (SPRC) and the [[Defenders of Human Rights Center]] (DHRC).
She also drafted the original text of a law against [[physical abuse]] of children, which was passed by the [[Majlis of Iran|Iranian parliament]] in 2002.
==Political views==
In her book ''Iran Awakening'', Ebadi explains her political/religious views on [[Islam]], [[democracy]] and gender equality
<blockquote>In the last 23 years, from the day I was stripped of my judgeship to the years of doing battle in the revolutionary courts of Tehran, I had repeated one refrain: an interpretation of [[Islam]] that is in harmony with equality and [[democracy]] is an authentic expression of faith. It is not religion that binds women, but the selective dictates of those who wish them cloistered. That belief, along with the conviction that change in Iran must come peacefully and from within, has underpinned my work." <ref>Ebadi, Shirin, ''Iran Awakening : A Memoir of Revolution and Hope'', by Shirin Ebadi with Azadeh Moaveni, Random House, 2006, p.204</ref></blockquote>
At the same time, Ebadi expresses a nationalist love of Iran and a less than enchanted view of the [[Western culture|Western world]]. She opposed the pro-Western [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi|Shah]], initially supported the [[Iranian Revolution|Islamic Revolution]], remembers the [[CIA]]'s [[1953 Iranian coup d'état|1953 overthrow]] of prime minister [[Mohammed Mosaddeq]] with rage, and feels anger toward family and friends who have emigrated to Western countries with better job opportunities. "I refuse to write letters to those who had left ... When someone leaves Iran, it's as though that person has died to me." <ref>Ebadi, Shirin, ''Iran Awakening : A Memoir of Revolution and Hope'', by Shirin Ebadi with Azadeh Moaveni, Random House, 2006, p.81</ref>
At a press conference shortly after the Peace Prize announcement, Ebadi herself explicitly rejected foreign interference in the country's affairs: "The fight for human rights is conducted in Iran by the Iranian people, and we are against any foreign intervention in Iran." <ref>[[Washington Post]]: ''[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A21850-2003Oct13.html Nobels With a Message]'', last retrieved on 2007-10-12</ref> <ref>Working for Change: ''[http://www.workingforchange.com/article.cfm?itemid=15804 Eyes off the prize]'', last retrieved on 2007-10-12</ref>
Subsequently, Ebadi has openly defended the Islamic regime's nuclear development programme:
<BLOCKQUOTE>Aside from being economically justified, it has become a cause of national pride for an old nation with a glorious history. No Iranian government, regardless of its ideology or democratic credentials, would dare to stop the program.<ref>[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]: ''[http://www.smh.com.au/news/world/sunnis-fear-us-missteps-will-bolster-tehrans-influence/2006/02/28/1141095740977.html?page=4 Sunnis fear US missteps will bolster Tehran's influence]'', last retrieved on 2007-10-12</ref></BLOCKQUOTE>
==Nobel Peace Prize==
On [[October 10]] [[2003]], Ebadi was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for her courageous efforts for democracy and human rights, especially for the rights of women and children. <ref>Nobelprize.org: ''[http://nobelprize.org/peace/laureates/2003/press.html The Nobel Peace Prize 2003]'', last retrieved on 2007-10-12</ref> The selection committee praised her as a "courageous person" who "has never heeded the threat to her own safety".<ref>[[bbc.co.uk]]: ''[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/3181428.stm Nobel winner's plea to Iran]'', last retrieved on 2007-10-12</ref> Now she travels abroad lecturing in the West. She is against a policy of forced regime change. Her husband was an advisor to President Khatami.
The selection of Ebadi by the Norwegian Nobel committee is thought by some observers to represent an implicit criticism of [[United States|American]] policy in the [[Middle East]], in particular the [[2003 invasion of Iraq|2003 Invasion of Iraq]].{{Fact|date=October 2007}} [[George W. Bush]] has referred to Iran as a member of the ''[[axis of evil]]''.
The decision of Nobel committee surprised some observers worldwide - then Pope John Paul II was the bookies' favourite to scoop the prestigious award amid feverish speculation that he was nearing death. Some observers, mostly supporters of Pope John Paul II, viewed her selection as a calculated and political one, along the lines of the selection of [[Lech Wałęsa]] and [[Mikhail Gorbachev]], among others, for the Peace Award. They claimed that none of Ebadi's previous activities were directly related to the stated goals for the award of the Nobel Peace Prize, as originally stated by [[Alfred Nobel]], and that according to the will of Alfred Nobel the prize should have been awarded "to the person who shall have done the most or the best work for fraternity between the nations, for the abolition or reduction of standing armies and for the holding and promotion of peace congresses".{{Fact|date=March 2008}}
She presented a book entitled, ''Democracy, human rights, and Islam in modern Iran: Psychological, social and cultural perspectives'' (2003,Bergen: Fagbokforlaget), to the Nobel Committee. The volume documents the historical and cultural basis of democracy and human rights from Cyrus and Darius, 2,500 years ago to [[Muhammad Mossadeq]], the popular Prime Minister of modern Iran who nationalized the oil industry.
In Iran, officials of the Islamic Republic were either silent or critical of the selection of Ebadi, calling it a political act and were very angry when Ebadi did not cover her hair at the Nobel award ceremony.<ref>[http://www.iran-press-service.com/articles_2003/Dec-2003/khatami_interview_121203.htm IRANIAN MUSLIM WOMEN ARE FREE TO WEAR OR NOT THE HEJAB: MOHAMMAD KHATAMI By Safa Haeri]</ref> IRNA reported it in few lines that the evening newspapers and the Iranian state media waited hours to report the Nobel committee's decision -- and then only as the last item on the radio news update.<ref>[http://www.iran-press-service.com/articles_2003/Oct-2003/ebadi_wins_nobel_peace_101003.html Iran Press Service, IRANIANS CELEBRATED WITH JOY EBADI’S NOBEL PEACE PRIZE By Safa Haeri]</ref> Reformist officials are said to have "generally welcomed the award", but "come under attack for doing so."<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/3190536.stm Khatami advice to Nobel laureate, October 14, 2003]</ref> Reformist president [[Mohammad Khatami]] did not officially congratulate Mrs. Ebadi and stated that although the scientific Nobels are important, the Peace Prize is "not very important" and was awarded to Ebadi on the basis of "totally political criteria".<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/3190536.stm Khatami advice to Nobel laureate, October 14, 2003]</ref> Vice President [[Mohammad Ali Abtahi]], the only official to initially congratulate Ebadi, defended the president saying "abusing the President's words about Mrs. Ebadi is tantamount to abusing the prize bestowed on her for political considerations".{{Fact|date=April 2008}} Mullah Khatami's comment, downgrading the historic significance of the Nobel Peace Prize, has angered many Iranians some of whom view his reaction as a sign of jealousy, as he was a Nobel Prize nominee for his ''dialogue'' proposal in 2001.{{Fact|date=April 2008}}
==After the Nobel prize==
*2003 November - She declared that she would provide legal representation for the family of the murdered freelance photographer [[Zahra Kazemi]].
*2004 - During the World Social Forum- Bombay, January 2004 - Shirin Ebadi, speaking at a small girls' school run by an NGO, "Sahyog", proposed that January 30th (the day Mahatma Gandhi fell to a Hindu extremist's bullets) be observed as International Day of Non-Violence. This proposal was brought to her from school children in Paris by their Indian teacher Akshay Bakaya. 3 years later Sonia Gandhi and Archbishop Desmond Tutu relayed the idea at the Delhi Satyagraha Convention January 2007, preferring however to propose Gandhi's birthday October 2nd. The UN General Assembly on June 15th 2007 adopted October 2nd as the International Day of Non-Violence.
*2005 Spring - Ebadi taught a course on "[[Islam]] and [[Human Rights]]" at the [[University of Arizona]]'s James E. Rogers College of Law in [[Tucson]], [[Arizona]].
*2005 Autumn - Ebadi presented a lecture titled "The Role of Women in World Peace" in a Woman's Study Review held at [[The City University of New York]] (CUNY), [[Lehman College]].
*2005 - Ebadi was voted the world's 12th leading public intellectual in The 2005 Global Intellectuals Poll by Prospect magazine (UK). Uk is the main base of the Regime abroad. Ali Larijani's brother is a permanent resident in UK and has establishments marketing the Regime.
*2006 - Random House released her first book for a Western audience, ''Iran Awakening: A Memoir of Revolution and Hope'', with [[Azadeh Moaveni]]. A reading of the book was serialised as [[BBC]] [[BBC Radio 4|Radio 4]]'s ''Book of the Week'' in September 2006. American novelist [[David Ebershoff]] served as the book's editor.
*2006 - Ebadi was one of the founders of The Nobel Women's Initiative along with sister Nobel Peace Laureates [[Betty Williams]], [[Mairead Corrigan Maguire]], [[Wangari Maathai]], [[Jody Williams]] and [[Rigoberta Menchu Tum]]. Six women representing [[North America]] and [[South America]], [[Europe]], the [[Middle East]] and [[Africa]] decided to bring together their experiences in a united effort for peace with justice and equality. It is the goal of the Nobel Women's Initiative to help strengthen work being done in support of women's rights around the world.<ref>[http://www.nobelwomensinitiative.org] Nobel Women's Initiative </ref>
*2006 May - Ebadi delivered the Commencement Address at the [[University of Michigan Law School]] in [[Ann Arbor, Michigan]] and a speech at [[UC Berkeley]].
*2006 September - Her presentation of a lecture entitled "Iran Awakening: Human Rights, Women and Islam" drew a sold-out crowd at the [[University of San Diego]]'s Joan B. Kroc Distinguished Lecture Series.
*[[2007]] [[April 12]] - She gave a presentation on "Peace and Social Justice in a Global World: The Role of Women and Islam" at the [[Saint Louis University]], Saint Louis, MO. She was the Keynote speaker at The Seventh Annual Atlas Week, a week for global awareness.
*[[2007]] [[April 30]] - She gave a presentation on "True Islam: Human Rights and The Roles of Faith" at [[Loyola University Chicago]], Chicago, IL. She also received an honorary doctorate from the university.
*[[2007]] [[May 1]] - Shirin appeared at the Performing Arts Center at Cal Poly, San Luis Obispo, at the request of the Persian Students of Cal Poly to give a lecture which mainly dealt with Democracy, Women's Rights, and American relations in Iran.
*[[2007]] [[May 17]] - Ebadi announced that she would defend the Iranian American scholar [[Haleh Esfandiari]], who is jailed in Tehran.[http://www.usnews.com/usnews/blogs/news_blog/070517/irans_illegal_jailing_of_an_am.htm]
*[[2007]] [[May 18]] - Ebadi presided over the Commencement ceremony of [[The New School]] at Madison Square Garden in New York. She gave a speech in Persian which was translated by a translator and she also received an honorary PhD from The New School.
*2008 March - Ebadi tells Reuters news agency that Iran's human rights record had regressed in the past two years. <ref>[http://in.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idINIndia-33055820080415 Iran to probe threats against Nobel laureate Ebadi ]</ref>
*[[2008]] [[April 14]] - Ebadi released a statement saying "Threats against my life and security and those of my family, which began some time ago, have intensified," and that the threats warned her against making speeches abroad, and defending Iran's minority [[Persecution of Bahá'ís|Bahai community]]. <ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7347047.stm BBC NEWS. Top Iranian dissident threatened ]</ref>
==Publications==
[[Image:Iran Awakening.jpg|thumb|right|150px|''Iran Awakening'', Shirin Ebadi's memoir.]]
Books written by Shirin Ebadi which have been translated into English:
* ''History and Documentation of Human Rights in Iran'' (New York, 2000, ISBN 0-933273-40-1)
* ''The Rights of the Child. A Study of Legal Aspects of Children's Rights in Iran'' (Tehran, 1994)
* ''[[Iran Awakening: A Memoir of Revolution and Hope]]'' (New York, 2006, ISBN 1-4000-6470-8)
* ''Democracy, human rights, and Islam in modern Iran: Psychological, social and cultural perspectives.'' (Bergen, 2003, ISBN 82-7674-922-4)
==Lawsuits==
=== Law suit against the United States ===
In 2004 Shirin Ebadi filed a lawsuit against the U.S. Department of Treasury because of restrictions she faced over publishing her memoir in the United States. American trade laws include prohibitions on writers from embargoed countries. The law also banned American literary agent Wendy Strothman from working with Ebadi. Azar Nafisi wrote a letter in support of Shirin Ebadi. Nafisi said that the law infringes on the first amendment. <ref>[http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4204087 Iranian Nobel Winner Suing U.S. over Memoir : NPR<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> After a long legal battle, Shirin Ebadi won and was able to publish her memoir in the United States.<ref>[http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4235765 Ebadi Wins Round with U.S. over Memoirs : NPR<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
=== Law suit over non-publication ===
According to the Associated Press, on August 27, 2007, Shirin Ebadi was sued by a Canadian author and political analyst, Shahir Shahidsaless—who writes and publishes in Persian—in U.S. District Court in Manhattan saying she reneged on getting a publisher for a book she had advised him on, titled "A Useful Enemy". The initial suit was dismissed.
== Honors and Awards ==
* Awarded plate by [[Human Rights Watch]], 1996
* Official spectator of Human Rights Watch, 1996
* Awarded [[Rafto Prize]], Human Rights Prize in Norway, 2001
* Nobel Peace Prize, 2003
* International Democracy Award, 2004
* ‘Lawyer of the Year’ award, 2004
* Doctor of Laws, [[Williams College]], 2004<ref>[[Williams College]]: ''[http://www.williams.edu/home/commencement/2004/ebadi_cit.php Honorary Degree Citation 2004]'', last retrieved on 2008-05-05</ref>
* Doctor of Laws, [[Brown University]], 2004
* Doctor of Laws, [[University of British Columbia]], 2004
* Honorary doctorate, [[University of Maryland, College Park]], 2004
* Honorary doctorate, [[University of Toronto]], 2004
* Honorary doctorate, [[Simon Fraser University]], 2004
* Honorary doctorate, [[University of Akureyri]], 2004
* Honorary doctorate, [[Australian Catholic University]], 2005
* Honorary doctorate, [[University of San Francisco]], 2005
* Honorary doctorate, [[Concordia University]], 2005
* Honorary doctorate, [[York University|The University of York]], 2005
* Honorary doctorate, Université Jean Moulin in Lyon, 2005
* [[University of California, Irvine|UCI]] Citizen Peacebuilding Award, 2005
* The Golden Plate Award by the Academy of Achievement, 2005
* [[Légion d'honneur|Legion of Honor award]], 2006
* Honorary doctorate, [[Loyola University Chicago]], 2007
* Honorary Doctorate [[The New School University]], 2007
* One of ''[[A Different View]]'''s 15 Champions of World Democracy, 2008<ref>''A Different View'', Issue 19, January 2008.</ref>
== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{refbegin}}
*Kim, U., Aasen, H. S., & Ebadi, S. (2003). Democracy, human rights, and Islam in modern Iran: Psychological, social and cultural perspectives. Bergen: Fagbokforlaget.
{{refend}}
== See also ==
* [[Iranian women]]
* [[List of famous Persian women]]
* [[Intellectual movements in Iran]]
* [[Persian women's movement]]
* [[Islamic feminism]]
* [[List of Iranian intellectuals]]
==External links==
{{wikiquote}}
{{commonscat|Shirin Ebadi}}
* [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/2003/ Shirin Ebadi at the Nobel Prize website]
* [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/2003/ebadi-autobio.html Shirin Ebadi's autobiography on the Nobel Prize website]
* [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/2003/ebadi-lecture.html Shirin Ebadi's Nobel lecture]
* [http://www.nobelwomensinitiative.org/ Nobel Women's Initiative]
* [http://www.thehist.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=681&Itemid=631 Pictures] of Shirin Ebadi's visit to the [[College Historical Society]]
* [http://www.writespirit.net/inspirational_talks/humanitarian_talks/talks_shirin_ebadi/ Quotes from Shirin Ebadi Speeches]
* [http://www.asiasource.org/news/special_reports/ebadi.cfm/ Nermeen Shaikh, ''AsiaSource Interview with Shirin Ebadi'']
* [http://www.parstimes.com/gallery/shirin_ebadi/ Picture Gallery]
* [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1191820-1,00.html TIME.com: 10 Questions for Shirin Ebadi]
* [http://www.omedia.org/Show_Article.asp?DynamicContentID=1872&MenuID=722&ThreadID=1014010 Shirin Ebadi and her view on Nuclear Weapons]
*[http://www.msmagazine.com/winter2007/iransquietrevolution.asp "Iran's Quiet Revolution"] Winter 2007 article from [http://www.msmagazine.com ''Ms.'' magazine] about activism and feminism in Iran.
*[http://depts.washington.edu/llc/olr/persian/v_PER_001/mov/v_PER_001_002_ref.mov Speech in Seattle]
* David Batty in conversation with Shirin Ebadi, ''"If you want to help Iran, don't attack"'', The Guardian, Friday, June 13, 2008, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2008/jun/13/shirinebadi.iran].
{{Nobel Peace Prize Laureates 2001-2025}}
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|SHORT DESCRIPTION=[[Iran]]ian [[lawyer]] and [[human rights]] activist
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|PLACE OF BIRTH=[[Hamadan]], [[Iran]]
|DATE OF DEATH=living
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[[Category:Iranian people]]
[[Category:Iranian democracy activists]]
[[Category:Iranian human rights activists]]
[[Category:Iranian women activists]]
[[Category:Iranian women's rights activists|Ebadi, Shirin]]
[[Category:Iranian humanitarians|Ebadi, Shirin]]
[[Category:Children's rights activists|Ebadi, Shirin]]
[[Category:Islam and women|Ebadi, Shirin]]
[[Category:Islamic feminists|Ebadi, Shirin]]
[[Category:Nobel Peace Prize laureates|Ebadi, Shirin]]
[[Category:University of Tehran faculty|Ebadi, Shirin]]
[[Category:University of Tehran alumni|Ebadi, Shirin]]
[[Category:People from Hamedan|Ebadi, Shirin]]
[[Category:People from Tehran|Ebadi, Shirin]]
[[Category:Légion d'honneur recipients|Ebadi, Shirin]]
[[Category:1947 births|Ebadi, Shirin]]
[[Category:Living people|Ebadi, Shirin]]
[[Category:Iranian women lawyers|Ebadi, Shirin]]
[[Category:Iranian women judges|Ebadi, Shirin]]
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