Shorea 2068877 225981353 2008-07-16T09:04:53Z Blahedo 140050 /* Economic uses */ reworked confusing linkage {{Taxobox | name = ''Shorea'' | image = Shorea roxburghii.jpg | image_width = 200px | image_caption = ''Shorea roxburghii'' | regnum = [[Plant]]ae | divisio = [[flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]] | classis = [[dicotyledon|Magnoliopsida]] | ordo = [[Malvales]] | familia = [[Dipterocarpaceae]] | subfamilia = [[Dipterocarpoideae]] | genus = '''''Shorea''''' | subdivision_ranks = Sections | subdivision = * [[Shorea classification|'''Anthoshorea''']] * [[Shorea classification|'''Brachypterae''']] * [[Shorea classification|'''Doona''']] * [[Shorea classification|'''Mutica''']] * [[Shorea classification|'''Neohopea''']] * [[Shorea classification|'''Ovalis''']] * [[Shorea classification|'''Pachycarpae''']] * [[Shorea classification|'''Pentacme''']] * [[Shorea classification|'''Richetioides''']] * [[Shorea classification|'''Rubella''']] * [[Shorea classification|'''Shorea''']] See '''[[Shorea classification]]''' for complete taxonomy to species level. }} '''''Shorea''''' is a [[genus]] of about 196 [[species]] of mainly [[rainforest]] [[trees]] in the [[Family (biology)|family]] [[Dipterocarpaceae]]. The genus is named after Sir John Shore, the Governor-General of the [[British East India Company]], 1793-1798. They are native to southeast [[Asia]], from Northern [[India]] to [[Malaysia]], [[Indonesia]] and the [[Philippines]]. In west [[Malesia]] and the Philippines this genus dominates the skyline of the [[tropical]] [[forest]]s. The tallest documented tropical [[angiosperm]] is a 88.3 m tall ''[[Shorea faguetiana]]'' in the [[Tawau Hills National Park]], in [[Sabah]] on the island of [[Borneo]], and in that park at least 5 other species of the genus have been measured to be over 80 m tall: ''[[Shorea argentifolia|S. argentifolia]]'', ''[[Shorea gibbosa|S. gibbosa]]'', ''[[Shorea johorensis|S. johorensis]]'', ''[[Shorea smithiana|S. smithiana]]'' and ''[[Shorea superba|S. superba]]''<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.nativetreesociety.org/worldtrees/sea_ei/borneo_ii.htm | title = Borneo | publisher = Eastern Native Tree Society | accessdate= 2008-06-21}}</ref>. Borneo is also the hotspot of ''Shorea'' diversity with 138 species, of which 91 are [[Endemism|endemic]] to the island<ref name = Ashton>Ashton, P.S. Dipterocarpaceae. In ''Tree Flora of Sabah and Sarawak,'' Volume 5, 2004. Soepadmo, E., Saw, L.G. and Chung, R.C.K. eds. Government of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. [[ISBN 983-2181-59-3]]</ref>. ==Ecology== ==Reproductive Biology== The majority of ''Shorea'' species are general flowering species. General flowering is an event that occurs at irregular intervals of 3–10 yr, in which nearly all dipterocarp species together with species of other families come heavily into flower<ref name = Sakaia>{{cite journal |last= Sakai|first= Shoko |authorlink= |coauthors= Kuniyasu Momose, Takakazu Yumoto, Teruyoshi Nagamitsu, Hidetoshi Nagamasu, Abang A. Hamid and Tohru Nakashizuka |year=1999 |month= |title= Plant reproductive phenology over four years including an episode of general flowering in a lowland dipterocarp forest,Sarawak, Malaysia|journal=American Journal of Botany |volume=86 |issue= |pages=1414–1436 |id= |url= http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/abstract/86/10/1414|accessdate= 2007-11-13 |quote=|doi= 10.2307/2656924|pmid= 10523283 }}</ref>. It is thought that general flowering evolved to satiate seed predators<ref name = Currena>{{cite journal |last= Curren|first= Lisa M. |authorlink= |coauthors= M. Leighton |year=2000 |month= |title= Vertebrate responses to spatiotemporal variation in seed production of mast-fruiting Dipterocarpaceae|journal=Ecological Monographs |volume=70 |issue=1 |pages=101–128 |id= |url= http://www.esajournals.org/perlserv/?request=get-abstract&doi=10.1890%2F0012-9615(2000)070%5B0101%3AVRTSVI%5D2.0.CO%3B2&ct=1|accessdate= 2007-11-13 |quote= }}</ref> and/or to facilitate pollinaton<ref name = Sakaia/>. It appears that both of these explantions hold merit<ref name = Maycocka>{{cite journal |last= Maycock|first= Colin R. |authorlink= |coauthors= Richard N. Thewlis, Jaboury Ghazoul, Reuben Nilus and David F.R.P Burslem |year=2005 |month= |title= Reproduction of dipterocarps during low intensity masting events in a Bornean rain forest|journal=Journal of Vegetation Science |volume= 16|issue= |pages= 635–646 |id= |url= http://www.bioone.org/perlserv/?request=get-abstract&doi=10.1658%2F1100-9233(2005)016%5B0635%3ARODDLI%5D2.0.CO%3B2|accessdate= 2007-11-13 |quote=|doi= 10.1658/1100-9233(2005)016[0635:RODDLI]2.0.CO;2 }}</ref>. Flowering is thought to be triggered by droughts that occur during transition periods from [[La Niña]] to [[El Niño]]<ref name = Sakaib>{{cite journal |last= Sakai|first= Shoko |authorlink= |coauthors= Rhett D. Harrison, Kuniyasu Momose, Koichiro Kuraji, Hidetoshi Nagamasu, Tetsuzo Yasunari, Lucy Chong and Tohru Nakashizuka |year=2006 |month= |title= Irregular droughts trigger mass flowering in aseasonal tropical forests in asia|journal=American Journal of Botany |volume=93 |issue= |pages=1134–1139 |id= |url= http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/full/93/8/1134|accessdate= 2007-11-13 |quote=|doi= 10.3732/ajb.93.8.1134 }}</ref>. It is suggested that the magnitude of a flowering event is dependent on the timing of the droughts associated with the El Niño southern oscillation (ENSO) cycle, with the largest events occurring after an interval of several years with no flowering<ref name = Sakaib/>. ''Shorea'' are insect pollinated and a variety of insects have been implicated, with species within the sections of ''Shorea'' sharing the same insect pollinators. Flowering within a section is sequential within one habitat and species association to prevent competition for pollinators<ref>{{cite journal |last= LaFrankie|first=James V. Jr. |authorlink= |coauthors= H. T. Chan|year=1991 |month=Jun |title= Confirmation of Sequential Flowering in Shorea (Dipterocarpaceae)|journal=Biotropica |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=200–203 |doi= 10.2307/2388308|url= http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0006-3606%28199106%2923%3A2%3C200%3ACOSFIS%3E2.0.CO%3B2-U&size=LARGE&origin=JSTOR-enlargePage|accessdate= 2007-11-13 |quote= }}</ref>. ==Economic uses== Many economically important [[timber]] trees belong to ''Shorea''. They are sold under various trade names including "Meranti", "Lauan" (or "Luan"), "Seraya", "Balau", and "Bangkirai". (For a list of species associated with each name, see the article on [[Dipterocarp timber classification]].) The alluringly-named "Philippine Mahogany" sold in North America is not a [[mahogany]] at all, but actually a mixture of woods from the genus ''Shorea''. Non-timber products from ''Shorea'' spp. include [[Dammar]] and [[Illepe]]. Dammar, the resin from Dipterocarps, is collected from a variety of species. It various in colour among the different taxonomic groups. ''Shorea wiesneri'' is listed in many website as an important source of dammar<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9028654/dammar | title = Dammar | publisher = Encyclopædia Britannica | accessdate= 2007-11-14}}</ref>, however, this appears to be either a trade name or a synonym<ref>{{cite web | url = http://193.62.154.38/diptero/diptax.html | title = Dipterocarpaceae Data Base - Taxonomic Information | publisher = Royal Botanical Gardens, Edinburgh | accessdate= 2007-11-14}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.kew.org/searchepic/summaryquery.do;jsessionid=BD255C82F8006D581ED0D08C7CBC1300?scientificName=Shorea+wiesneri+&searchAll=true&categories=names&categories=bibl&categories=colln&categories=taxon&categories=flora&categories=misc | title = Electronic Plant Information Centre | publisher = Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew | accessdate= 2007-11-14}}</ref>. ==Conservation status== One hundred and forty eight species of ''Shorea'' are currently listed on the [[IUCN Redlist]]. The majority of which are listed as being critically endangered<ref>>{{cite web | url = http://www.iucnredlist.org/search/search.php?freetext=shorea&modifier=phrase&criteria=wholedb&taxa_species=1&redlistCategory%5B%5D=all&country%5B%5D=all&cty_default=1&aquatic%5B%5D=all&aqu_default=1&regions%5B%5D=all&reg_default=1&habitats%5B%5D=all&threats%5B%5D=all&redlistAssessyear%5B%5D=all&growths%5B%5D=all | title = The IUCN Red list of Threatened Species - Shorea search results | publisher = IUCN Redlist | accessdate= 2007-11-12}}</ref>. There are some concerns regarding the IUCN's listing of Dipterocarps, as the criteria used to assess the level of threat are based mainly on animal population characteristics. This is thought to overstate the threat assessment, when applied to long-lived habitat-specific organism such as tree<ref name = Ashton/>. Furthermore one species reportedly extinct, on the IUCN Red list, ''Shorea cuspidata'' is reported to be common in the [[Bako National Park]] and also present in the [[Lambir National Park]]<ref name = Ashton/>. Threat assessment for each species can be accessed via the [[Shorea classification|''Shorea'' species page]]. {| class="wikitable" |+ Conservation Status of ''Shorea'' spp. |- ! [[IUCN red list]] category ! Number of species |- | [[Extinct]] | align="center"|1 |- | [[Critically Endangered]] | align="center"|102 |- | [[Endangered]] | align="center"|34 |- | [[Vulnerable species|Vulnerable]] | align="center"|3 |- | [[Least concern]] | align="center"|6 |- | [[Data deficient]] | align="center"|2 |- | Not evaluated | align="center"|~48 |} ==References== {{wikispecies}}{{commons}} <references/> [[Category:Shorea| ]] [[Category:Wood]] [[de:Shorea]] [[es:Shorea]] [[ms:Shorea]] [[pt:Shorea]] [[zh:娑羅屬]]