Shrine
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2008-07-13T21:57:59Z
Rklisowski
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{{dablink|Shrine is also used as a conventional translation of the Japanese [[jinja (Shinto)|Jinja]].}}
A '''shrine''', from the Latin ''scrinium'' (‘box’; also used as a desk, like the French ''bureau'') was originally a container, usually made of precious materials, used especially for a [[relic]] and often a [[cult image]]. By extension it has come to mean a holy or sacred place containing the [[reliquary]] or [[tomb]] dedicated to a particular [[hero]], [[martyr]], [[saint]] or similar figure of awe and respect. Shrines may be enclosures within temples, home altars, and sacred burial places. Secular meanings have developed by association, as noted below. A shrine at which offerings are made is called an [[altar]].
[[Image:Kerbela Hussein Moschee.jpg|thumb|430px|Pilgrims outside the Shrine of Imam Hussain ibn Ali in Karbala, Iraq.]]
==Religious shrines==
[[Image:Shrine.jpg|thumb|left|225px|Eastern Orthodox shrine in [[Suzdal]], Russia, 1912.]]As distinguished from a [[temple]], a shrine usually houses a particular [[relic]] or [[cult image]], which is the object of [[worship]] or [[veneration]], or is constructed to set apart a site which is thought to be particularly holy, as opposed to being placed for the convenience of worshippers. Shrines therefore attract the practice of [[pilgrimage]]. <!--:saints aren't shrines, nor are places of worship generally understood: A shrine is also known as a holy place of worship, as is the case of Saint [[Catherine Labouré]] who created the [[Miraculous Medal]], or Saint [[Erkembode]] .-->
[[list of religions|Religious traditions]] that have founded shrines include [[Christian denominations]], such as [[Anglicanism]], [[Roman Catholicism]] and [[Orthodox|Orthodox Christianity]];<ref>Other [[Protestant]] denominations have historically opposed [[veneration]] of saints and establish no shrines.</ref>; [[Hinduism]]; [[Buddhism]]; [[Shinto]]; and [[Islam]] (mainly [[Shia]]).
[[Islam|Muslims]] have differing opinions on shrines and the [[Intercession of saints#2 Muslim view on intercession|intercession of saints]]: "And the mosques are for Allah (Alone): so invoke not anyone along with Allah" [[Sura]] [[Al-Jinn]]:18 (72:18)). The only major mosques according to [[Sunni]] Muslims are in the following order:
1- [[Masjid al Haram]]
2- [[Masjid al-Nabawi]]
3- [[Al-Aqsa Mosque]] (A mosque on the holy [[Temple Mount]], which is a place visited by both Jewish and Christian pilgrims).
[[Image:Shrine outside Wat Phnom.jpg|thumb|225px|Buddhist shrine just outside [[Wat Phnom]].]]
[[Shi'ism]] maintains a tradition of venerating late religious leaders (as there is no hierarchical church, the bond is personal; but often a 'successor', sometimes even a son, maintains a following) and/or martyrs (usually at their grave); thus the [[Persian language|Persian]] word ''imamzadeh''. There are also sunnite equivalents, as among the ascetic [[marabouts]] of [[West Africa]] and the [[Maghreb]].
A Buddhist shrine sometimes requires a symbolic [[Buddhist architecture|architecture]] called a [[stupa]]. Early Buddhist shrines may be located in sacred caves.
In Shinto and in Roman Catholicism, small portable shrines are often carried in religious processions.
[[Image:Bac.Catherine.Cercueil.jpg|thumb|225px|left|Catholic shrine: glass coffin of [[Catherine Labouré|Saint Catherine Labouré]]]]In the [[Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]] Code of [[Canon law (Catholic Church)|Canon law]], canons 1230 and 1231 read: "The term shrine means a church or other sacred place which, with the approval of the local [[Ordinary]], is by reason of special [[devotion]] frequented by the faithful as [[pilgrim]]s. For a shrine to be described as national, the approval of the [[Episcopal Conference]] is necessary. For it to be described as international, the approval of the [[Holy See]] is required." Catholic shrines are therefore normally churches which for historical or other reasons have become the destination of pilgrimages.
Another use of the term "shrine" in colloquial Catholic terminology is a niche or alcove in most - especially larger - churches used by parishioners when praying privately in the church. They were also called [[Devotional Altar]]s, since they could look like small [[Side Altar]]s. Shrines were always centered on some image of Christ or a saint - for instance, a statue, painting, mural or mosaic, and may have had a [[reredos]] behind them (without a [[Church tabernacle|Tabernacle]] built in).
[[Image:John William Waterhouse - The Shrine.JPG|thumb|225px|right|Woman at a yard shrine ([[John William Waterhouse|Waterhouse]], 1895)]]
However, [[Mass (liturgy)|Mass]] would not be celebrated at them; they were simply used to aid or give a visual focus for prayers. Side altars where Mass could actually be celebrated were used in a similar way to shrines by parishioners. Side Altars were specifically dedicated to [[Blessed Virgin Mary|The Virgin Mary]], [[Saint Joseph]] or other saints.
The long Roman Catholic tradition of veneration of saints has produced an impressive number of notable shrines, some of truly international renoun. There are separate articles on:
*[[basilica]]
*[[Shrines to the Virgin Mary]]
Shrine may also designate a small [[altar]] in a home or place of business, or a room or item of furniture which is decorated with religious symbols and used for private worship, as was common in the [[polytheist]] periods of Classical Antiquity. Devotions are generally to [[ancestor worship|ancestral]] or [[tutelary]] spirits.
===Yard shrines===
Small outdoor '''yard shrines''' are found at the places of many peoples following various religions, especially historic [[Christianity]]. Many consist of a statue of [[Christ]] or a [[saint]] on a pedestal or in an alcove, while others may be elaborate groupings including paintings, statuary, and architectual elements such as walls, roofs, glass doors, ironwork fences, and so on.
In the United States, many Christians (especially [[Anglican]] and Roman Catholic) have small yard shrines; some of these greatly resemble side altars, since they are composed of a statue placed in a niche or [[grotto]]; this type is colloquially referred to as a ''[[bathtub madonna|bathtub Madonna]]''. [[Nativity scene]]s are also a form of yard shrine.
==Secular shrines==
In the [[United States]] and some other countries, [[landmark]]s may be called "historic shrines." Notable shrines of this type include:
* [[Alamo Mission in San Antonio|The Alamo]]
* [[Fort McHenry]]
* [[Saint Anne]] Parish and Shrine in [[Fall River, Massachusetts]]
* [[Touro Synagogue]] in [[Newport, Rhode Island]]
* [[Shrine of Remembrance]], a [[war memorial]] in [[Melbourne]], [[Victoria, Australia]]
* [[Shrine of Remembrance, Brisbane|Shrine of Remembrance]], a [[war memorial]] in [[Brisbane]], [[Australia]].
By extension the term ''shrine'' has come to mean any place (or virtual cyber-place) dedicated completely to a particular person or subject.
==List of shrines==
The list of those considered at least of national importance comprises none in Africa, but on all other continents:
===Europe===
One in [[Austria]]:
*[[Mariazell Basilica|Basilica Mariä Geburt]] in [[Mariazell]], [[Styria (state)|Styria]]
In [[Belgium]]:
* The shrine of Our Lady at [[Scherpenheuvel]] in [[Flanders]]
Two in [[Croatia]]:
*minor basilica of the Mother [[Marija Bistrica|Mary of Bistrica]]
*National Shrine of St. Joseph on Dubovac in [[Karlovac]]
One in the [[Czech Republic]]:
* [[St. Vitus Cathedral]] in [[Prague]]
Four in [[France]]:
*Minor Basilica (upper church) of [[Our Lady of Lourdes]] in [[Lourdes]]
*[[Chapel of Our Lady of the Miraculous Medal]] in Paris
*Cathedral of Our Lady in [[Reims]], where the French kings were crowned
*National Shrine of Our Lady Help of Christians in [[Nice]]
In [[Germany]]:
*[[Shrine of the Three Kings at Cologne Cathedral]]
One in [[Ireland]]:
*the minor basilica of Our Lady of Knock Queen of Ireland [BVM] in [[Knock, County Mayo|Knock]]
Two [[pontifical minor basilica]]s in [[Italy]]:
* The shrine of the [[Blessed Virgin Mary]] cathedral at [[Loreto]] in [[Italy]]
*Pontifical Basilica of St. Anthony of Padua, conventual
One in [[Latvia]]:
*minor basilica of BVM Assumption in [[Aglona]]
One in [[Malta]]:
*the minor basilica of National Shrine of the Blessed Virgin of Ta’ Pinu [BVM Assumption] in [[Għarb]]
Four main shrines in [[Poland]]:
* Divine Mercy Shrine in [[Plock]]
* Shrine to the Blessed Virgin Mary in [[Częstochowa]]
* [[Wawel Cathedral]] of St. Stanislaus and St. Wenceslaus in [[Kraków]]
* JHS Divine Mercy in Kraków-Łagiewniki
* [[Sanctuary of Our Lady of Licheń]] in [[Licheń Stary]]
The main shrine in [[Portugal]]:
*Shrine of [[Our Lady of Fatima]] in [[Fatima, Portugal|Fatima]]
Three minor basilicas in [[Spain]]:
* The shrine of the Apostle [[Saint James the Great]] at [[Santiago de Compostela]] in [[Galicia]], historically the third Catholic pilgrimage destination after Jerusalem and Rome
*Santuario Nacional de la Gran Promesa [JHS Heart] in [[Valladolid]]
*Mare de Déu de Montserrat [BVM] in [[Terrassa]]
Four in the [[UK]]:
*The shrine of the Blessed Virgin Mary at [[Walsingham]] ([[England]])
*The shrine of St [[Edward the Confessor]] in [[Westminster Abbey]] (England)
*The shrine of [[Saint Winifred|St Winifred]] at [[Holywell]] ([[Wales]])
*Welsh National Shrine of Our Lady of [[Cardigan, Ceredigion|Cardigan]], Wales
*The National Shrine of [[Saint Boniface]] at [[Crediton]] ([[England]]) [http://www.saintboniface.info/ website]
===North America===
Seven in Canada:
* The [[Basilica of Sainte-Anne-de-Beaupré]] in Quebec, a [[shrine]] to honour [[Saint Anne]].
One in Mexico:
* minor [[Basilica]] of Nuestra Señora de [[Guadalupe]]
Fifty-five in the USA:
* Shrine of [[Christ the King]] in [[Chicago, IL]] (first Latin Mass shrine in the world)
* The [[Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception]] in [[Washington, DC]] in the [[United States]]
* The Shrine of [[St. Elizabeth Ann Seton]] at [[Mount Saint Mary's University]] in [[Emmitsburg, Maryland]]
* The [[National Shrine of Our Lady of the Snows]] in [[Belleville, Illinois]]
* The [[National Shrine of the Little Flower]] Catholic Church in [[Royal Oak, Michigan]]
* Shrine of the [[Isaac Jogues|North American Martyrs]] in [[Auriesville, New York]]
* [[Holy Hill National Shrine of Mary, Help of Christians]] in [[Hubertus, Wisconsin]]
* [[Mary, Queen of the Universe Shrine]] in [[Orlando, Florida|Orlando]], [[Florida]]
* The Shrine of the Most Blessed Sacrament[http://www.olamshrine.com/olam/welcome.htm] in [[Hanceville]], [[Alabama]]
* The Light Of Truth Universal Shrine[http://www.lotus.org/] in [[Buckingham]], [[Virginia]]
* Jaffa Shrine[http://jaffamosque.nb.net/] in [[Altoona, Pennsylvania]]
* The National Shrine of [[St. Katherine Drexel]] in [[Bensalem Township]], [[Bucks County]],
[[Pennsylvania]]
*The National Shrine of Blessed [[Francis Xavier Seelos]] in [[New Orleans]],[[Louisiana]]
===Central America===
Two in Cuba
One in Nicaragua
One in Panama
===South America===
===Asia===
Two in [[China]].
In Japan:
*[[Shinto shrine]](Jinja)
Two in India:
* One international shrine, in Ernakulam – Angamaly, of the [[Syro-Malabar rite]]:
* Shrine Vailankanni Basilica [[Vailankanni]] in [[India]]
Many Islamic shrines all over the [[Middle East]], especially revered by the [[Shia]]. Notable ones include:
*[[Imam Ali Mosque]]
*[[Imam Hussain Shrine]]
*Hadhrat [[Abbas Shrine]]
*[[Imam Reza Shrine]], [[Iran]]
Fifteen in the [[Philippines]].
Two in [[Sri Lanka]].
===Oceania===
All four are in [[Australia]], in only two major cities:
*in [[Sydney]], St. Mary’s Cathedral, a [[minor basilica]]
*in [[Melbourne]]: St. Anthony’s National Shrine, National Shrine of Our Lady of Mount Carmel and National Shrine of Saint Thérèse of Lisieux
=== Eastern Orthodox ===
* [[Mount Athos]] in [[Greece]].
* [[Pochaïv Lavra]] in [[Ukraine]]
* [[Supraśl Lavra]] in [[Poland]]
=== Bahá'í ===
[[Image:TerracesBenGurion.jpg|330px|thumb|right|The [[Shrine of the Báb]] and its [[Terraces (Bahá'í)|Terraces]] on [[Mt. Carmel]], [[Haifa]].]]
The two most well-known [[Bahá'í Faith|Bahá'í]] shrines serve as the resting places for the respective remains of the [[Bahá'í history|Twin Manifestations]] of the Bahá'í Faith, the [[Báb]] and [[Bahá'u'lláh]]. They are the focal points of a [[Bahá'í pilgrimage]].
* the [[Shrine of the Báb]] in [[Haifa, Israel|Haifa]], [[Israel]].
* the [[Shrine of Bahá'u'lláh]] in [[Acre, Israel|Acre]], [[Israel]].
=== Shinto ===
{{main|Shinto shrine}}
[[Shinto]] temples (in Japanese, variously named ''jinja'', ''taisha'', and ''jingū'') are conventionally called "shrines" in English. A portable miniature version, called a [[mikoshi]], is carried in Shinto processions.
See [[:Category:Shinto shrines]]
<!--* [[Yasukuni Shrine]]-->
*[http://english.tsukudo.jp/ Tsukudo Shrine (in Tokyo)]
==See also==
*[[Shriners]] ([[Shriners|Ancient Arabic Order of the Nobles of the Mystic Shrine]]) used to call their masonic assembly places temple (akin to shrine), but recently rebaptised them shriner centre
{{commonscat|Shrines}}
==Sources and references==
(incomplete)
*[http://www.gcatholic.com/churches/shrine.htm GigaCatholic]
*[http://www.geocities.com/pk_pandita/hari_parbat.html Hari Parbat]
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==References==
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[[Category:Shrines| ]]
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[[es:Santuario (edificio)]]
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[[lt:Koplytstulpis]]
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