Signal noise
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/* See also */ EMI
{{Merge|Electronic noise|date=may 2008|date=May 2008}}
In [[science]], and especially in [[physics]] and [[telecommunication]], '''noise''' is fluctuations in and the addition of external factors to the stream of target information (''[[signal (information theory)|signal]]'') being received at a detector. In communications, it may be deliberate as for instance [[jamming]] of a radio or TV signal, but in most cases it is assumed to be merely undesired interference with intended operations. Natural and deliberate noise sources can provide both or either of [[random]] interference or patterned interference. Only the latter can be cancelled effectively in [[analog (signal)|analog]] systems; however, [[digital (signal)|digital]] systems are usually constructed in such a way that their [[quantization (signal processing)|quantized]] signals can be reconstructed perfectly, as long as the noise level remains below a defined maximum, which varies from application to application.{{Fact|date=August 2007}}
More specifically, in physics, the term '''noise''' has the following meanings:
#An undesired disturbance within the [[frequency]] [[Band (radio)|band]] of interest; the summation of unwanted or disturbing energy introduced into a [[communications system]] from man-made and natural sources.
#A disturbance that affects a [[signal (information theory)|signal]] and that may distort the [[information]] carried by the signal.
#Random variations of one or more characteristics of any entity such as voltage, current, or [[data]].
#A random signal of known statistical properties of amplitude, distribution, and [[spectral density]].
#''Loosely,'' any disturbance tending to interfere with the normal [[operation]] of a device or system.
Noise and what can be done about it has long been studied. [[Claude Shannon]] established [[information theory]] and in so doing clarified the essential nature of noise and the limits it places on the operation of electronic equipment.
In some cases a little noise may be considered advantageous, allowing a [[dither]]ed representation of signals below the minimum strength, or between two quantization levels. This is especially true for signals intended for human appreciation, since the brain seems to expect signals to contain a degree of noise. See, for example [http://www.oreilly.com/catalog/mindhks/chapter/hack33.pdf]
== See also ==
*[[Electronic noise]]
*[[Colors of noise]]
*[[Signal-to-noise ratio]]
*[[Electromagnetic interference]]
*[[Noise level]]
*[[Noise power]]
*[[Noise-equivalent power]]
*[[Phase noise]]
*[[List of noise topics]]
*[[Audio system measurements]]
{{FS1037C MS188}}
== External links ==
*[http://www.analog.com/UploadedFiles/Application_Notes/5480117281535838576388017880AN358.pdf Noise and Operational Amplifier Circuits] ([[PDF]]) — [[Analog Devices]] [[Application note]]
*[http://www.sengpielaudio.com/calculator-noise.htm Calculation of thermal or Johnson noise, Nyquist noise - Noise voltage in microvolts, and noise level in dBu and dBV]
*[http://www.princeton.edu/~pear PEAR Lab: consciousness - machine interaction research using diode Johnson noise]
[[Category:Telecommunications terms]]
[[Category:Noise]]
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