Silicon 27114 225944159 2008-07-16T03:34:10Z JackSchmidt 4495964 undo, previous figure in many sources, new figure is not for earth's crust, new citation is broken {{distinguish|Silicone}} {{Infobox silicon}} '''Silicon''' ({{pronEng|ˈsɪl<s>ɪ</s>kən}} or {{IPA|/ˈsɪl<s>ɪ</s>kɒn/}}, {{lang-la|silicium}}) is the [[chemical element]] that has the symbol '''Si''' and [[atomic number]] 14. A [[tetravalent]] [[metalloid]], silicon is less reactive than its chemical analog [[carbon]]. As the eighth most common element in the universe by mass, silicon occasionally occurs as the pure free element in nature, but is more widely distributed in dusts, planetoids and planets as various forms of [[silicon dioxide]] (silica) or [[silicate]]s. On Earth, silicon is the second most abundant element (after [[oxygen]]) in the crust,<ref>{{citeweb|title=The periodic table|url=http://www.webelements.com/|publisher=webelements.com|accessdate=2008-02-20}}</ref> making up 25.7% of the crust by mass. Silicon has many industrial uses. Elemental silicon is the principal component of most [[semiconductor]] devices, most importantly [[integrated circuits]] or ''microchips''. Silicon is widely used in semiconductors because it remains a semiconductor at higher temperatures than the semiconductor [[germanium]] and because its [[passivation|native oxide]] is easily grown in a furnace and forms a better semiconductor/dielectric interface than any other material. In the form of silica and silicates, silicon forms useful [[glass]]es, [[cement]]s, and [[ceramic]]s. It is also a constituent of [[silicone]]s, a class-name for various synthetic plastic substances made of silicon, oxygen, carbon and hydrogen, often confused with silicon itself. Silicon is an essential element in biology, although only tiny traces of it appear to be required by animals. It is much more important to the metabolism of plants, particularly many grasses, and [[silicic acid]] (a type of silica) forms the basis of the striking array of protective shells of the microscopic [[diatom]]s. == Notable characteristics == The outer [[electron orbital]]s (half filled subshell holding up to eight electrons) have the same structure as in [[carbon]] and the two elements are sometimes similar chemically. Even though it is a relatively inert element, silicon still reacts with [[halogen]]s and dilute [[alkali]]s, but most [[acid]]s (except for some hyper-reactive combinations of [[nitric acid]] and [[hydrofluoric acid]]) do not affect it. Having four bonding electrons however gives it, like carbon, many opportunities to combine with other elements or compounds under the right circumstances. Both silicon and carbon are semiconductors, readily either donating or sharing their four outer electrons allowing many different forms of chemical bonding. Pure silicon has a negative [[temperature]] coefficient of [[electrical resistance|resistance]], since the number of free charge carriers increases with temperature. The electrical resistance of [[single crystal]] silicon significantly changes under the application of mechanical stress due to the [[piezoresistive effect]]. In its [[crystal]]line form, pure silicon has a gray color and a metallic luster. It is similar to glass in that it is rather strong, very brittle, and prone to chipping. == History == Silicon was first identified by [[Antoine Lavoisier]] in [[1787]] as a component of the [[Latin]] ''{{Wdy|silex}}''<!-- Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1) - Cite This Source si·lex –noun flint; silica. [Origin: 1585–95; < L silex, s. silic- hard stone, flint, boulder] -->, or ''silicis'' (meaning what were more generally termed "the [[flint]]s" or "Hard Rocks" during the [[Early Modern era]] where nowadays as we would say "silica" or "silicates"), and was later mistaken by [[Humphry Davy]] in [[1800]] for a compound. In [[1811]] [[Gay-Lussac]] and [[Louis Jacques Thénard|Thénard]] probably prepared impure [[amorphous silicon]] through the heating of [[potassium]] with [[silicon tetrafluoride]]. It was first isolated as an element by [[Jöns Jakob Berzelius|Berzelius]] in [[1823]]. In [[1824]], Berzelius prepared amorphous silicon using approximately the same method as Gay-Lussac. Berzelius also purified the product by repeatedly washing it. == Occurrence == Measured by [[mass]], silicon makes up 25.7% of the [[Earth]]'s crust and is the second most abundant element on Earth, after [[oxygen]]. Pure silicon crystals are only occasionally found in nature; they can be found as inclusions with [[gold]] and in volcanic exhalations. Silicon is usually found in the form of [[silicon dioxide]] (also known as silica), and [[silicate]]. Silica occurs in [[mineral]]s consisting of (practically) pure [[silicon dioxide]] in different crystalline forms. [[Sand]], [[amethyst]], agate, [[quartz]], rock crystal, [[chalcedony]], [[flint]], [[jasper]], and [[opal]] are some of the forms in which silicon dioxide appears. (They are known as "[[lithogenic silica|lithogenic]]", as opposed to "[[biogenic silica|biogenic]]", silicas.) Silicon also occurs as [[silicate]]s (various minerals containing silicon, oxygen and one or another metal), for example [[feldspar]]. These minerals occur in [[clay]], [[sand]] and various types of [[rock (geology)|rock]] such as [[granite]] and [[sandstone]]. [[Asbestos]], [[feldspar]], clay, [[hornblende]], and [[mica]] are a few of the many silicate [[mineral]]s. Silicon is a principal component of [[aerolite]]s, which are a class of [[meteoroid]]s, and also is a component of [[tektite]]s, which are a natural form of glass. ''See also [[:Category:Silicate minerals]]'' == Isotopes == {{main|isotopes of silicon}} Silicon has numerous known [[isotope]]s, with [[mass number]]s ranging from 22 to 44. <sup>28</sup>Si (the most abundant isotope, at 92.23%), <sup>29</sup>Si (4.67%), and <sup>30</sup>Si (3.1%) are stable; <sup>32</sup>Si is a [[radioactive]] isotope produced by [[argon]] decay. Its [[half-life]] has been determined to be approximately 170 years (0.21 MeV), and it decays by [[beta - emission]] to <sup>32</sup>[[phosphorus|P]] (which has a 14.28 day half-life <!-- [http://montana.edu/~wwwsrm/p-32.htm] [http://ehs.missouri.edu/rad/isotopedata/p-32.pdf] [http://orcbs.msu.edu/radiation/programs_guidelines/radmanual/appendix_phosphorus_32.pdf] oh, and don't forget [[Phosphorus#Isotopes]]-->)<ref>{{citeweb|title=PHOSPHORUS - 32|url=http://sciencegateway.org/isotope/phosp32.html|publisher=sciencegateway.org|accessdate=2008-02-20}}</ref> and then to <sup>32</sup>[[sulfur|S]]. == Compounds == {{expand-section|continuous text and elimination of bullet points, giving better examples of silicon's chemistry and compounds and some citations|date=January 2008}} [[Image:PDMS.png|100px|right|thumb|[[Polydimethylsiloxane|PDMS]] – a silicone compound]] For examples of silicon compounds see [[silicon dioxide]] (SiO<sub>2</sub>), [[silicic acid]] (H<sub>4</sub>SiO<sub>4</sub>), [[silicate]]s, [[silicate minerals]], [[silicide]]s, silicon ceramics like [[silicon carbide]] (SiC) and [[silicon nitride]] (Si<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>), silicon [[halide]]s like [[silicon tetrachloride]] (SiCl<sub>4</sub>) and [[silicon tetrafluoride]] (SiF<sub>4</sub>), [[trichlorosilane]] (HSiCl<sub>3</sub>), [[silane]]s H<sub>2</sub>(SiH<sub>2</sub>)<sub>n</sub>, [[organosilicon]]s and [[silicone]]s. ''See also [[:Category:Silicon compounds]]'' == Applications == As the second most abundant element in the [[earth]]'s [[earth's crust|crust]], silicon is vital to the construction industry as a principal constituent of natural stone, [[glass]], [[concrete]] and [[cement]]. Silicon's greatest impact on the modern world's [[economy]] and [[lifestyle]] has resulted from [[silicon wafer]]s used as substrates in the manufacture of discrete [[Electronics|electronic]] devices such as power [[transistors]], and in the development of [[integrated circuits]] such as [[computer chips]]. === Alloys === The largest application of pure silicon (metallurgical grade silicon), representing about 55% of the world consumption, is in the manufacture of [[aluminium]]-silicon [[alloy]]s to produce [[cast]] parts, mainly for the automotive industry. Silicon is an important constituent of [[electrical steel]], modifying its [[resistivity]] and [[ferromagnetic]] properties. Silicon is added to molten [[cast iron]] as [[ferrosilicon]] or silicocalcium alloys to improve its performance in casting thin sections, and to prevent the formation of [[cementite]] at the surface. === In electronic applications === Pure silicon is used to produce ultra-pure silicon [[Wafer (electronics)|wafers]] used in the [[semiconductor]] industry, in electronics and in [[photovoltaic]] applications. Ultra-pure silicon can be [[doping (semiconductors)|doped]] with other elements to adjust its electrical response by controlling the number and charge ([[electron hole|positive]] or [[electron|negative]]) of current carriers. Such control is necessary for [[transistor]]s, [[solar cell]]s, [[integrated circuit]]s, [[microprocessor]]s, [[semiconductor detector]]s and other [[semiconductor device]]s which are used in electronics and other high-tech applications. In [[Photonics]], silicon can be used as a continuous wave [[Raman laser]] medium to produce coherent light, though it is ineffective as a light source. [[Hydrogenated amorphous silicon]] is used in the production of low-cost, [[large-area electronics]] in applications such as [[Liquid crystal display|LCD]]s, and of large-area, low-cost thin-film [[solar cells]]. === Silicones === The second largest application of silicon (about 40% of world consumption) is as a raw material in the production of [[silicones]], compounds containing silicon-[[oxygen]] and silicon-[[carbon]] bonds that have the capability to acting as bonding intermediates between glass and organic compounds, and to form polymers with useful properties such as impermeability to water, flexibility and resistance to chemical attack. Silicones are used in [[waterproofing]] treatments, [[molding (process)|molding]] compounds and mold-[[release agent]]s, mechanical seals, high temperature [[lubricant|grease]]s and waxes, [[caulking]] compounds and even in applications as diverse as [[breast implant]]s, [[explosive]]s and [[pyrotechnics]].<ref>{{citepaper|title=Special Materials in Pyrotechnics: VI. Silicon - An Old Fuel with New Perspectives|url=http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/abstract/114279686/ABSTRACT|author= Koch, E.C.|authorlink=mailto:ernst.christian.koch@diehl-bgt-defence.de |coauthors= Clement, D.}}</ref> *[[Construction]]: [[Silicon dioxide]] or [[silica]] in the form of [[sand]] and [[clay]] is an important ingredient of [[concrete]] and [[brick]] and is also used to produce [[Portland cement]]. *[[Pottery]]/[[Vitreous enamel|Enamel]] is a refractory material used in high-temperature material production and its silicates are used in making enamels and pottery. *[[Glass]]: Silica from sand is a principal component of glass. Glass can be made into a great variety of shapes and with many different physical properties. Silica is used as a base material to make window glass, containers, [[electrical insulation|insulator]]s, and many other useful objects. *[[Abrasive]]s: [[Silicon carbide]] is one of the most important abrasives. *[[Silly Putty]] was originally made by adding [[boric acid]] to [[silicone oil]]. Now name-brand Silly Putty also contains significant amounts of elemental silicon. (Silicon binds to the silicone and allows the material to bounce 20% higher.){{Fact|date=January 2008}} ''See also [[:Category:Silicon compounds]]'' == Production == Silicon is commercially prepared by the reaction of high-purity [[silica]] with wood, charcoal, and coal, in an [[electric arc furnace]] using [[carbon]] [[electrode]]s. At temperatures over {{convert|1900|°C|°F|abbr=on|lk=on}}, the carbon reduces the silica to silicon according to the [[chemical equation]] :SiO<sub>2</sub> + C → Si + CO<sub>2</sub>. :SiO<sub>2</sub> + 2C → Si + 2CO. Liquid silicon collects in the bottom of the furnace, and is then drained and cooled. The silicon produced via this process is called ''metallurgical grade silicon'' and is at least 98% pure. Using this method, silicon carbide, SiC, can form. However, provided the amount of SiO<sub>2</sub> is kept high, silicon carbide may be eliminated, as explained by this equation: :2 SiC + SiO<sub>2</sub> → 3 Si + 2 CO. In 2005, metallurgical grade silicon cost about [[United States dollar|$]] 0.77 per pound ($1.70/kg).<ref>{{citeweb|title=SILICON|url=http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/silicon/silicmcs06.pdf|publisher=usgs.gov|accessdate=2008-02-20}}</ref> It has been reported in recent years that, by molten salt electrolysis, pure silicon can be directly extracted from solid silica and this new electrolysis method, known as the FFC Cambridge Process, has the potential to produce directly the solar grade silicon without any CO<sub>2</sub> emission at much lower energy consumption.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.acr.net.au/~coastwatchers/charcoalition/noreductant.html |title=New silicon production method with no carbon reductant |accessdate= |work= |publisher= |date= }} Referering to {{cite journal |last=Chen |first=George Zheng |authorlink= |coauthors=Fray, Derek J.; Farthing, Tom W. |year=2000 |month= |title=Direct electrochemical reduction of titanium dioxide to titanium in molten calcium chloride |journal=Nature |volume=407 |issue=6802 |pages=361&ndash;364 |doi=10.1038/35030069 |url= |accessdate= |quote= }}</ref><ref name="Xianbo2004">{{cite journal |author=Xianbo Jin, Pei Gao, Dihua Wang, Xiaohong Hu, George Z. Chen |year=2004 |month= |title=Electrochemical Preparation of Silicon and Its Alloys from Solid Oxides in Molten Calcium Chloride |journal=Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. |volume=43 |issue= |pages=733&ndash;736 |id= |url= |accessdate= |quote= }}</ref><ref name="Nohira2003">{{cite journal |last=Nohira |first=Toshiyuki |authorlink= |coauthors=Yasuda, Kouji; Ito, Yasuhiko |year=2003 |month= |title=Pinpoint and bulk electrochemical reduction of insulating silicon dioxide to silicon |journal=Nature Materials |volume=2 |issue= |pages=397&ndash;401 |doi=10.1038/nmat900 |url= |accessdate= |quote= }}</ref> == Purification == The use of silicon in [[semiconductor]] devices demands a much greater purity than afforded by metallurgical grade silicon. Historically, a number of methods have been used to produce high-purity silicon. === Physical methods === [[Image:Silicon wafer with mirror finish.jpg|thumb|RIGHT|200px|Silicon wafer with mirror finish (NASA)]] Early silicon purification techniques were based on the fact that if silicon is melted and re-solidified, the last parts of the mass to solidify contain most of the impurities. The earliest method of silicon purification, first described in 1919 and used on a limited basis to make [[radar]] components during [[World War II]], involved crushing metallurgical grade silicon and then partially dissolving the silicon powder in an [[acid]]. When crushed, the silicon cracked so that the weaker impurity-rich regions were on the outside of the resulting grains of silicon. As a result, the impurity-rich silicon was the first to be dissolved when treated with acid, leaving behind a more pure product. In [[zone melting]], also called zone refining, the first silicon purification method to be widely used industrially, rods of metallurgical grade silicon are heated to melt at one end. Then, the heater is slowly moved down the length of the rod, keeping a small length of the rod molten as the silicon cools and re-solidifies behind it. Since most impurities tend to remain in the molten region rather than re-solidify, when the process is complete, most of the impurities in the rod will have been moved into the end that was the last to be melted. This end is then cut off and discarded, and the process repeated if a still higher purity is desired. === Chemical methods === Today, silicon is purified by converting it to a silicon [[chemical compound|compound]] that can be more easily purified than in its original state, and then converting that silicon element back into pure silicon. [[Trichlorosilane]] is the silicon compound most commonly used as the intermediate, although [[silicon tetrachloride]] and [[silane]] are also used. When these gases are blown over silicon at high temperature, they decompose to high-purity silicon. At one time, [[DuPont]] produced ultra-pure silicon by reacting silicon tetrachloride with high-purity [[zinc]] vapors at 950 °C, producing silicon according to the chemical equation :SiCl<sub>4</sub> + 2 Zn → Si + 2 ZnCl<sub>2</sub>. However, this technique was plagued with practical problems (such as the [[zinc chloride]] byproduct solidifying and clogging lines) and was eventually abandoned in favor of the Siemens process. [[Image:Polycrystalline silicon rod.jpg|thumb|A [[polycrystalline silicon]] rod made by the Siemens process]] In the '''Siemens process''', high-purity silicon rods are exposed to trichlorosilane at 1150 °C. The trichlorosilane gas decomposes and deposits additional silicon onto the rods, enlarging them according to [[chemical reaction]]s like :2 HSiCl<sub>3</sub> → Si + 2 HCl + SiCl<sub>4</sub>. Silicon produced from this and similar processes is called ''[[polycrystalline silicon]]''. Polycrystalline silicon typically has impurity levels of less than 10<sup>−9</sup>. In 2006 [[Renewable Energy Corporation|REC]] announced construction of a plant based on fluidized bed technology using silane.<ref>{{citeweb|title=Analyst_silicon_field_trip_March_28,_2007|url=http://hugin.info/136555/R/1115224/203491.pdf|publisher=hugin.info|accessdate=2008-02-20}}</ref> :3SiCl<sub>4</sub> + Si + 2H<sub>2</sub> → 4HSiCl<sub>3</sub> :4HSiCl<sub>3</sub> → 3SiCl<sub>4</sub> + SiH<sub>4</sub> :SiH<sub>4</sub> → Si + 2H<sub>2</sub> == Crystallization == [[Image:Silicon-unit-cell-3D-balls.png|thumb|Diamond Cubic Crystal Structure, Silicon unit cell]] Silicon, like [[carbon]] and other group IV elements form face-centered [[diamond cubic]] [[crystal structure]]. Silicon, in particular, forms a [[face-centered cubic]] structure with a lattice spacing of 5.430710 Å (0.5430710 nm).<ref>{{cite book |last=O'Mara |first=William C. |year=1990|title=Handbook of Semiconductor Silicon Technology |page =349-352 |publisher=William Andrew Inc. |isbn=0815512376 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=COcVgAtqeKkC&pg=PA351&dq=Czochralski+Silicon+Crystal+Face+Cubic&lr=&as_brr=3&sig=ht-dgSy1lzBMYC7IXPp9W5QBqYo |accessdate=2008-02-24}}</ref> [[Image:Silicon seed crystal puller rod.jpg|thumb|A puller rod with [[seed crystal]] for growing [[Single crystal|single-crystal]] silicon by the [[Czochralski process]]]] The majority of silicon crystals grown for device production are produced by the [[Czochralski process]], (CZ-Si) since it is the cheapest method available and it is capable of producing large size crystals. However, silicon single-crystals grown by the Czochralski method contain impurities since the [[crucible]] which contains the melt dissolves. For certain electronic devices, particularly those required for high power applications, silicon grown by the Czochralski method is not pure enough. For these applications, [[float-zone silicon]] (FZ-Si) can be used instead. It is worth mentioning though, in contrast with CZ-Si method in which the seed is dipped into the silicon melt and the growing crystal is pulled upward, the thin seed crystal in the FZ-Si method sustains the growing crystal as well as the polysilicon rod from the bottom. As a result, it is difficult to grow large size crystals using the float-zone method. Today, all the dislocation-free silicon crystals used in semiconductor industry with diameter 300mm or larger are grown by the Czochralski method with purity level significantly improved. == Different forms of silicon == <gallery> Image:Silizium pulver.jpg|Silicon powder Image:Silicon granular 640x480.jpg|Granular silicon Image:Silicon poly 640x480.jpg|Polycrystal silicon Image:Silicon crystal 4 inch interferences 640x480.jpg|Silicon monocrystal Image:Nano Si 640x480.jpg|[[Nanocrystalline silicon]] Image:Monokristalines Silizium für die Waferherstellung.jpg|Silicon Ingot </gallery> One can notice the color change in silicon nanopowder. This is caused by the quantum effects which occur in particles of nanometric dimensions. See also [[Potential well]], [[Quantum dot]], and [[Nanoparticle]]. == Silicon-based life == {{Refimprove|date=August 2006}} {{Original research|date=December 2007}} {{see also|Alternative biochemistry}} Since silicon is similar to carbon, particularly in its valency, some people have proposed the possibility of silicon-based life. One main detraction for silicon-based life is that unlike carbon, silicon does not have the tendency to form double and triple bonds. Although there are no known forms of life that rely entirely on silicon-based chemistry, some use silica for specific functions. The [[polycystine]] [[radiolaria]] and [[diatoms]] have skeletons of [[opaline]] silicon dioxide, and the [[Hexactinellid]] [[sponges]] secrete [[spicules]] made of silicon dioxide. These forms of silicon dioxide are known as [[biogenic silica]]. Silicate bacteria use silicates in their [[metabolism]]{{fact|date=February 2008}}. Life as we know it could not have developed based on a silicon biochemistry. The main reason for this fact is that [[life on Earth]] depends on the [[carbon cycle]]: [[autotrophic]] entities use carbon dioxide to synthesize organic compounds with carbon, which is then used as food by [[heterotrophic]] entities, which produce energy and carbon dioxide from these compounds. If carbon was to be replaced with silicon, there would be a need for a '''silicon cycle'''. However, silicon dioxide precipitates in aqueous systems, and cannot be transported among living beings by common biological means. As such, another solvent would be necessary to sustain silicon-based life forms; it would be difficult (if not impossible) to find another common compound with the unusual properties of water which make it an ideal solvent for carbon-based life. Larger silicon compounds analogous to common [[hydrocarbon]] chains ([[silane]]s) are also generally unstable owing to the larger atomic radius of silicon and the correspondingly weaker silicon-silicon bond; silanes decompose readily and often violently in the presence of [[oxygen]] making them unsuitable for an oxidizing atmosphere such as our own. Silicon also does not readily participate in [[pi-bond]]ing (the second and third bonds in triple bonds and double bonds are pi-bonds) as its [[p-orbital]] electrons experience greater shielding and are less able to take on the necessary geometry. Furthermore, although some silicon rings ([[cyclosilanes]]) analogous to common the [[cycloalkanes]] formed by carbon have been synthesized, these are largely unknown. Their synthesis suffers from the difficulties inherent in producing any silane compound, whereas carbon will readily form five-, six-, and seven-membered rings by a variety of pathways (the [[Diels-Alder reaction]] is one naturally-occurring example), even in the presence of oxygen. Silicon's inability to readily form long silane chains, multiple bonds, and rings severely limits the diversity of compounds that can be synthesized from it. Under known conditions, silicon chemistry simply cannot begin to approach the diversity of [[organic chemistry]], a crucial factor in carbon's role in biology. However, silicon-based life could be construed as being life which exists under a computational substrate. This concept is yet to be explored in mainstream technology but receives ample coverage by sci-fi authors. [[Graham Cairns-Smith|A. G. Cairns-Smith]] has proposed that the first living organisms to exist were forms of clay minerals—which were probably based around the silicon atom. == In popular culture == Because silicon is an important element in semiconductors and high-tech devices, the high-tech region of [[Silicon Valley]], [[California]] is named after this element. Other geographic locations with connections to the industry have since characterized themselves as [http://www.tbtf.com/siliconia.html siliconia] as well. == See also == *[[List of silicon producers]] *[[electronics]] *[[Polycrystalline silicon]] *[[RCA clean]] *[[Silicone]] *[[Wafer (electronics)]] == References == {{reflist}} <!-- COMMENTING OUT THIS ITEM FOR NOW *Elastic Waves in Solids II, Eugène Dieulesaint, Daniel Royer (Springer) 2000 (ISBN 3-540-65931-5) (speed of sound) --> == External links == {{wikibookspar||Nanotechnology}} {{Commons|Silicon}} {{wiktionary|silicon}} *[http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/Si/key.html WebElements.com &ndash; Silicon] *[http://mineral.galleries.com/minerals/elements/silicon/silicon.htm Mineral.Galleries.com &ndash; Silicon] *[http://periodic.lanl.gov/elements/14.html Los Alamos National Laboratory: Silicon] *[http://www.ee.byu.edu/cleanroom/color_chart.phtml Silicon Color vs. Film Thickness] Silicon Dioxide/Nitride Color vs. Film Thickness {{Clear}} {{Compact periodic table}} [[Category:Dietary minerals]] [[Category:Silicon| ]] [[Category:Chemical elements]] [[Category:Metalloids]] [[Category:Semiconductor materials]] [[Category:Pyrotechnic fuels]] {{Link FA|sk}} [[af:Silikon]] [[ar:سليكون]] [[ast:Siliciu]] [[be:Крэмній]] [[bs:Silicijum]] [[bg:Силиций]] [[ca:Silici]] [[cs:Křemík]] [[co:Siliciu]] [[cy:Silicon]] [[da:Silicium]] [[de:Silicium]] [[et:Räni]] [[el:Πυρίτιο]] [[es:Silicio]] [[eo:Silicio]] [[eu:Silizio]] [[fa:سیلیسیم]] [[fr:Silicium]] [[fur:Silici]] [[ga:Sileacan]] [[gv:Shillagon]] [[gl:Silicio]] [[gu:સિલિકોન]] [[ko:규소]] [[hy:Սիլիցիում]] [[hi:सिलिकॉन]] [[hr:Silicij]] [[io:Siliko]] [[id:Silikon]] [[is:Kísill]] [[it:Silicio]] [[he:צורן]] [[ht:Silisyòm]] [[ku:Sîlîsyûm]] [[la:Silicium]] [[lv:Silīcijs]] [[lb:Silizium]] [[lt:Silicis]] [[jbo:cancmu]] [[hu:Szilícium]] [[mk:Силициум]] [[ml:സിലിക്കണ്‍]] [[mi:Takawai]] [[mr:सिलिकॉन]] [[ms:Silikon]] [[mn:Цахиур]] [[nah:Tecpatli]] [[nl:Silicium]] [[ja:ケイ素]] [[no:Silisium]] [[nn:Silisium]] [[oc:Silici]] [[uz:Kremniy]] [[nds:Silizium]] [[pl:Krzem]] [[pt:Silício]] [[ksh:Silizium]] [[ro:Siliciu]] [[qu:Ullayayaq]] [[ru:Кремний]] [[scn:Siliciu]] [[simple:Silicon]] [[sk:Kremík]] [[sl:Silicij]] [[sr:Силицијум]] [[sh:Silicij]] [[fi:Pii (alkuaine)]] [[sv:Kisel]] [[ta:சிலிக்கான்]] [[te:సిలికాన్]] [[th:ซิลิคอน]] [[vi:Silic]] [[tg:Силитсий]] [[tr:Silisyum]] [[uk:Кремній]] [[zh-yue:矽]] [[zh:硅]]