Silver chloride 1085174 223582458 2008-07-04T18:53:59Z Fulcanelli 7422369 /* External links */ {{chembox new | ImageFile = Silver-chloride-3D-ionic.png | ImageSize = | IUPACName = Silver(I) chloride | OtherNames = Silver chloride; cerargyrite; chlorargyrite; horn silver | Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers | Abbreviations = | CASNo = 7783-90-6 | EINECS = | PubChem = | SMILES = | InChI = | RTECS = VW3563000 | MeSHName = | ChEBI = | KEGG = | ATCCode_prefix = | ATCCode_suffix = | ATC_Supplemental =}} | Section2 = {{Chembox Properties | Ag=1 | Cl=1 | MolarMass = 143.321 g mol<sup>−1</sup> | Appearance = White Solid | Density = 5.56 × 10<sup>3</sup> kg m<sup>−3</sup> | MeltingPt = 455 °C | Melting_notes = | BoilingPt = 1150 °C | Boiling_notes = | Solubility = 52 × 10<sup>−6</sup> g/100 g at 50 °C | SolubleOther = | Solvent = water | pKa = | pKb = }} | Section3 = {{Chembox Structure | CrystalStruct = [[Sodium chloride#Crystal structure|halite]] | Coordination = | MolShape = }} | Section4 = {{Chembox Thermochemistry | DeltaHf = −127.01 kJ mol<sup>−1</sup> | DeltaHc = | Entropy = 96.25 J mol<sup>−1</sup> K<sup>−1</sup> | HeatCapacity = }} | Section5 = {{Chembox Pharmacology | AdminRoutes = | Bioavail = | Metabolism = | HalfLife = | ProteinBound = | Excretion = | Legal_status = | Legal_US = | Legal_UK = | Legal_AU = | Legal_CA = | PregCat = | PregCat_AU = | PregCat_US = }} | Section6 = {{Chembox Explosive | ShockSens = | FrictionSens = | ExplosiveV = | REFactor = }} | Section7 = {{Chembox Hazards | ExternalMSDS = [http://sciencelab.com/msds.php?msdsId=9927255 ScienceLab.com] | ExternalMSDS = [http://www.saltlakemetals.com/MSDS_Silver_Chloride.htm Salt Lake Metals] | EUClass = | EUIndex = | MainHazards = | NFPA-H = 2 | NFPA-F = 0 | NFPA-R = 0 | NFPA-O = | RPhrases = | SPhrases = | RSPhrases = | FlashPt = | Autoignition = | ExploLimits = | PEL = }} | Section8 = {{Chembox Related | OtherAnions = [[silver(I) fluoride]], [[silver bromide]], [[silver iodide]] | OtherCations = | OtherFunctn = | Function = | OtherCpds = }} }} '''Silver chloride''' is a [[chemical compound]] with the [[chemical formula]] [[Silver|Ag]][[Chlorine|Cl]]. This white [[crystal|crystalline]] solid is well known for its low [[solubility]] in [[water]] (this behavior being reminiscent of the chlorides of Tl<sup>+</sup> and Pb<sup>2+</sup>). Upon illumination or heating, silver chloride converts to silver (and chlorine), which is signalled by greyish or purplish coloration to some samples. AgCl occurs naturally as a mineral [[chlorargyrite]]. ==Coordination chemistry== The solid adopts the [[Face-centered cubic|''fcc'']] [[Sodium chloride|NaCl]] structure, in which each Ag<sup>+</sup> ion is surrounded by an [[octahedron]] of six chloride ligands. AgF and AgBr crystallize similarly.<ref>Wells, A.F. (1984) Structural Inorganic Chemistry, Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-855370-6.</ref> However, the crystallography depends on the condition of crystallization, primarily free silver ion concentration. AgCl dissolves in solutions containing [[ligand]]s such as chloride, [[cyanide]], [[triphenylphosphine]], [[thiosulfate]], [[thiocyanate]] and [[ammonia]]. Silver chloride reacts with these ligands according to the following illustrative equations: :AgCl(s) + Cl<sup>–</sup>(concentrated, aqueous) → AgCl<sub>2</sub><sup>-</sup>(aq) :AgCl(s) + 2S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub><sup>2–</sup>(aq) → Ag[(S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>]<sup>3-</sup>(aq) + Cl<sup>-</sup>(aq) :AgCl(s) + 2NH<sub>3</sub>(aq) → Ag[(NH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>]<sup>+</sup>(aq) + Cl<sup>-</sup>(aq) Most complexes derived from AgCl are two-, three-, and, in rare cases, four-coordinate, adopting linear, trigonal planar, and tetrahedral coordination geometries, respectively. In one of the most famous reactions in chemistry, addition of colorless aqueous [[silver nitrate]] to an equally colorless solution of sodium chloride produces an opaque white precipitate of AgCl:<ref>More info on Chlorine test: [http://www.epa.gov/sw-846/pdfs/9076.pdf]</ref> :Ag<sup>+</sup>([[aqueous|aq]]) + Cl<sup>-</sup>(aq) → AgCl([[solid|s]]) This conversion is a common test for the presence of [[chloride]] in solution. The [[solubility product]], K<sub>sp</sub>, for AgCl is 1.8 x 10<sup>-10</sup>, which indicates that one liter of water will dissolve 0.000013 grams of AgCl. The chloride content of an aqueous solution can be determined quantitatively by weighing the precipitated AgCl, which conveniently is non-hygroscopic, since AgCl is one of the few transition metal chlorides that is unreactive toward water. Ions that interfere with this test are bromide and iodide, as well as a variety of ligands (see [[silver halide]]). For AgBr and AgI, the K<sub>sp</sub> values are 5.2 x 10<sup>-13</sup> and 8.3 x 10<sup>-17</sup>, respectively. The [[silver bromide]] (slightly yellowish white) and [[silver iodide]] (pale yellow) are also significantly more photosensitive than is AgCl. ==Applications== *Silver chloride is used to make [[photographic paper]] since it reacts with photons to form [[latent image]] and via photoreduction. *The [[Silver Chloride Electrode]] is a common reference electrode in [[electrochemistry]]. *Silver chloride's low solubility makes it a useful addition to pottery glazes for the production of "Inglaze [[lustre]]". *Silver chloride has been used as an antidote for [[mercury poisoning]], assisting in the elimination of [[mercury (element)|mercury]]. *Silver chloride is often used in [[photochromic lenses]], again taking advantage of its reversible conversion to Ag metal. *Silver chloride is used to create yellow, amber, and brown shades in [[stained glass]] manufacture. *Silver chloride is used in [[bandages]] and wound healing products. ==Footnotes== <References/> ==External links== *[http://www.crystran.co.uk/products.asp?productid=56 Silver Chloride Data Sheet] *Science Lab.com [http://sciencelab.com/msds.php?msdsId=9927255 MSDS for silver chloride] *Salt Lake Metals.com [http://www.saltlakemetals.com/MSDS_Silver_Chloride.htm MSDS for Silver Chloride] *Solubility of [http://www.saltlakemetals.com/Solubility_of_Silver_Chloride.htm Silver Chloride] in various solutions - plus Lab Notes [[Category:Chlorides]] [[Category:Silver compounds]] [[Category:Metal halides]] [[Category:Coordination compounds]] [[Category:Photographic chemicals]] [[de:Silberchlorid]] [[fr:Chlorure d'argent]] [[it:Cloruro d'argento]] [[hu:Ezüst-klorid]] [[nl:Zilverchloride]] [[ja:塩化銀]] [[nn:Sølvklorid]] [[pl:Chlorek srebra]] [[pt:Cloreto de prata]] [[ro:Clorură de argint]] [[sv:Silverklorid]] [[vi:Bạc clorua]] [[zh:氯化银]]