Smile
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[[WP:UNDO|Undid]] revision 225281555 by [[Special:Contributions/66.92.160.148|66.92.160.148]] ([[User talk:66.92.160.148|talk]]) unsourced physiology claim
{{Unreferenced|date=March 2007}}
{{Cleanup|date=October 2007}}
{{otheruses|Smile (disambiguation)}}
:''This article is about the facial expression. For the typographical symbol, see [[smiley]].
[[Image:Smiling girl.jpg|right|thumb|A laughing smile with teeth showing and mouth open.]]
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In [[physiology]], a '''smile''' is a [[facial expression]] formed by flexing those [[muscle]]s most notably near both ends of the [[mouth]]. The smile can also be found around the [[eyes]] (See 'Duchenne smile' below). Among [[human]]s, it is [[Convention (philosophy and social sciences)|customarily]] an expression denoting [[pleasure]], happiness, or [[amusement]], but can also be an involuntary expression of [[anxiety]], in which case it can be known as a grimace. There is much evidence that smiling is a normal reaction to certain stimuli as it occurs regardless of culture. Happiness is most often the motivating cause of a smile. Among [[animal]]s, the exposure of [[teeth]], which may bear a resemblance to a smile, is often used as a threat or warning display - known as a [[snarl]] - or a sign of [[submission]]. In [[chimpanzees]], it can also be a sign of [[fear]].
[[Image:Democritus by Agostino Carracci.jpg|thumb|upright|left|''The Philosopher [[Democritus]]'', by [[Agostino Carracci]].]]
==Historical background==
Many biologists think the smile originated as a sign of fear. Primalogist Signe Preuschoft traces the smile back over 30 million years of evolution to a "fear grin" stemming from monkeys and apes who often used barely clenched teeth to portray to predators that they were harmless. Biologists believe the smile has evolved differently among species and especially among humans.
Biology is not the only academic discipline that interprets the smile. Those who study [[kinesics]] view the smile as an [[affect display]]. It can communicate feelings such as: love, happiness, pride, contempt, and embarrassment. More info: [[Freitas-Magalhaes|The Psychology of Human Smile]]
==Duchenne smile==
A '''Duchenne smile''' contracts the [[Zygomatic bone|zygomatic]] muscles of the cheek and eye, forming crow's feet. The crow's feet indicate that the smile is genuine and that the smiler is truly [[happiness|happy]]. It was discovered by and is named after [[Guillaume Duchenne]].
===Famous People with Smiles===
*[[Mona Lisa]]
*[[Cheshire Cat]]
*[[Joker (comics)|The Joker]]
*[[The Man Who Laughs]]
*[[Smiley]]
==See also==
*[[Laughter]]
*[[Emotion]]
*[[Emoticon]]
*[[Facial Action Coding System]]
*[[Frown]]
*[[Facial expression]]
*[[Smiley]]
*[[Social Psychology]]
==Images==
{{Commonscat}}
<br /><br /><br /><br /><br />
<gallery>
Image:Iraqi girl smiles.jpg|Girl with closed mouth smile.
Image:Asian girl with dimples.jpg|Girl with open mouth smile.
Image:2005 03 01 rice blair 600.jpg| Politicians and leaders are often shown smiling as this is considered a sign of hospitality and confidence.
Image:Happy face ball.jpg|Artwork on this [[ball]] is a common abstract representation of a smiling face.
</gallery>
==Further reading==
*Conniff, R. (2007). What's behind a smile? ''Smithsonian Magazine, 38,''46-53.
*Miller, Professor George A., ''et. al''. Overview for "smile." Retrieved [[12 December]] [[2003]] from [http://www.cogsci.princeton.edu/cgi-bin/webwn?stage=1&word=smile this] page.
*Ottenheimer, H.J. (2006). ''The anthropology of language: An introduction to linguistic anthropology.'' Belmont, CA: Thomson Wadsworh.
===Duchenne smile===
*Freitas-Magalhães, A. (2006). The Psychology of human smile. Oporto: University Fernando Pessoa Press.
*Ekman, P., Davidson, R.J., & Friesen, W.V. (1990). The Duchenne smile: Emotional expression and brain psysiology II. ''Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58'', 342-353. Cited in: Russell and Fernandez-Dols, eds. (1997).
*Russell and Fernandez-Dols, eds. (1997). ''The Psychology of Facial Expression''. Cambridge. ISBN 0521587964.
==External links==
* [http://feelab.ufp.pt/index.swf Facial Emotion Expression Lab]
* [http://www.nlrg.com/jrsd/smiles.html See examples of genuine, false, and contempt smiles]
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/humanbody/mind/surveys/smiles/ Spot The Fake Smile on BBC Science & Nature]
* [http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4155/is_20010212/ai_n13897093 Expressions of Positive Emotion in Women's College Yearbook Pictures and Their Relationship to Personality and Life Outcomes Across Adulthood.]
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/3105580.stm BBC News: Scanner shows unborn babies smile]
[[Category:Facial expressions]]
[[Category:Laughter]]
[[de:Lächeln]]
[[es:Sonrisa]]
[[fr:Sourire]]
[[he:חיוך]]
[[id:Senyum]]
[[it:Sorriso]]
[[ja:微笑み]]
[[nn:Smil]]
[[no:Smil]]
[[pl:Śmiech]]
[[ru:Улыбка]]
[[simple:Smile]]
[[fi:Hymy]]
[[sv:Leende]]
[[vi:Cười]]
[[tr:Tebessüm]]
[[yi:שמייכל]]
[[sv:Smile]]
[[ko:미소]]