Sodium fluoroacetate
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2008-07-04T12:38:01Z
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{{Chembox new
| Name = Sodium fluoroacetate
| ImageFile = Sodium-fluoroacetate-2D-skeletal.png
| ImageSize = 150px
| ImageFile1 = Sodium-fluoroacetate-3D-vdW.png
| ImageSize1 = 150px
| IUPACName = Sodium fluoroacetate
| OtherNames = 1080<br /> SFA<br /> Sodium monofluoroacetate
| Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers
| CASNo = 62-74-8
| RTECS = AH9100000
}}
| Section2 = {{Chembox Properties
| Formula = NaFC<sub>2</sub>H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>
| MolarMass = 100.0 g/mol
| Appearance = Fluffy, colorless to white powder
| Solubility = miscible
| MeltingPt = 200°C (325.15 K)
| BoilingPt = Decomposes
}}
| Section3 = {{Chembox Structure
| MolShape =
| Coordination =
| CrystalStruct =
| Dipole =
}}
| Section7 = {{Chembox Hazards
| ExternalMSDS =
| MainHazards = Toxic, Flammable
| FlashPt = ?
| RSPhrases = {{R26}} {{R27}} {{R28}}
}}
| Section8 = {{Chembox Related
| OtherAnions =
| OtherCations =
| OtherCpds =
}}
}}
'''Sodium fluoroacetate''' (also known as '''sodium monofluoroacetate''', '''compound 1080''' or '''1080''') is a potent [[poison#Metabolic poisons (energy)|metabolic poison]] that occurs naturally as an anti-herbivore metabolite in various [[plant]]s. It works by interfering with the [[citric acid cycle]], and is used primarily to control [[mammal]]ian [[pest (animal)|pest]]s, including [[invasive species]]. The existence of this chemical was first noted in the [[Second World War]].
==History==
Sodium fluoroacetate was discovered by [[Germany|German]] [[military]] [[chemist]]s in World War II. The chemical was highly potent — but it was difficult to deliver, requiring ingestion or injection for optimal effect.{{Fact|date=December 2007}} As such, it was largely overlooked until it was independently rediscovered by [[United States|American]] chemists researching [[pesticide]]s.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Kalmbach ER |title=Ten-Eighty, a War-Produced Rodenticide|journal=Science |volume=102 |issue=2644 |pages=232–3 |year=1945 |pmid= 17778513|doi=10.1126/science.102.2644.232}}</ref> The name "1080" refers to the catalogue number of the poison, which became its brand name.<ref name="Proudfoot">{{cite journal |author=Proudfoot AT, Bradberry SM, Vale JA |title=Sodium fluoroacetate poisoning |journal=Toxicol Rev |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=213–9 |year=2006 |pmid=17288493 |doi=10.2165/00139709-200625040-00002}}</ref>
==Natural occurrence==
Sodium fluoroacetate occurs [[plant defence against herbivores|naturally]] in at least 40 plants in [[Australia]], [[Brazil]] and [[Africa]]. It was first identified as the poison of poison leaf [[Dichapetalum cymosum]] by Marais in 1944,<ref name="maraisa">{{cite journal | author= Marais JCS | title= The isolation of the toxic principle “K cymonate” from “Gifblaar”, Dichapetalum cymosum | journal=Onderstepoort Jour. Vet. Sci. Animal Ind. | volume=18| year=1943| pages=203}}</ref><ref name="maraisb">{{cite journal | author= Marais JCS | title= Monofluoroacetic acid, the toxic principle of “gifblaar” Dichapetalum cymosum | journal=Onderstepoort Jour. Vet. Sci. Animal Ind. | volume=20| year=1944| pages=67}}</ref> although it had been reported as early as 1904 that colonists in [[Sierra Leone]] used extracts of [[Chailletia toxicaria]] which also contains fluoroacetic acid or its salts to poison rats.<ref name="renner">{{cite journal | author=Renner | title = Chemical and Physiological Examination of the Fruit of Chailletia Toxicaria | journal = Jour African Soc. | year=1904| pages=109}}</ref><ref name="power">{{cite journal | author=Power FB, Tutin F | title =C hemical and Physiological Examination of the Fruit of Chailletia Toxicaria | journal = [[J. Am. Chem. Soc.]] | volume = 28| year = 1906| pages = 1170|doi = 10.1021/ja01975a007}}</ref> It is believed that the compound is even present in [[tea]] leaves in tiny amounts.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Vartiainen T, Kauranen P |title=The determination of traces of fluoroacetic acid by extractive alkylation, pentafluorobenzylation and capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry |journal=Anal Chim Acta |volume=157 |issue=1 |pages=91–7 |year=1984|doi=10.1016/S0003-2670(00)83609-0}}</ref> The Australian pea family [[Gastrolobium]] (“poison peas”), have sodium fluoroacetate in the leaf tips and seeds. This forces livestock farmers in [[Western Australia]] to hand-weed out all the plants from their paddocks. It also means that some Western Australian herbivores have, by [[natural selection]], developed partial [[immunity (medical)|immunity]] to the effects of fluoroacetate; this has been used for an advantage in [[Department of Environment and Conservation (Western Australia)|DEC]]’s wildlife conservation project named [[Western Shield]].
==Toxicity==
Fluoroacetate is highly toxic to mammals and insects.<ref name="Proudfoot"/> The oral dose of fluoroacetate sufficient to be lethal in humans is 2–10 mg/kg.<ref name="Beasley">{{cite web | last = Beasley| first = Michael | title =Guidelines for the safe use of sodium fluoroacetate (1080) | publisher = New Zealand Occupational Safety & Health Service | date = August 2002 | url =http://www.osh.govt.nz/order/catalogue/pdf/1080guidelines.pdf | accessdate = 2007-12-17}}</ref>
Species have different susceptibility to sodium fluoroacetate due to metabolic differences. The New Zealand Food Authority established lethal doses for a number of species.<ref name="ACVM">{{cite web | last = | first = | title =Controlled Pesticides: Sodium Fluoroacetate (1080) in Pest Control | publisher = Agricultural Compounds and Veterinary Medicines Group | date = | url =http://www.nzfsa.govt.nz/acvm/publications/notes/1080-study-notes.pdf | accessdate = 2007-12-17}}</ref> Dogs, cats and pigs appear to be the species most susceptable to poisoning.<ref name="ACVM"/>
==Mechanism of action==
Fluoroacetate is similar to acetate, which has a pivotal role in cellular metabolism. Fluoroacetate disrupts the [[citric acid cycle]] (also known as the Krebs cycle) by combining with [[coenzyme A]] to form fluoroacetyl CoA. This is then substituted for [[acetyl CoA]] in the citric acid cycle and reacts with [[citrate synthase]] to produce fluorocitrate. A metabolite of fluorocitrate binds very tightly to [[aconitase]], thereby halting the citric acid cycle. This results in an accumulation of citrate in the blood which deprives cells of energy.<ref name="Proudfoot"/>
==Symptoms ==
In humans the [[symptoms]] of poisoning normally appear between 30 minutes and three hours after exposure. Initial symptoms typically include nausea, [[vomiting]] and abdominal pain; sweating, confusion and agitation follow. In significant poisoning cardiac abnormalities including [[tachycardia]] or [[bradycardia]], hypotension and [[ECG]] changes develop. Neurological effects include muscle twitching and seizures; Consciousness becomes progressively impaired after a few hours leading to coma. Death is generally due to [[Ventricular arrhythmia]]s, progressive hypotension unresponsive to treatment, and secondary lung infections.<ref name="Proudfoot"/>
Symptoms in domestic animals vary: dogs tend to show nervous system signs such as convulsions and uncontrollable running, whilst large herbivores such as cattle and sheep more predominantly show cardiac signs.{{Fact|date=December 2007}}
Sub-lethal doses of sodium fluoroacetate may cause damage to tissues with high energy needs — in particular, the [[brain]], [[gonad]]s, [[heart]], [[lungs]] and [[fetus]]. Sub-lethal doses are typically completely metabolised and excreted within four days.{{Fact|date=December 2007}}
==Treatment==
Because of the biochemical interference in the TCA or Krebs Cycle, sodium fluoroacetate poisoning is very difficult to treat, as once clinical symptoms are shown, the Krebs Cycle has shut down. There is no known effective [[antidote]]. [[Animal testing|Research]] in [[monkey]]s has shown that the use of [[glyceryl monoacetate]] can prevent problems if given after ingestion of sodium fluoroacetate, and this has been done in domestic animals with some positive results. The theory of using glyceryl monoacetate is that it will supply acetate ions to allow continuation of the cellular respiration process which the sodium fluoroacetate has disrupted.
In clinical cases, use of [[muscle relaxant]]s, [[anti-convulsant]]s, [[mechanical ventilation]] and other supportive measures may all be required. Few animals or people have been treated successfully after significant sodium fluoroacetate ingestions.
==Uses==
[[Image:Brushtail possum.jpg|180px|right|thumb|Common Brushtail Possum]]
Sodium fluoroacetate is used as a rodenticide. Farmers and graziers use the poison to protect pastures and crops from various herbivorous mammals. It is used in [[New Zealand]] to control the [[Common Brushtail Possum]] [http://www.doc.govt.nz/upload/documents/conservation/threats-and-impacts/animal-pests/use-of-1080-04.pdf]
, while in the United States it is used to kill [[coyote]]s. Other countries using 1080 include [[Australia]], [[Mexico]] and [[Israel]].<ref name="Proudfoot"/>
[[Western Shield]] is a recent project to boost populations of endangered mammals in south-west Australia. The project is to drop Sodium fluoroacetate baited meat from [[helicopter]]s or light [[aircraft]] to kill [[predator]]s. Wild [[dog]]s and [[fox]]es will readily eat the baited meat. [[Cat]]s pose a greater difficulty as cats aren’t interested in already dead animals. Recently a pilot tried putting small sound generators inside the baits with significant positive results.{{Fact|date=December 2007}} However, an Australian RSPCA commissioned study criticized 1080 calling it an inhumane killer.<ref>{{cite web | last =Speechley | first =Jane | title =1080 is not a humane poison: International journal publishes RSPCA paper | publisher = RSPCA | date = [[15 November]] [[2007]] | url =http://www.rspca.org.au/mediareleases/MRShow.asp?ID=131 | accessdate = 2007-12-17}}</ref>
===New Zealand 1080 application===
{{Unreferencedsection|date=July 2007}}
[[Image:1080PoisonWarning gobeirne.jpg|180px|right|thumb|1080 baits on the [[West Coast, New Zealand|West Coast]] of [[New Zealand]]]]
Worldwide, New Zealand is the largest user of sodium fluoroacetate. The first trials were carried out in New Zealand in 1954, and by 1957 its use had become widespread. 1080 baits are used through ground based and aerial application to control possums (an animal pest introduced from Australia) and other introduced mammalian pests.<ref name="Beasley"/> New Zealand's unique fauna and flora is endangered by the rapid spread of possums, stoats and rats.<ref>{{cite web | last = | first = | title =Possum Control - Facts About 1080 | publisher = New Zealand Department of Conservation | date = 2001 | url =http://www.doc.govt.nz/templates/MultiPageDocumentTOC.aspx?id=39966| accessdate = 2007-12-17}}</ref> As the Possum is from the eastern states of Australia and is a mainly arboreal forager, it has never developed a resistance to sodium fluoroacetate.{{Fact|date=December 2007}}
While New Zealand's Department of Conservation [http://www.doc.govt.nz/ Doc] and the Animal Health Board [http://www.ahb.org.nz/AHBWebsite/UnderstandingTBControl/Whatsbeingdone/3.7.2.1.1+Types+of+Control+Programmes.htm] favors the effectiveness of aerial 1080 application,<ref>{{cite web | last = Green| first = Wren | title =The use of 1080 for pest control | publisher = New Zealand Department of Conservation | date = July 2004 | url =http://www.doc.govt.nz/upload/documents/conservation/threats-and-impacts/animal-pests/use-of-1080-04.pdf| accessdate = 2007-12-17}}</ref> critics of the application of 1080 claim: “ agencies increasingly use large scale aerial applications to cut costs". A positive side effect of aerial poisoning is a temporary drop in rat numbers, but they recover due to the niche created by low possum numbers.
New Zealand's Environment Risk Management Authority [http://www.ermanz.govt.nz/ ERMA] released in August 2007 its latest review of the matter. The review gives new guidelines for the use of 1080 in New Zealand and concludes that the beneficial effects of pest eradication outweigh the risks.<ref>{{cite web | last = | first = | title =Environmental Risk Management Authority Decision on 1080 | publisher = ERMA New Zealand | date = August 2007 | url =http://www.ermanz.govt.nz/news-events/1080/Decision%20_2007.08.10_%20FINAL.pdf | accessdate = 2007-12-17}}</ref>
==Footnotes==
{{Citationstyle|date=September 2007}}
{{reflist|2}}
==References==
*{{cite journal | author= Klingensmith CW | title= The Natural Occurrence of Fluoroacetic Acid, the Acid of the New Rodenticide 1080| journal=Science | volume=102| year=1945| pages=622–623 | doi= 10.1126/science.102.2659.622 | pmid= 17818201}}
==External links==
*[http://www.doc.govt.nz/templates/MultiPageDocumentTOC.aspx?id=39966 New Zealand Department of Conservation] Facts about the use of 1080
*[http://www.naturebase.net/content/view/139/471/ Western Australian [[Department of Environment and Conservation]] report on their Western Shield project.]
*[http://www.wilderness.org.au/campaigns/policy/elections/federal/2004/1080/ Press release on the ban of 1080 use in Tasmanian forests]
*[http://www.fund.org/library/documentViewer.asp?ID=445&table=documents Notes on 1080 use for controlling predators in Idaho]
*[http://www.ermanz.govt.nz/news-events/1080/Decision%20_2007.08.10_%20FINAL.pdf Exposure and Risk Assessment (1080)] Risk to human health from 1080 pest control application, ERMA New Zealand
* [http://www.ahb.org.nz/AHBWebsite/Research/1080_Info/5.1+1080+info.htm] New Zealand Animal Health Board
[[Category:Toxicology]]
[[Category:Organofluorides]]
[[Category:Sodium compounds]]
[[Category:Rodenticides]]
[[Category:Inhibitors]]
[[bs:Natrijum fluoroacetat]]
[[de:Natriumfluoracetat]]
[[et:Naatriumfluoroatsetaat]]
[[es:Compuesto 1080]]
[[ja:モノフルオロ酢酸ナトリウム]]
[[pt:Fluoroacetato de sódio]]