Soil chemistry 4715070 224674556 2008-07-09T22:31:54Z Lightbot 7178666 Units/dates/other '''Soil chemistry''' studies the chemical characteristics of soil. Soil chemistry is affected by mineral composition, organic matter and environmental factors. == Overview == Until the late 1960s, soil chemistry focused primarily on chemical reactions in the soil that contribute to [[pedogenesis]] or that affect plant growth. Since then concerns have grown about environmental [[pollution]], organic and inorganic [[soil contamination]] and potential [[ecological health]] and [[environmental health]] [[risks]]. Consequently, the emphasis in soil chemistry has shifted from [[pedology]] and [[agricultural soil science]] to an emphasis on [[environmental soil science]]. A knowledge of [[environmental soil science|environmental soil]] chemistry is paramount to predicting the fate, [[mobility]] and potential [[toxicity]] of contaminants in the environment. The vast majority of environmental contaminants are initially released to the soil. Once a chemical is exposed to the soil environment a myriad of chemical reactions can occur that may increase/decrease contaminant toxicity. These reactions include [[adsorption]]/[[desorption]], [[Precipitation (chemistry)|precipitation]], [[polymerization]], [[solvation|dissolution]], [[complexation]], and [[redox|oxidation/reduction]]. These reactions are often disregarded by scientists and [[engineers]] involved with environmental [[remediation]]. Understanding these processes enable us to better predict the fate and toxicity of contaminants and provide the knowledge to develop scientifically correct, and cost-effective remediation strategies. == Concepts == *Anion and [[cation exchange capacity]] *[[Soil pH]] *Mineral formation and transformation processes *[[Clay]] [[mineralogy]] *Sorption and [[Precipitation (chemistry)|precipitation]] reactions in soil *[[Redox|Oxidation-reduction]] reactions *Chemistry of problem soils == References == * Sonon, L. S. , M. A. Chappell and V.P. Evangelou (2000) [http://www.agron.iastate.edu/soilchemistry/History%20of%20Soil%20Chemistry.htm The History of Soil Chemistry]. Url accessed on [[2006]]-[[04-11]] == Bibliography == * Alexander, 1977, Soil Microbiology, 2nd Ed., Wiley Interscience * Bohn, McNeal, and O'Connor, 1985, Soil Chemistry, 2nd Ed, Wiley Interscience * Bolt and Bruggenwert, 1976, Soil Chemistry. A. Basic Elements, Elsevier * Cresser, Killham, and Edwards, 1993, Soil Chemistry and its applications, Cambridge * Davis and Hayes, 1986, Geochemical Processes at Mineral Surfaces, American Chemical Soc. * Dixon and Weed, 1989, Minerals in Soil Environments, Soil Sci. Soc. America * Essington, 2003, Soil and Water Chemistry: An Integrative Approach, CRC Press * Harter, 1986, Adsorption Phenomena, Van Nostrand Reinhold * Lindsay, Willard L. 1979, Chemical Equilibria in Soils, Wiley Interscience * McBride, Murray M. 1994. Environmental Chemistry of Soils, Oxford * Schulthess, C.P. 2005. [http://alfisol.com/IFS/Item-001/Soil-Chemistry-Book-001.php Soil Chemistry with Applied Mathematics]. Trafford Publishing, Victoria, BC, Canada. * Sparks, D.L. 1989, Kinetics of Soil Chemical Processes, Academic Press * Sparks, D.L. 1999, Soil Physical Chemistry, CRC Press * Sparks, D. L. 2003, Environmental Soil Chemistry, Academic Press * Sposito, G. 1984, The Surface Chemistry of Soils, Oxford Press * Sposito, G., 1989,The Chemistry of Soils, Oxford University Press * Tan, Kim H., 1993, Principles of Soil Chemistry, 2nd Ed., Marcel Dekker * Wild, 1988, Russell's Soil Conditions and Plant Growth, 11th Ed., Longman * Wolt, Jeffrey D. 1994, Soil Solution Chemistry: Applications to Environmental Science and Agriculture, John Wiley and Sons, Inc. == External links == *[http://www.soils.org/divs/s2/index.html SSSA - Div. S-2 Soil Chemistry] *[http://www.soils.org/csse/ Council of Soil Science Examiners] (CSSE): Minimum Competencies in Soil Chemistry and Mineralogy [http://pubpages.unh.edu/~harter/SOILCOMP..htm Q.] & [http://www.agronomy.org/cca/exam_pdf/59.pdf A.] *[http://www.openag.info/wiki/index.php/Soil_Chemistry Soil Chemistry] in [http://www.openag.info/wiki/index.php/Encyclopedia_of_Soil_Science Encyclopedia of Soil Science] [[Category:Soil chemistry|*]] [[Category:Soil science]] [[bn:মৃত্তিকা রসায়ন]] [[it:Chimica del suolo]] [[ru:Химия почв]]