Soil chemistry
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'''Soil chemistry''' studies the chemical characteristics of soil. Soil chemistry is affected by mineral composition, organic matter and environmental factors.
== Overview ==
Until the late 1960s, soil chemistry focused primarily on chemical reactions in the soil that contribute to [[pedogenesis]] or that affect plant growth. Since then concerns have grown about environmental [[pollution]], organic and inorganic [[soil contamination]] and potential [[ecological health]] and [[environmental health]] [[risks]]. Consequently, the emphasis in soil chemistry has shifted from [[pedology]] and [[agricultural soil science]] to an emphasis on [[environmental soil science]].
A knowledge of [[environmental soil science|environmental soil]] chemistry is paramount to predicting the fate, [[mobility]] and potential [[toxicity]] of contaminants in the environment. The vast majority of environmental contaminants are initially released to the soil. Once a chemical is exposed to the soil environment a myriad of chemical reactions can occur that may increase/decrease contaminant toxicity. These reactions include [[adsorption]]/[[desorption]], [[Precipitation (chemistry)|precipitation]], [[polymerization]], [[solvation|dissolution]], [[complexation]], and [[redox|oxidation/reduction]]. These reactions are often disregarded by scientists and [[engineers]] involved with environmental [[remediation]]. Understanding these processes enable us to better predict the fate and toxicity of contaminants and provide the knowledge to develop scientifically correct, and cost-effective remediation strategies.
== Concepts ==
*Anion and [[cation exchange capacity]]
*[[Soil pH]]
*Mineral formation and transformation processes
*[[Clay]] [[mineralogy]]
*Sorption and [[Precipitation (chemistry)|precipitation]] reactions in soil
*[[Redox|Oxidation-reduction]] reactions
*Chemistry of problem soils
== References ==
* Sonon, L. S. , M. A. Chappell and V.P. Evangelou (2000) [http://www.agron.iastate.edu/soilchemistry/History%20of%20Soil%20Chemistry.htm The History of Soil Chemistry]. Url accessed on [[2006]]-[[04-11]]
== Bibliography ==
* Alexander, 1977, Soil Microbiology, 2nd Ed., Wiley Interscience
* Bohn, McNeal, and O'Connor, 1985, Soil Chemistry, 2nd Ed, Wiley Interscience
* Bolt and Bruggenwert, 1976, Soil Chemistry. A. Basic Elements, Elsevier
* Cresser, Killham, and Edwards, 1993, Soil Chemistry and its applications, Cambridge
* Davis and Hayes, 1986, Geochemical Processes at Mineral Surfaces, American Chemical Soc.
* Dixon and Weed, 1989, Minerals in Soil Environments, Soil Sci. Soc. America
* Essington, 2003, Soil and Water Chemistry: An Integrative Approach, CRC Press
* Harter, 1986, Adsorption Phenomena, Van Nostrand Reinhold
* Lindsay, Willard L. 1979, Chemical Equilibria in Soils, Wiley Interscience
* McBride, Murray M. 1994. Environmental Chemistry of Soils, Oxford
* Schulthess, C.P. 2005. [http://alfisol.com/IFS/Item-001/Soil-Chemistry-Book-001.php Soil Chemistry with Applied Mathematics]. Trafford Publishing, Victoria, BC, Canada.
* Sparks, D.L. 1989, Kinetics of Soil Chemical Processes, Academic Press
* Sparks, D.L. 1999, Soil Physical Chemistry, CRC Press
* Sparks, D. L. 2003, Environmental Soil Chemistry, Academic Press
* Sposito, G. 1984, The Surface Chemistry of Soils, Oxford Press
* Sposito, G., 1989,The Chemistry of Soils, Oxford University Press
* Tan, Kim H., 1993, Principles of Soil Chemistry, 2nd Ed., Marcel Dekker
* Wild, 1988, Russell's Soil Conditions and Plant Growth, 11th Ed., Longman
* Wolt, Jeffrey D. 1994, Soil Solution Chemistry: Applications to Environmental Science and Agriculture, John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
== External links ==
*[http://www.soils.org/divs/s2/index.html SSSA - Div. S-2 Soil Chemistry]
*[http://www.soils.org/csse/ Council of Soil Science Examiners] (CSSE): Minimum Competencies in Soil Chemistry and Mineralogy [http://pubpages.unh.edu/~harter/SOILCOMP..htm Q.] & [http://www.agronomy.org/cca/exam_pdf/59.pdf A.]
*[http://www.openag.info/wiki/index.php/Soil_Chemistry Soil Chemistry] in [http://www.openag.info/wiki/index.php/Encyclopedia_of_Soil_Science Encyclopedia of Soil Science]
[[Category:Soil chemistry|*]]
[[Category:Soil science]]
[[bn:মৃত্তিকা রসায়ন]]
[[it:Chimica del suolo]]
[[ru:Химия почв]]