Solid solution
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[[Image:Solid_solution.jpg|thumb|200px|'''Fig. 1''' A binary phase diagram displaying solid solutions over the full range of relative concentrations.]]
A '''solid solution''' is a [[solid]]-[[phase (matter)|state]] [[solution]] of one or more [[soluble|solutes]] in a [[solvent]]. Such a [[mixture]] is considered a solution rather than a [[Chemical compound|compound]] when the [[crystal structure]] of the solvent remains unchanged by addition of the solutes, and when the mixture remains in a single [[wiktionary:Homogeneous|homogeneous]] [[phase (matter)|phase]]. The solute may incorporate into the solvent [[crystal lattice]] ''[[substitution]]ally'', by replacing a solvent particle in the lattice, or ''[[interstitial]]ly'', by fitting into the space between solvent particles. Both of these types of solid solution affect the properties of the material by distorting the crystal lattice and disrupting the physical and electrical homogeneity of the solvent material.
Some mixtures will readily form solid solutions over a range of concentrations, while other mixtures will not form solid solutions at all. The propensity for any two substances to form a solid solution is a complicated matter involving the [[chemistry|chemical]], [[crystallography|crystallographic]], and [[quantum mechanics|quantum]] properties of the substances in question. Solid solutions, in accordance with the [[Hume-Rothery rules]], may form if the solute and solvent have:
* Similar [[atomic radius|atomic radii]] (15% or less difference)
* Same [[crystallite|crystal structure]]
* Similar [[electronegativity|electronegativities]]
* Similar [[Valence (chemistry)|valency]]
The [[phase diagram]] in ''Fig. 1'' displays an [[alloy]] of two [[metal]]s which forms a solid solution at all relative [[concentration]]s of the two species. In this case, the pure phase of each element is of the same crystal structure, and the similar properties of the two elements allow for unbiased substitution through the full range of relative concentrations.
Solid solutions have important commercial and industrial applications, as such mixtures often have superior properties to pure materials. Many metal alloys are solid solutions. Even small amounts of solute can affect the electrical and physical properties of the solvent.
[[Image:Eutektikum.gif|thumb|250px|'''Fig. 2''' This binary phase diagram shows two solid solutions: α and β.]]
The binary [[phase diagram]] in ''Fig. 2'' at right shows the phases of a mixture of two substances in varying concentrations, ''alpha'' and ''beta''. The region labeled "alpha" is a solid solution, with beta acting as the solute in a matrix of alpha. On the other end of the concentration scale, the region labeled "beta" is also a solid solution, with alpha acting as the solute in a matrix of beta. The large solid region in between the alpha and beta solid solutions, labeled "solid alpha and beta", is ''not'' a solid solution. Instead, an examination of the [[microstructure]] of a mixture in this range would reveal two phases — solid solution alpha-in-beta and solid solution beta-in-alpha would form separate phases, perhaps [[lamellar|lamella]] or [[crystallite|grain]]s.
==Exsolution==
When a solid solution becomes unstable — due to a lower temperature, for example — exsolution occurs and the two phases separate into distinct microscopic to megascopic [[Lamella_(materials)|lamellae]]. An example of this is the alkali [[feldspar]] mineral variety [[perthite]] in which thin white [[albite]] layers alternate between typically pink [[microcline]].
==Examples==
*[http://www.uni-graz.at/IEC-7/PDF-files/Chen.pdf Chen, J., Xu Z-Q., Chen Z-Z., Li T-F. & Chen, F-Y., 2005. Pargasite and ilmenite exsolution texture in clinopyroxene from the Hujialing Garnet-Pyroxenite, Su-lu U.H.P. Terrane, chentral China: A geodynamic Implication.]
*[http://www.mines.utah.edu/~wmep/59298/592PDF/rlm2.pdf Petersen, U. Introduction to Ore Microscopy II; Mineral Paragenesis.]
==See also==
*[[Phase diagram]]
*[[Eutectic point]]
==References==
*{{cite book
| last = Callister
| first = William D. Jr.
| year = 2006
| title = Materials Science and Engineering: An Introduction
| edition = 7th edition
| publisher = John Wiley & Sons
| location = New York
| id = ISBN 0-471-73696-1
}}
{{Chemical solutions}}
[[Category:Materials science]]
[[Category:Mineralogy]]
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