South Island 62049 223838737 2008-07-06T02:15:24Z Grutness 117878 Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/Nemorules|Nemorules]] ([[User talk:Nemorules|talk]]) to last version by Snori {{Cleanup|date=December 2007}} {{otheruses}} {{Infobox Islands | name = South Island<br><small>[[Māori language|Māori:]] [[Te Wai Pounamu]]</small> | image name = South Island 2007-12-07.jpg | image caption = Satellite view of South Island | image size = | locator map = NZSouthIsland.png | native name = | native name link = | nickname = | location = New Zealand | coordinates = | archipelago = | total islands = | major islands = | area = 151,215 km² (58,093 m²) | rank = 12th | highest mount = [[Aoraki/Mount Cook]] | elevation = 3,754 m (12,316 ft) | country = New Zealand | country admin divisions title = | country admin divisions = | country admin divisions title 1 = | country admin divisions 1 = | country admin divisions title 2 = | country admin divisions 2 = | country capital city = | country largest city = [[Christchurch]] | country largest city population = 414,000 | country leader title = | country leader name = | population = 1,008,400 | population as of = 30 June 2007 | density = 6.7 per km² | ethnic groups = [[European ethnic groups|European]], [[Māori]] | additional info = }} The '''South Island''' is the larger of the two major [[Islands of New Zealand|islands]] of [[New Zealand]], the other being the more populous [[North Island]]. The [[Māori]] name for the South Island, ''[[Te Wai Pounamu]]'', meaning "The Water/s of Greenstone" ([[greenstone]] being [[jade]]), possibly evolved from ''Te Wāhi Pounamu'' which means "The Place Of Greenstone". The island is also known as [[Te Waka a Māui]] which means "Māui's Canoe".<ref>''The South Island'' takes the definite article when used as a noun whereas maps, headings or tables and adjectival expressions use ''South Island''. This pattern can be found in a number of other names, such as ''the United Kingdom'', ''the Vatican'' and ''the Internet''. Examples: * My mother lives in the South Island * The North Island is smaller in area than the South Island * I'm visiting the South Island * The major South Island peaks are all in the Southern Alps Note also that places are said to be ''in'' the South Island rather than ''on'' the South Island.</ref> {{TOCleft}} The South Island is often called "the Mainland". Today this expression is used humorously, although still with pride by "Mainlanders", since while it is a somewhat larger landmass than the [[North Island]], only about a quarter of New Zealand's four million inhabitants live in the South Island. However, in the early stages of European ([[Pakeha|Pākehā]]) settlement of the country, the South Island was pre-eminent, with the majority of the European population and wealth focussed there due to gold rushes. It was not until the early 20th century that the North Island population overtook the South, with 56% of the population living in the North in 1911.<ref>{{cite book | first = Michael | last = King | authorlink = Michael King | title = The Penguin History of New Zealand | location = Auckland | publisher = Penguin Books | year = 2003 | isbn = 0143018671 | url = http://penguin.co.nz/afa.asp?idWebPage=30233&ID=1788742&SID=858711552 | pages = 280-281 }}</ref> In [[Maui (Māori mythology)|Māori legend]], the South Island existed first, as the boat of Maui, while the North Island was the fish that he caught. However, the South Island has never been the main site of Māori population. ==History== {{more|History of New Zealand}} Early inhabitants of the South Island were the [[Waitaha]]. They were largely absorbed via marriage and conquest by the [[Kāti Mamoe]] in the 1500s.{{Fact|date=April 2008}} Ngāti Mamoe were in turn largely absorbed via marriage and conquest by the [[Ngāi Tahu]] who migrated south in the seventeenth century.<ref>{{cite book | author=Michael King | title=The Penguin History of New Zealand | year= 2003 | isbn=0-14-301867-1 | pages=p 90 | publisher= Penguin Books }}</ref> While today there is no distinct Ngati Mamoe organisation, many Ngai Tahu have Ngati Mamoe links in their [[whakapapa]] and, especially in the far south of the island. Around the same time a group of Māori migrated to ''Rekohu'' (the [[Chatham Islands]]), where, by adapting to the local climate and the availability of resources, they developed a culture known as [[Moriori]] — related to but distinct from Māori culture in mainland Aotearoa. A notable feature of the Moriori culture, an emphasis on [[pacifism]], proved disadvantageous when Māori [[warrior]]s arrived in the 1830s aboard a chartered European ship.<ref> [http://www.teara.govt.nz/NewZealanders/MaoriNewZealanders/Moriori/4/en Moriori - The impact of new arrivals - ''Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand''] </ref> [[Image:Murderers' Bay (cropped).jpg|right|thumb|220px|First European impression of Māori, at "[[Golden Bay|Murderers' Bay]]"]] The first Europeans known to reach the South Island were the crew of [[Netherlands|Dutch]] explorer [[Abel Tasman]] who arrived in his ships ''Heemskerck'' and ''Zeehaen''. Tasman anchored in [[Golden Bay]], at the northern end of the island, (he named it Murderers Bay) in December 1642 and sailed northward to [[Tonga]] following a clash with local Māori. Tasman sketched sections of the two main islands' west coasts. Tasman called them ''Staten Landt'', after the ''[[States-General of the Netherlands]]'', and that name appeared on his first maps of the country. Dutch cartographers changed the name to ''Nova Zeelandia'' in Latin, from ''Nieuw Zeeland'', after the [[Seventeen Provinces|Dutch province]] of ''[[Zeeland]]''. It was subsequently Anglicised as ''New Zealand'' by British naval captain [[James Cook]] of [[HM Bark Endeavour|HM Bark ''Endeavour'']] who [[First voyage of James Cook|visited]] the islands more than 100 years after Tasman during ([[1769]]&ndash;[[1770]]). In the early 18th century, [[Ngāi Tahu]] a [[Māori]] tribe who originated on the east coast of the [[North Island]] began migrating to the northern part of the South Island. There they and [[Kāti Mamoe]] fought [[Ngāi Tara]] and [[Rangitāne]] in the [[Wairau River| Wairau Valley]]. Ngāti Māmoe then ceded the east coast regions north of the [[Clarence River, New Zealand|Clarence River]] to Ngāi Tahu. Ngāi Tahu continued to push south, conquering [[Kaikoura]]. By the 1730s, Ngāi Tahu had settled in [[Canterbury, New Zealand|Canterbury]], including [[Banks Peninsula]]. From there they spread further south and into the [[West Coast, New Zealand|West Coast]].<ref name=teara-ngaitahu /> In 1827-1828 [[Ngāti Toa]] under the leadership of [[Te Rauparaha]] successfully attacked Ngāi Tahu at Kaikoura. Ngāti Toa then visited [[Kaiapoi]], obstensibly to trade. When they attacked their hosts, the well-prepared Ngāi Tahu killed all the leading Ngāti Toa chiefs except Te Rauparaha. Te Rauparaha returned to his [[Kapiti Island]] stronghold. In November 1830 Te Rauparaha persuaded Captain John Stewart of the brig ''Elizabeth'' to carry him and his warriors in secret to [[Akaroa]], where by subterfuge they captured the leading Ngāi Tahu chief, Te Maiharanui, and his wife and daughter. After destroying Te Maiharanui's village they took their captives to Kapiti and killed them. John Stewart, though arrested and sent to trial in [[Sydney]] as an accomplice to murder, nevertheless escaped conviction.<ref name=teara-ngaitahu>{{Citation | last =Tau | first =Te Maire | contribution =Ngāi Tahu | year = | title =Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand | editor-last = | editor-first = | volume = | pages = | place= | publisher = | id = | contribution-url =http://www.teara.govt.nz/NewZealanders/MaoriNewZealanders/NgaiTahu/en}} </ref> In the summer of 1831-1832 Te Rauparaha attacked the Kaiapoi [[Pā (Māori)|pā]] (fortified village). After a three-month siege, a fire in the pā allowed Ngāti Toa to overcome it. They then attacked Ngāi Tahu on [[Banks Peninsula]] and took the pā at [[Onawe]]. In 1832-33 Ngāi Tahu retaliated under the leadership of [[Tuhawaiki]] and others, attacking Ngāti Toa at [[Lake Grassmere]]. Ngāi Tahu prevailed, and killed many Ngāti Toa, although Te Rauparaha again escaped. Fighting continued for a year or so, with Ngāi Tahu maintaining the upper hand. Ngāti Toa never again made a major incursion into Ngāi Tahu territory.<ref name=teara-ngaitahu/> By 1839 Ngāi Tahu and Ngāti Toa established peace and Te Rauparaha released the Ngāi Tahu captives he held. Formal marriages between the leading families in the two tribes sealed the peace. On [[June 17]], [[1843]], [[Māori]] natives and the [[United Kingdom|British]] settlers clashed at [[Wairau]] in what became known as the [[Wairau Affray]]. Also known as the '''Wairau Massacre''' in most older texts, it was the first serious clash of arms between the two parties after the signing of the [[Treaty of Waitangi]] and the only one to take place in the South Island. Four Māori died and three were wounded in the incident, while among the Europeans the toll was 22 dead and five wounded. Twelve of the Europeans were shot dead or clubbed to death after surrendering to Māori who were pursuing them.<ref name="King">{{cite book | author=Michael King | title=The Penguin History of New Zealand | year= 2003 | id=ISBN 0-14-301867-1 | publisher= Penguin Books}}</ref> In the 1870s and 1880s, several thousand [[Chinese people|Chinese]] men, mostly from the [[Guangdong]] province, migrated to New Zealand to work on the South Island goldfields. Although the first Chinese migrants had been invited by the [[Otago]] Provincial government they quickly became the target of hostility from white settlers and laws were enacted specifically to discourage them from coming to New Zealand.<ref>Manying Ip. 'Chinese', Te Ara&mdash;the Encyclopedia of New Zealand, updated 21-Dec-2006, http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/NewZealanders/NewZealandPeoples/Chinese/en</ref> In the 19th century, some maps named the South Island as ''Middle Island'' or ''[[New Munster]]'', and the name ''South Island'' or ''[[New Leinster]]'' was used for today's [[Stewart Island/Rakiura]]. ==Politics== The South Island is guaranteed 16 of the 69 [[New Zealand electorates|electorates]] in the [[New Zealand House of Representatives]]. In addition, 10 list MPs are based in the South Island, including the current [[Deputy Prime Minister of New Zealand|Deputy Prime Minister]]. ===Local Government Regions=== There are seven local government [[Regions of New Zealand|regions]] covering the South Island and all its adjacent islands and territorial waters. Four are governed by an elected [[Regions of New Zealand|regional council]], while three are governed by [[Territorial Authorities of New Zealand|territorial authorities]] (the second tier of local government) which also perform the functions of a [[Regions of New Zealand|regional council]] and thus are known as [[unitary authority|unitary authorities]]. There is one exception to this, Nelson City is governed by an individual Territorial authority to its region (Tasman Region). The [[Chatham Islands Council]] is often counted by many as a unitary authority, but it is officially recognised as a part of the region of Canterbury. {{col-begin|width=60%}} {{col-2}} * [[Canterbury, New Zealand|Canterbury]] * [[Marlborough, New Zealand|Marlborough]] * [[Nelson, New Zealand|Nelson]] * [[Otago]] {{col-2}} * [[Southland, New Zealand|Southland]] * [[Tasman, New Zealand|Tasman]] * [[West Coast, New Zealand|West Coast]] {{col-end}} ===Territorial Authorities=== There are 25 territorial authorities within the South Island: 4 [[List of cities in New Zealand|city councils]], 20 district councils and the [[Chatham Islands]] Council. Four territorial authorities ([[Nelson, New Zealand|Nelson City Council]], [[Tasman (district), New Zealand|Tasman]] and [[Marlborough, New Zealand|Marlborough]] District Councils and the Chatham Islands Council) also perform the functions of a regional council and thus are known as [[unitary authority|unitary authorities]]. * [[Tasman District]] Council (unitary authority) * [[Nelson, New Zealand|Nelson City Council]] (unitary authority) * [[Marlborough, New Zealand|Marlborough District Council]] (unitary authority) * [[West Coast, New Zealand|West Coast Regional Council]] ** [[Buller District]] Council ** [[Greymouth, New Zealand|Grey District Council]] ** [[Westland District]] Council * [[Canterbury Regional Council (Environment Canterbury)]] ** [[Kaikoura District]] Council ** [[Hurunui District]] Council ** [[Selwyn District]] Council ** [[Waimakariri District]] Council ** [[Christchurch, New Zealand|Christchurch City Council]] ** [[Ashburton, New Zealand|Ashburton District Council]] ** [[Mackenzie District]] Council ** [[Timaru, New Zealand|Timaru District Council]] ** [[Waitaki District]] Council (part) ** [[Waimate, New Zealand|Waimate District Council]] * [[Otago|Otago Regional Council]] ** [[Queenstown, New Zealand|Queenstown Lakes District Council]] ** [[Central Otago District]] Council ** [[Waitaki, New Zealand|Waitaki District Council]] (part) ** [[Dunedin, New Zealand|Dunedin City Council]] ** [[Clutha District]] Council * [[Southland Region|Southland Regional Council]] (Environment Southland) ** [[Southland, New Zealand|Southland District Council]] ** [[Gore, New Zealand|Gore District Council]] ** [[Invercargill, New Zealand|Invercargill City Council]] * [[Stewart Island/Rakiura]] ** [[Southland, New Zealand|Southland Regional Council]] (Environment Southland) * [[Chatham Islands]] ** [[Chatham Islands|Chatham Islands Council]] (district) ===Political Parties=== This is a list of Political Parties, past and present, who have their headquarters in the South Island. *[[Aotearoa Legalise Cannabis Party]] *[[Imperial British Conservative Party]] *[[National Democrats Party]] *[[New Zealand Democratic Party]] *[[New Zealand Progressive Party]] *[[South Island Party]] *[[South Island Party (2008)]] ==People== {{see|Cities and Towns of the South Island|List of famous South Islanders}} ===Population=== Compared to the more populated and multi-ethnic North Island, the South Island has a smaller, more homogeneous resident population of 1,008,400.<ref> [http://www.stats.govt.nz/products-and-services/media-releases/subnational-population-estimates/subnational-population-estimates-at-30-jun07-mr.htm South Island population reaches one million: Subnational Population Estimates at 30 June 2007], [[Statistics New Zealand]].</ref> At the 2001 Census, over 91 percent of people in the South Island said they belong to the European ethnic group, compared with 80.1 percent for all of New Zealand <ref>Statistics New Zealand [http://www.stats.govt.nz/statistics-by-area/community-profiles.htm]</ref>. ==Economy== {{see|List of South Island Companies}} The South Island had an estimated sub-national GDP of US$27.8 billion (as of 2003)<ref>http://www.stats.govt.nz/NR/rdonlyres/BE5F3426-1CB8-4450-84B3-B4587181907E/0/RegionalGDPTables.xls</ref>. The main industry groups within the South Island are manufacturing, agriculture, mining, construction, electricity, gas and water supply, education, health and community services. ==Tourism== The main tourism destinations of the South Island are; *[[Nelson, New Zealand|Nelson]] and [[Tasman District]] *[[Marlborough, New Zealand|Marlborough]] *[[West Coast, New Zealand|West Coast]] *[[Kaikoura]] *[[Hanmer Springs]] *[[Christchurch]] and [[Canterbury, New Zealand|Canterbury]] *[[Dunedin]] *[[Southland Region]] and [[Stewart Island/Rakiura]] *[[Queenstown, New Zealand|Queenstown]], [[Wanaka]] and [[Central Otago]] *[[Fiordland]] ===Ski areas and Resorts=== This is a list of [[ski resort|ski areas and resorts]] in the [[South Island]] where the public can pay to ski. =====Nelson Lakes===== *[[Rainbow, New Zealand|Rainbow]] *[[Mount Robert]] =====Canterbury===== *[[Fox Peak]] (club skifield) *[[Hanmer Springs Ski Area]] (club skifield) *[[Mount Lyford, New Zealand|Mount Lyford]] *[[Mount Potts]] (heliskiing and snowcatting only) *[[Mount Hutt, New Zealand|Mount Hutt]] *[[Mount Dobson, New Zealand|Mount Dobson]] *[[Ohau (skifield)|Ohau]] *[[Porter Heights, New Zealand|Porter Heights]] *[[Tasman Glacier]] (Heliski) *[[Temple Basin, New Zealand|Temple Basin]] (club skifield) *Craigieburn Range **[[Broken River, New Zealand|Broken River]] (club skifield) **[[Craigieburn Valley]] (club skifield) **[[Mount Cheeseman]] (club skifield) **[[Mount Olympus, New Zealand|Mount Olympus]] (club skifield) =====Otago===== *[[Coronet Peak]] *[[Invincible Snowfields]] (helicopter access only) *[[The Remarkables, New Zealand|The Remarkables]] *[[Round Hill, New Zealand|Round Hill]] *Around [[Wanaka]] **[[Cardrona Alpine Resort]] **[[Treble Cone]] **[[Snow Park, New Zealand|Snow Park]] **[[Snow Farm, New Zealand|Snow Farm]] (cross-country skiing only) ==Transport== {{main|Transport in New Zealand}} ===Road Transport=== {{see|List of New Zealand State Highways#South Island|State Highway 1 (New Zealand)#South Island (SH1S)}} The South Island has a State Highway network of 4,921 km. ===Rail Transport=== [[Image:SouthIsland rrMap v02.svg|thumb|right|South Island Rail Network Map]] : ''See also: [[List of New Zealand railway lines]], [[Rail transport in New Zealand]].'' The South Island's railway network has two main lines, two secondary lines, and a few [[branch line]]s. The [[Main North Line]] from Picton to Christchurch and the [[Main South Line]] from Lyttelton to Invercargill via Dunedin together comprise the [[South Island Main Trunk Railway]]. The secondary [[Midland Line, New Zealand|Midland Line]] branches from the Main South Line in [[Rolleston, New Zealand|Rolleston]] and passes through the Southern Alps via the [[Otira Tunnel]] to the West Coast and its terminus in [[Greymouth]]. In [[Stillwater, West Coast|Stillwater]], it meets the other secondary route, the [[Stillwater - Westport Line]], which now includes the [[Seddonville Branch|Ngakawau Branch]]. A number of other secondary routes are now closed, including the [[Otago Central Railway]], the isolated [[Nelson Section]], and the interdependent [[Waimea Plains Railway]] and [[Kingston Branch (New Zealand)|Kingston Branch]]. An expansive network of branch lines once existed, especially in Canterbury, Otago, and Southland, but these are now almost completely closed. The branch lines that remain in operation serve ports ([[Bluff Branch]] and [[Port Chalmers Branch]]), coal mines ([[Wairio Branch|Ohai Branch]] and [[Rapahoe Branch]]), and a dairying factory ([[Ross Branch|Hokitika Branch]]). The first 64 km of the Otago Central Railway remain in operation for tourist trains run by the [[Taieri Gorge Railway]] (TGR). The most significant freight is coal from West Coast mines to the port of Lyttelton for export. Passenger services were once extensive. Commuter trains operated multiple routes around Christchurch and Dunedin, plus a service between Invercargill and Bluff. Due to substantial losses, these were cancelled between the late 1960s and early 1980s. The final services to operate ran between Dunedin and [[Mosgiel]], and they ceased in 1982.<ref>Tony Hurst, ''Farewell to Steam: Four Decades of Change on New Zealand Railways'' (Auckland: HarperCollins, 1995), 96.</ref> Regional passenger trains were once extensive, but are now limited to the [[TranzCoastal]] from Christchurch to Picton and the [[TranzAlpine]] from Christchurch to Greymouth. The [[Southerner (train)|Southerner]] between Christchurch and Invercargill, once the flagship of the network, was cancelled on [[10 February]] [[2002]]. Subsequently, the architecturally significant [[Dunedin Railway Station]] has been used solely by the TGR's tourist trains, the Taieri Gorge Limited along the Otago Central Railway and the [[Seasider (train)|Seasider]] to [[Palmerston, New Zealand|Palmerston]]. Rural passenger services on branch lines were provided by [[mixed train]]s and [[NZR RM class (Vulcan)|Vulcan]]/[[NZR RM class (88 seater)|88 seater]] [[railcar]]s but the mixeds had largely ceased to exist by the 1950s and the railcars were withdrawn in the mid-1970s. The South Island saw the final use of [[steam locomotive]]s in New Zealand. Locomotives belonging to classes long withdrawn elsewhere continued to operate on West Coast branches until the very late 1960s, when they were displaced by [[NZR DJ class|DJ class]] diesels. In comparison to most countries, where steam locomotives were last used on insubstantial rural and industrial operations, the very last services run by steam locomotives were the premier expresses between Christchurch and Invercargill: the [[South Island Limited]] until 1970 and the Friday and Sunday night services until 1971. This was due to the carriages being steam-heated. The final steam-hauled service in New Zealand, headed by a member of the [[NZR Ja class|J<sup>A</sup> class]], ran on [[26 October]] [[1971]].<ref>David Leitch, ''Steam, Steel and Splendour'' (Auckland: HarperCollins, 1994), 89.</ref> ===Water Transport=== {{main|Transport in New Zealand#Ferry services}} [[Image:Cookstraitferry.jpg|thumb|right|[[Toll NZ|Toll Shipping's]] [[Arahura (ferry)|''Arahura'']] in the [[Marlborough Sounds]] after crossing the [[Cook Strait]].]] The South Island is separated from the North Island by Cook Strait, 24 km wide at its narrowest point, but requiring a 70 km ferry trip to cross. ====Ports and harbours==== *Container ports: [[Lyttelton, New Zealand|Lyttelton]] ([[Christchurch, New Zealand|Christchurch]]), [[Port Chalmers]] ([[Dunedin, New Zealand|Dunedin]]) *Other ports: [[Nelson, New Zealand|Nelson]], [[Picton, New Zealand|Picton]], [[Westport, New Zealand|Westport]], [[Greymouth]], [[Timaru]], [[Bluff, New Zealand|Bluff]]. *Harbours: [[Akaroa]], [[Otago Harbour]], [[Half Moon Bay, New Zealand|Half Moon Bay]] ([[Stewart Island/Rakiura]]), [[Milford Sound]]. *Freshwater: [[Queenstown, New Zealand|Queenstown]] and [[Kingston, New Zealand|Kingston]] ([[Lake Wakatipu]]), [[Te Anau]] and [[Manapouri]] ([[Lake Manapouri]]) ===Air Transport=== ====South Island Airports==== {| border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=5 |- valign=top align=left ! LOCATION &nbsp;&nbsp; ! [[ICAO airport code|ICAO]] &nbsp;&nbsp; ! [[IATA airport code|IATA]] &nbsp;&nbsp; ! AIRPORT NAME |- valign=top | [[Alexandra, New Zealand|Alexandra]] | NZLX | ALR | [[Alexandra Aerodrome]] |- valign=top | [[Ashburton, New Zealand|Ashburton]] | NZAS | ASG | [[Ashburton Aerodrome]] |- valign=top | [[Balclutha, New Zealand|Balclutha]] | NZBA | | [[Balclutha Aerodrome]] |- valign=top | [[Blenheim, New Zealand|Blenheim]] | NZWB | BHE | [[Woodbourne Airport|Blenheim Airport (Woodbourne)]] |- valign=top | [[Chatham Islands]] | NZCI | CHT | [[Chatham Islands / Tuuta Airport]] |- valign=top | [[Christchurch, New Zealand|Christchurch]] | NZCH | CHC | [[Christchurch International Airport]] ''(long-distance)'' |- valign=top | [[Cromwell, New Zealand|Cromwell]] | NZCS | | [[Cromwell Racecourse Aerodrome]] |- valign=top | [[Dunedin]] | NZDN | DUD | [[Dunedin International Airport]] ''(limited)'' |- valign=top | [[Gore, New Zealand|Gore]] | NZGC | | [[Gore Aerodrome]] |- valign=top | [[Greymouth]] | NZGM | GMN | [[Greymouth Airport]] |- valign=top | [[Haast, New Zealand|Haast]] | NZHT | | [[Haast Aerodrome]] |- valign=top | [[Hokitika]] | NZHK | HKK | [[Hokitika Airport]] |- valign=top | [[Invercargill]] | NZNV | IVC | [[Invercargill Airport]] |- valign=top | [[Kaikoura]] | NZKI | KBZ | [[Kaikoura Aerodrome]] |- valign=top | [[Lake Pukaki]] | NZGT | GTN | [[Glentanner Aerodrome]] |- valign=top | [[Milford Sound]] | NZMF | MFN | [[Milford Sound Airport]] |- valign=top | [[Aoraki/Mount Cook|Mount Cook]] | NZMC | MON | [[Mount Cook Aerodrome]] |- valign=top | [[Motueka]] | NZMK | MZP | [[Motueka Aerodrome]] |- valign=top | [[Nelson, New Zealand|Nelson]] | NZNS | NSN | [[Nelson Airport (New Zealand)|Nelson Airport]] |- valign=top | [[Oamaru]] | NZOU | OAM | [[Oamaru Aerodrome]] |- valign=top | [[Picton, New Zealand|Picton]] | NZPN | PCN | [[Picton Aerodrome]] |- valign=top | [[Queenstown, New Zealand|Queenstown]] | NZQN | ZQN | [[Queenstown Airport]] ''(limited)'' |- valign=top | [[Rangiora]] | NZFF | | [[Forest Field Aerodrome]] |- valign=top | [[Stewart Island/Rakiura]] | NZRC | SZS | [[Ryans Creek Aerodrome]] |- valign=top | [[Takaka]] | NZTK | KTF | [[Takaka Aerodrome]] |- valign=top | [[Te Anau]] / [[Manapouri]] | NZMO | TEU | [[Manapouri Aerodrome]] |- valign=top | [[Timaru]] | NZTU | TIU | [[Richard Pearse Airport]] |- valign=top | [[Twizel]] | NZUK | TWZ | [[Pukaki Aerodrome]] |- valign=top | [[Wanaka]] | NZWF | WKA | [[Wanaka Airport]] |- valign=top | [[Westport, New Zealand|Westport]] | NZWS | WSZ | [[Westport Airport (New Zealand)|Westport Airport]] |- valign=top | [[Wigram]] | NZWG | | [[Wigram Aerodrome]] |} ==Geography== [[Image:Satellite image of South Island New Zealand.jpg|thumb|right|40%|A true-colour image of the South Island, after a powerful winter storm swept across New Zealand on [[June 12]], [[2006]].]] The South Island with an area of 151,215&nbsp;km² (58,093 square miles) is the largest land mass of New Zealand, it contains about one quarter of the New Zealand population and is the [[List of islands by area|world's 12th-largest island]]. It is divided along its length by the [[Southern Alps]], the highest peak of which is [[Aoraki/Mount Cook]] at 3754 [[metre]]s (12,316&nbsp;[[foot (unit of length)|ft]]). There are eighteen peaks of more than 3000 metres (9800&nbsp;ft) in the South Island. The east side of the island is home to the [[Canterbury Plains]] while the [[West Coast, New Zealand|West Coast]] is famous for its rough coastlines, very high proportion of native [[forest|bush]], and [[Fox Glacier|Fox]] and [[Franz Josef Glacier]]s. ===Climate=== The [[climate]] in the South Island is mostly [[temperate climate|temperate]]. The [[Mean]] temperature for the South Island is 8 °[[Celsius|C]] (46 °[[Fahrenheit|F]]).<ref>From NIWA Science [http://www.niwascience.co.nz/edu/resources/climate/overview/ climate overview].</ref> January and February are the warmest months while July is the coldest. Most areas have between 600 and 1600&nbsp;[[Millimetre|mm]] of [[precipitation (meteorology)|rainfall]] with the most rain along the West Coast and the least rain on the East Coast, predominantly on the [[Canterbury Plains]]. [[Christchurch]] is the driest city receiving about 640&nbsp;mm (25&nbsp;[[Inch|in]]) of rain per year. There are three main factors that influence New Zealand's climate:<ref>Statistics New Zealand [http://www2.stats.govt.nz/domino/external/web/nzstories.nsf/0/38785455f46e0195cc256b1e007b6b0e?OpenDocument] page.</ref> * Its [[latitude|latitude zone]] location where the [[prevailing winds]] flow westerly. * Its [[ocean]]ic environment. * The mountains, especially the [[Southern Alps]]. ===Geology=== ===National Parks=== * [[Abel Tasman National Park]] * [[Aoraki/Mount Cook National Park]] * [[Fiordland National Park]] * [[Kahurangi National Park]] * [[Mount Aspiring National Park]] * [[Nelson Lakes National Park]] * [[Paparoa National Park]] * [[Rakiura National Park]] * [[Westland National Park]] Other Native Reserves and Parks * [[Hakatere Conservation Park]] <ref>[http://www.doc.govt.nz/templates/PlaceProfile.aspx?id=45070 Hakatere Conservation Park], Department of Conservation website, retrieved 21 January 2008.</ref> ===Geographic Features=== {{col-begin|width=60%}} {{col-2}} * [[Arthur's Pass]] * [[Banks Peninsula]] * [[The Catlins|Catlins]] * [[Doubtful Sound]] * [[Farewell Spit]] * [[Haast Pass]] * [[Mackenzie Basin]] * [[Marlborough Sounds]] * [[Milford Sound]] * [[Southern Alps]] {{col-2}} '''Glaciers:''' * [[Fox Glacier]] * [[Franz Josef Glacier]] '''Rivers:''' * [[Hokitika River]] {{col-end}} ==Education== ===Primary=== ===Secondary=== ===Tertiary=== The South Island has several tertiary level institutions: * [[Aoraki Polytechnic]] * [[Christchurch Polytechnic Institute of Technology]] * [[Lincoln University (New Zealand)|Lincoln University]] * [[Nelson Marlborough Institute of Technology]] * [[Otago Polytechnic]] * [[Southern Institute of Technology]] * [[Tai Poutini Polytechnic]] * [[Telford Rural Polytechnic]] * [[University of Canterbury]] * [[University of Otago]] ==Healthcare== Healthcare in the South Island is provided by six [[District Health Board (New Zealand)|District Health Boards (DHBs)]]. Organized around geographical areas, of varying population sizes, they are not coterminous with the [[Regions of New Zealand|Local Government Regions]]. * Canterbury DHB * Nelson Marlborough DHB * Otago DHB * South Canterbury DHB * Southland DHB * West Coast DHB ==Media== ===Print=== *[[Ashburton Guardian]] *[[The Marlborough Express]] *[[The Nelson Mail]] *[[Otago Daily Times]] *[[The Press]] *[http://www.stuff.co.nz/southlandtimes/ Southland Times] *[[The Timaru Herald]] ===Television=== *45 South *[[Canterbury Television]] *[[Channel 9 (New Zealand)|Channel 9]] *[[CUE (Southland TV)]] ===Radio=== ====Nelson Stations==== '''Current Stations''' *[[Fresh FM Nelson|Fresh FM]] *[[Impact 100]] *[[Mainland FM]] *[[Radio Robot]] '''Previous Stations''' *[[Cadbury Moro FM]] *[[Fifeshire FM]] - Rebranded as More FM *[[Radio Nelson]] - Rebranded as Classic Hits 89.8 & 90.4FM *[[The Planet 97FM]] - Replaced with ZM ====West Coast Stations==== '''Current Stations''' *[[Coast FM (New Zealand)|Coast FM]] - (no connection to [[Coast (New Zealand radio)|Coast]] Radio Network. *Z102 102.5FM '''Previous Stations''' *Radio Scenicland and later [[Scenicland FM]] - Rebranded as Classic Hits Scenicland FM. ====Canterbury Stations==== '''Current Stations''' *[[ZM (New Zealand)|91ZM]] - Operates local daytime show all other shows from the ZM network. Originally local until 2001. *[[Country 88FM]] *[[Newstalk ZB]] - Local breakfast and morning show all other shows from Newstalk ZB network. *[[Plains 96.9FM]] *[[Port FM]] (Timaru) *[[Pulzar FM]] *[[Radio Ferrymead]] *[[RDU-FM]] '''Previous Stations''' *[[3ZB]] - Rebranded as Newstalk ZB *[[3ZE]] (Ashburton) - Rebranded as Classic Hits 92.5 ZEFM *[[Channel Z]] - Operated local Channel Z station until 2001 when station was replaced with Auckland based network product. *[[Fox FM (New Zealand)|Fox FM]] (Ashburton) - Rebranded as Port FM *[[Life FM|99 Life FM]] - Original Life FM station *[[B98 FM]] - Rebranded as Classic Hits B98 and later Classic Hits 97.7 *[[Lite FM]] - Rebranded as The Breeze *[[Radio Avon]] and later [[C93FM]] *[[Radio Caroline]] (Timaru) - Rebranded as Classic Hits 99FM *[[Blush 96.1]] - Christchurch NZBS "Live Sexy" ====Dunedin and East Otago Stations==== '''Current Stations''' *[[Big River Radio]] (Balclutha) *[[Country Radio 88.7]] *[[Ear107]] *[[GoldRush1440]] (Lawrence) *[[Hills AM]] *[[Radio Clutha]] (Balclutha) *[[Radio Dunedin]] *[[Radio One (New Zealand)|Radio One]] *[[RushFM]] (Lawrence) '''Previous Stations''' *[[4XO]] - Rebranded as More FM *[[4ZB]] and later ZBFM - Rebranded as Classic Hits 89FM *[[93Rox]] *[[Radio Waitaki]] (Oamaru) - Rebranded as Classic Hits Radio Waitaki *[[Whitestone FM]] (Oamaru) - Rebranded as Port FM ====Queenstown and Central Otago Stations==== '''Current Stations''' *[[96.7 Blue Skies FM]] (Alexandra) *[[Burn 729AM]] (Ranfurly) *[[The Studio FM]] (Queenstown) *[[Radio Wanaka]] (Wanaka) '''Previous Stations''' *[[Radio Central]] (Alexandra) - Rebranded as More FM *[[Resort Radio]] (Queenstown) - Rebranded as More FM *[[Q92]] (Queenstown) - Rebranded as Q92 The Breeze ====Southland Stations==== '''Current Stations''' *[[Country Radio 88.4]] *[[Hokonui Gold]] *[[Radio Southland 96.4]] '''Previous Stations''' *[[4ZA]] - Rebranded as Classic Hits 98.8 ZAFM *[[Foveaux FM]] - Rebranded as More FM *[[eFM]] - [[Southern Institute of Technology]] student radio station that operated in 2001. ==Sport== {{main|Sport in New Zealand}} A number of national or international sporting teams and events are based in the South Island, including: * [[Basketball]]: [[Canterbury Rams]], [[Christchurch Sirens]], [[Nelson Giants]] and the [[Otago Nuggets]]. * [[Ice hockey]]: [[Canterbury Red Devils]], [[Dunedin Thunder]], [[Southern Stampede]]. * [[Netball]]: [[Canterbury Tactix]] and the [[Southern Steel]]. * [[Soccer]]: [[Canterbury United]], [[Otago United]]. * [[Rugby league]]: [[Canterbury Bulls]] * [[Rugby union]]: [[Crusaders (rugby)|Crusaders]], [[Highlanders (rugby)|Highlanders]], [[Tasman Rugby Union|Tasman Makos]], [[Southland Rugby Union|Southland Stags]], [[West Coast Rugby Union|West Coast]], [[Buller Rugby Union|Buller]], [[South Canterbury Rugby Union|South Canterbury]], [[North Otago Rugby Union|North Otago]] International events hosted in the South Island include the ''[[National Basketball League (New Zealand)|National Basketball League]]'', the ''[[ANZ Championship]]'' netball competition and the ''[[Super 14]]'' rugby union competition. ==The Arts== ===Art Galleries=== *[[Centre of Contemporary Art]] *[[Christchurch Arts Centre]] *[[Dunedin Public Art Gallery]] ===Museums=== *[[Canterbury Museum (New Zealand)|Canterbury Museum]] *[[Ferrymead Heritage Park]] *Nelson Provincial Museum [http://www.museumnp.org.nz/] *[[Otago Museum]] *[[Otago Settlers Museum]] *[[Royal New Zealand Air Force Museum]] *[[Southland museum and art gallery]] *[[World of Wearable Art]] ===Film location=== Several movies have been filmed (in large part) in the South Island, including the ''[[The Lord of the Rings film trilogy|Lord of the Rings]]'' and 2005's ''[[The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe|The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, The Witch, and the Wardrobe]]''. == See also == * [[Flag concepts for the South Island]] * [[List of twin towns and sister cities in the South Island]] * [[Military of the South Island]] * [[New Munster]] * [[South Island Independence]] == External links == * [http://www.backpack-newzealand.com/mapofsouthisland.html/ South Island Road Map] * {{wikitravel|South Island}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} {{Regions of New Zealand}} {{coor title dm|43|59|S|170|27|E|type:isle}} [[Category:Islands of New Zealand]] [[Category:South Island| ]] [[ar:آيسلندا الجنوبية]] [[ca:Illa del Sud]] [[cs:Jižní ostrov (Nový Zéland)]] [[da:Sydøen]] [[de:Südinsel (Neuseeland)]] [[et:Lõunasaar]] [[el:Νότιο Νησί (Νέα Ζηλανδία)]] [[es:Isla Sur]] [[eo:Suda Insulo (Nov-Zelando)]] [[eu:Hego Uhartea]] [[fr:Île du Sud]] [[gl:Illa Sur, Nova Celandia]] [[ko:남섬]] [[id:Pulau Selatan]] [[it:Isola del Sud]] [[he:האי הדרומי]] [[lt:Pietų sala]] [[mk:Јужен новозеландски остров]] [[mi:Te Wai-pounamu]] [[nl:Zuidereiland]] [[ja:南島 (ニュージーランド)]] [[no:Sørøya (New Zealand)]] [[nn:Sørøya på New Zealand]] [[pl:Wyspa Południowa (Nowa Zelandia)]] [[pt:Ilha Sul]] [[ru:Южный остров (Новая Зеландия)]] [[sr:Јужно острво]] [[fi:Eteläsaari]] [[sv:Sydön]] [[tr:Güney Adası (Yeni Zelanda)]] [[uk:Південний острів Нової Зеландії]] [[zh:南島]]