Southern Sudan
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2008-07-15T01:46:41Z
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A referendum is scheduled for 2011 on whether to remain in the greater Sudan ...
{{Infobox Country or territory
|native_name =
|conventional_long_name = Southern Sudan
|common_name = Southern Sudan
|image_flag = Flag of the SPLAM.svg
|image_coat = Southern_Sudan_COA.gif
|motto =
|anthem = [http://www.worldstatesmen.org/splasudananthem.mp3 Southern Sudan anthem]
|image_map = LocationSouthernSudan.svg
|capital = [[Juba, Sudan|Juba]]
|latd= |latm= |latNS= |longd= |longm= |longEW= (capital's latitude and longitude)
|largest_city =
|official_languages = [[English language|English]], [[Arabic language|Arabic]] ([[Juba Arabic]])
|regional_languages = over 400 dialects. Nubian, Ta Bedawie, diverse dialects of Nilotic, Nilo-Hamitic, Sudanic languages, English.
|ethnic_groups = [[Dinka]], [[Nuer]], [[Bari]], [[Lotuko]], [[Zande]], [[Mundari]], [[Kakwa]], [[Pojulu]], [[Moru]], [[Acholi]], [[Madi]], [[Lulubo]], [[Lokoya]], [[Toposa]], [[Lango]], [[Didinga]], [[Murle]], [[Anuak]], [[Makaraka]], [[Mundu]], [[Jur]], [[Kaliko]], and others.
|ethnic_groups_year =
|demonym = [[Sudanese]]
|government_type =
|leader_title1 = [[List of Presidents of the Government of Southern Sudan|President]]
|leader_name1 = [[Salva Kiir Mayardit]]
|leader_title2 = [[List of Vice-Presidents of the Government of Southern Sudan|Vice-President]]
|leader_name2 = [[Riek Machar]]
|leader_name3 = [[Paulino Matip Nhial]]
|leader_title3 = [[List of Deputy Commander-in-Chief of SPLA|Deputy Commander-in-Chief of SPLA]]
|sovereignty_type =
|sovereignty_note =
|established_event1 = [[Comprehensive Peace Agreement]]
|established_date1 = [[January 9]] [[2005]]
|area_rank =
|area_magnitude =
|area_km2 = 589745
|area_sq_mi =
|percent_water =
|population_estimate = 11 million{{smallsup|1}} to 27 million estimated. (39,379,358 July 2007 est.- for whole of North and South)
|population_estimate_rank =
|population_estimate_year =
|population_census =
|population_census_year =
|population_density_km2 = 14
|population_density_sq_mi =
|population_density_rank =
|GDP_PPP =
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|GDP_PPP_per_capita =
|GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank =
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|GDP_nominal_rank =
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|Gini =
|Gini_year =
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|currency = [[Sudanese pound]]
|currency_code =
|time_zone =
|utc_offset = +3
|cctld =
|calling_code =
|footnote1 = Estimated at 8.5 million in 2005.{{Fact|date=May 2007}}
natural rescources petroleum; small reserves of iron ore, copper, chromium ore, zinc, tungsten, mica, silver, gold, hydropower. (CIA factbook)
}}
'''Southern Sudan''' is a region of [[Sudan]], comprising ten of that country's states. The [[Politics of Sudan|Sudanese government]] agreed to give [[autonomy]] to the region in the [[Naivasha Agreement|Comprehensive Peace Agreement]] (CPA) <ref>[http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/RWB.NSF/db900SID/EVIU-6AZBDB?OpenDocument ''The Comprehensive Peace Agreement between The Government of The Republic of The Sudan and The Sudan People's Liberation Movement/Sudan People's Liberation Army''] (from reliefweb.int)</ref> signed on [[January 9]], [[2005]] in [[Naivasha]], [[Kenya]], with the [[Sudanese People's Liberation Army|SPLA/M]], tentatively bringing an end to the [[Second Sudanese Civil War|Second Sudanese Civil War 1983-2005]]. A referendum is scheduled for 2011 on whether to remain in the greater Sudan or to become an independent nation. Southern Sudan borders [[Ethiopia]] to the east, [[Kenya]], [[Uganda]], and the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] to the south, and the [[Central African Republic]] to the west. To the north lies the predominantly [[Arab]] and [[Islam in Sudan|Muslim region]] directly under the control of the central government, with its capital at [[Khartoum]].
Southern Sudan, also known as '''New Sudan''', has nearly all of its administrative offices in [[Juba, Sudan|Juba]], the capital, and the city with the largest population.
==Characteristics==
{{unrefsect|date=June 2008}}
Southern Sudanese predominantly practice traditional indigenous beliefs and [[Christianity]], particularly the [[Episcopal Church of the Sudan]] and the [[Roman Catholicism in Sudan|Roman Catholic Church]]. The South also contains many more ethnic groups and languages than are found in the North. Without a proper census, and given polygamy and large families, estimates of the relative proportions of the hundred ethnic groups in the South is difficult. However, it is widely agreed that the largest ethnic group in the South is [[Dinka]], followed by [[Nuer]]. Other [[Nilotic]] peoples include the [[Bari people (Sudan)|Bari]] and [[Shilluk]].
The oil and other mineral wealth of the South lies on what is known as [[Nuerland]], including Unity and Upper Nile states, which has a high concentration of Nuers.
After the death of [[John Garang]], the [[Sudanese People's Liberation Army]] (SPLA) and the [[South Sudan Defence Force]] (SSDF), overcame their mutual antagonism and merged in January 2006 under the [[Juba Declaration]]. The SSDF was founded by the current vice president of the South, Dr. [[Riek Machar]], who defected back to the SPLA/M in 2002, leaving General [[Paulino Matip Nhial]] as the chief of staff (head) of the SSDF. Under the Juba Declaration, General Matip became the deputy commander-in-chief of the SPLA, and his SSDF forces were integrated into the SPLA, swelling its ranks from 30,000 to an estimated 130,000 troops.
The language of education and government business is [[English language|English]], although the distinctive [[Juba Arabic language]] ''arabi juba'', derived mostly from the Bari tribal native tongue is a widely {{specify|date=June 2008}} <!-- How widely spoken are they? --> used [[lingua franca]] in Southern Sudan. Additionally, two widely {{specify|date=June 2008}} used African languages are [[Dinka language|Thuongjang]] and [[Nuer language|Thok Naath]]. Nuer is widely {{specify|date=June 2008}} spoken in [[Unity, Sudan|Unity State]], Jonglei State and [[Upper Nile, Sudan|Upper Nile State]].
== Legal and administrative structure ==
[[Image:Political Regions of Sudan, July 2006.svg|thumb|right|
{{legend|#f7931d|North Sudan}}
{{legend|#8cc63f|[[Darfur]]}}
{{legend|purple|[[Eastern Front (Sudan)|Eastern Front, area of operations July 2006]]}}
{{legend|#00adef|[[South Sudan]]}}
{{legend|red| Boundary of [[Abyei]] at 10°22'30"N as decided by the Abyei Boundary Commission}}
{{legend|#fb6282|[[Nuba Mountains]] and [[Blue Nile (state)|Blue Nile]]}}
''Abyei, Nuba Mountains, and Blue Nile are to hold a referendum in 2011 on whether to join South Sudan.'']]
Following the [[Naivasha Agreement]] which granted autonomy to Southern Sudan, the Interim Constitution of Southern Sudan<ref name="UN_review">[http://www.cushcommunity.org/constitution.pdf#search=%22%22Interim%20Constitution%20of%20Southern%20Sudan%22%22 ''The Interim Constitution of Southern Sudan''] (PDF) (cushcommunity.org)</ref> was adopted in [[December 2005]], leading to the creation of the [[Politics of Southern Sudan|Government of Southern Sudan]] and a [[Southern Sudan Legislative Assembly]].
The relationship between autonomous Southern Sudan and the neighbouring areas of [[Blue Nile State]], [[Nuba Mountains]]/[[South Kurdufan|Southern Kurdufan]], and [[Abyei]] has yet to be definitively determined.
Southern Sudan consists of the ten [[States of Sudan|states]] which formerly composed the provinces of [[Equatoria]] ([[Central Equatoria]], [[East Equatoria]], and [[West Equatoria]]), Bahr el Ghazal ([[North Bahr al Ghazal]], [[West Bahr al Ghazal]], [[Lakes, Sudan|Lakes]], and [[Warab (state)|Warab]]), and Upper Nile ([[Jonglei]], [[Unity_(state)|Unity]], and [[Upper Nile, Sudan|Upper Nile]]).
Pending elections, seats in both the Southern Sudan Assembly and the Government of the Southern Sudan are to be divided in a fixed proportion between the [[Sudan People's Liberation Army|SPLM]] (70%), the [[National Congress (Sudan)|NCP]] (the former [[National Islamic Front|NIF]]) (15%), and "other Southern political forces" (15%). From the time of the Naivasha Agreement until his death on [[30 July]] [[2005]], longtime rebel leader John Garang was the President of Southern Sudan. He was succeeded by [[Salva Kiir Mayardit]] who was sworn in as first vice president of Sudan on [[11 August]] [[2005]].
A [[Southern Sudanese independence referendum, 2011|referendum]] on the independence of the Southern Sudan is scheduled for January [[2011]] {{fact|date=June 2008}}.
==Humanitarian situation==
By the time of the [[Comprehensive Peace Agreement]] of 2005, humanitarian needs in Southern Sudan were significant. The amount of destruction left by over 20 years of war was massive.
However, humanitarian organizations under the leadership of the [[United Nations]] [[Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs]] (OCHA) managed to ensure sufficient funding to bring relief to the local populations. Along with recovery and development aid, humanitarian projects were included in the 2007 Work Plan of the [[United Nations]] and partners.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unsudanig.org/workplan/2007/docs/darfur/WP07_D_regional_workplan_section.pdf |title=2007 Work Plan of the United Nations and partners}}</ref>
In 2007, OCHA (under the leadership of [[Eliane Duthoit]]) started to phase out of Southern Sudan, as humanitarian needs gradually diminished, slowly but markedly turning over control to the recovery and development activities of NGOs and community-based organisations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=71676 |title=Comments to [[IRIN]] by [[United Nations|UN]] Spokesperson Maurizio Giuliano}}</ref>
== Modern history ==
{{unrefsect|date=June 2008}}
It is estimated {{who?|date=June 2008}} that the Southern region has a population of around 8 million, but given the lack of a census in several decades, this estimate may be severely compromised. The economy is predominantly rural and subsistence farming{{fact|date=June 2008}}. This region has been negatively affected by the [[First Sudanese Civil War|First]] and [[Second Sudanese Civil War]]s for all but 10 years since [[Sudanese independence]] in 1956, resulting in serious neglect, lack of infrastructure development, and major destruction and displacement. More than 2 million people have died, and more than 4 million are [[internally displaced person|internally displaced]] or have become [[refugee]]s as a result of the civil war and war-related impacts {{fact|date=June 2008}} <!-- Please provide citation that includes exact stats. -->. The region has been struck by occasional [[famine]]. A [[1998 Sudan famine|1998 famine]] killed hundreds of thousands, and a food emergency was declared in mid-2005 {{when?}}.
In recent years, a significant amount of foreign-based oil drilling has begun in Southern Sudan, raising the land's geopolitical profile. Khartoum has broken much of the Sudan into blocks with about 85% of the oil coming from the South. Blocks 1, 2, and 4 are controlled by the largest overseas consortium, the [[Greater Nile Petroleum Operating Company]] (GNPOC). GNPOC is composed of the following players: [[CNPC]], the [[People's Republic of China]], with a 40% stake, [[Petronas]] (Malaysia), with 30%, [[ONGC]] [[India]], with 25%, and [[Sudapet]] of the central Sudan government with 5%{{fact|date=June 2008}}.
The other producing blocks in the South are blocks 3 and 7 in Eastern Upper Nile. These blocks are controlled by [[Petrodar]] which is 41% owned by CNPC of China, 40% by Petronas, 8% by Sudapet, 5% by [[Gulf Petroleum]] and 5% by [[Al Thani]] {{fact|date=June 2008}}.
Another major block in the South, called Block B by Khartoum, is claimed by several players. [[Total of France]] was awarded the concession for the 90,000 square kilometre block in the 1980s but has since done limited work invoking "force majeure". Various elements of the SPLM handed out the block or parts thereof to other parties. Several of these pre-Naivasha deals were revoked when the SPLM came to power. One company, [[Jarch Management Group, Ltd.]], claims that the Government of Southern Sudan has since accepted its pre-CPA contracts {{fact|date=June 2008}}. These contracts are backed by General Paulino Matip, the deputy commander-in-chief of the SPLA, who originally signed agreements in March 2004 as head of the SSDF and has publicly supported Jarch Management Group {{fact|date=June 2008}}.
The wealth-sharing section of the CPA states that all agreements signed prior to the CPA would hold; they would not be subject to review by the National Petroleum Commission (NPC), a commission set up by the CPA and composed of both Northerners and Southerners and co-chaired by both President [[Omar Hassan al-Bashir|al-Bashir]] of the North and President Kiir of the South. However, the CPA does not specify who could sign those pre-CPA agreements. Both Khartoum and the SPLM claim the ability to sign agreements prior under the right of "self-determination" awarded to Southerners {{fact|date=June 2008}}. A major issue being discussed amongst those {{who?|date=June 2008}} that hold concessions from Khartoum is, what happens if the South secedes.
The CPA offers no right of continuation of the Khartoum concession agreements if the South votes to secede. Independence for South Sudan means that, as a sovereign state, it does not need to honor agreements made with Khartoum {{fact|date=June 2008}}. Those countries that stand to lose the most upon secession are China, Malaysia, India, France, and [[Kuwait]], given their large stakes in Khartoum concessions {{fact|date=June 2008}}. With more than 90% of the people in the South desiring independence from Khartoum {{fact|date=June 2008}}, there is a high probability that many of the countries now operating in the South will change. Recently, China, Malaysia, India, and France have begun to court President Salva Kiir to protect their respective country's oil interests {{fact|date=June 2008}}. British companies have also been courting the Southern Sudanese government with regard to mining exploration, specializing in cobalt and copper {{fact|date=June 2008}}. However, much of the population wants a new company which does not have a relationship with Khartoum, especially given the atrocities committed against the Southern people by the central government {{fact|date=June 2008}}.
== Notes and references ==
{{reflist}}
also:
literature:
Melha Rout Biel: Southern Sudan after the Comprehensive Peace Agreement. Netzbandt Verlag, Jena 2007, ISBN 978-3-937884-01-1
== External links ==
* [http://www.gossmission.org/goss/ Government of Southern Sudan]
* [http://www.gurtong.org/resourcecenter/gov/GOSS_Structure.asp Political information site]
* [http://www.southsudannation.com/ Site for Southern Independence]
* [http://www.un.org/Depts/dpko/missions/unmis/ UN Mission in Sudan]
* [http://www.iss.co.za/AF/profiles/Sudan/darfur/compax/ Comprehensive Peace Agreement]
* [http://www.usip.org/pubs/usipeace_briefings/2005/1026_sudan.html Resolving the Boundary Dispute in Sudan's Abyei Region] [[U.S. Institute of Peace]] Briefing, October 2005
* [http://www.gurtong.org/resourcecenter/documents/default.asp?s_DocName=&s_DocType_id=4 Introduction to the Laws of New Sudan]
*[http://www.thejubapost.com/ The Juba Post]
*[http://www.dlib.indiana.edu/collections/nuer/ The Nuer Field Notes] - an online collection of linguistic field notes recorded by Eleanor Vandevort, who was a missionary in the South Sudan between 1949 and 1963. The site also includes Ms. Vandevort's book A Leopard Tamed and pictures taken in southern Sudan.
*[http://www.johndaufoundation.org/ John Dau Sudan Foundation] One of the storied "Lost Boys of Sudan," John Dau is transforming healthcare in Southern Sudan through the building and sustaining of healthcare clinics.
=== See also ===
* [[Lost Boys of Sudan]]
* [[Sudan]]
* [[Duk County]]
* [[John Dau]]
=====tags=====
{{refimprove|date=June 2008}}
[[Category:Irregular military]]
[[Category:Politics of Sudan]]
[[Category:History of Sudan]]
[[Category:Secession]]
[[Category:Regions of Sudan]]
[[Category:Autonomous areas]]
[[ca:Sudan del Sud]]
[[cs:Jižní Súdán]]
[[de:Südsudan]]
[[et:Lõuna-Sudaan]]
[[es:Sudán del Sur]]
[[fa:سودان جنوبی]]
[[fr:Sud-Soudan]]
[[la:Sudania Australis]]
[[hu:Dél-Szudán]]
[[nl:Zuid-Soedan]]
[[ja:南部スーダン]]
[[no:Sør-Sudan]]
[[pl:Sudan Południowy]]
[[ru:Южный Судан]]
[[sh:Južni Sudan]]
[[tr:Güney Sudan]]
[[zh:南蘇丹]]