Spanish Guinea
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2008-06-21T14:37:41Z
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{{Infobox Former Country
|native_name = Territorios Españoles del Golfo de Guinea
|conventional_long_name = Spanish Territories of the Gulf of Guinea
|common_name = Spanish Guinea
|continent = Africa
|region = Equatorial Africa
|country = Equatorial Guinea
|empire = Spain
|status = Colony
|era = Cold War
|year_start = 1926
|year_end = 1968
|date_start = 11 August
|date_end = 11 August
|event_start =
|event_end = [[Equatorial Guinea|Independence]]
|p1 = Fernando Poo
|p2 = Annobón
|p3 = Río Muni
|s1 = Equatorial Guinea
|flag_p1 = Flag of Spain (1785-1873 and 1875-1931).svg
|flag_p2 = Flag of Spain (1785-1873 and 1875-1931).svg
|flag_p3 = Flag of Spain (1785-1873 and 1875-1931).svg
|flag_s1 = Flag of Equatorial Guinea.svg
|image_flag = Flag of Spain 1945 1977.svg
|flag = Flag of Spain
|flag_type = Flag of Spain
|image_coat = COA Spain 1945 1977.svg
|symbol = Coat of arms of Spain
|symbol_type = Coat of arms of Spain
|image_map = LocationEquatorialGuinea.svg
|image_map_caption = Spanish Guinea
|capital = [[Malabo|Santa Isabel]]
|latd=2|latm=11|lats=20|latNS=N|longd=102|longm=23|longs=4|longEW=E
|common_languages = [[Spanish Language|Spanish]]
|title_representative = Governor
|representative1 = Francisco Núñez Rodríguez
|year_representative1 = 1962-63 (last)
|title_deputy = High Commissioner
|deputy1 = Francisco Núñez Rodríguez
|year_deputy1 = 1963-64 (first)
|deputy2 = Víctor Suances Díaz del Río
|year_deputy2 = 1966-68 (last)
|currency = Spanish Guinea Peseta
}}
'''Spanish Guinea''' was an [[Africa]]n [[colony]] of [[Spain]] that became the independent nation of [[Equatorial Guinea]].
==History==
{{Main article|History of Equatorial Guinea}}
The [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese explorer]], [[Fernão do Pó]], seeking a route to [[India]], is credited with having discovered the island of [[Bioko]] in 1472. He called it ''Formosa'' ("Beautiful"), but it quickly took on the name of its European discoverer. The islands of Fernando Pó and Annobón were colonized by [[Portugal]] in 1474. The Portuguese retained control until 1778, when the island, adjacent islets, and commercial rights to the mainland between the Niger and [[Ogoue]] Rivers were ceded to [[Spanish Empire|Spain]] in exchange for territory in the American continent ([[Treaty of El Pardo (1778)|Treaty of El Pardo]], between Queen [[Maria I of Portugal]] and King [[Charles III of Spain]]). From 1827 to 1843, [[United Kingdom|Britain]] established a base on the island to, supposedly, combat the [[Slavery|slave trade]]. However human trafficking continue through existing networks of slave trade established long before Europeans arrived. The mainland portion, Rio Muni, became a protectorate in 1885 and a colony in 1900. Conflicting claims to the mainland by [[France]] and Spain were settled in 1900 by the [[Treaty of Paris (1900)|Treaty of Paris]], and periodically, the mainland territories were united administratively under Spanish rule. Between 1926 and 1959 they were united as the colony of Spanish Guinea.
During the [[Spanish Civil War]] (1936-1939), the nationalist side from Ferndano Póo overtook the [[Second Spanish Republic|Republican]] forces of Río Muni<ref name="Ceiba">''[http://www.ceiba-guinea-ecuatorial.org/guineeangl/histoire.htm#colonie Spanish Colony]''. Institutional web site of the Republic of Equatorial Guinea.</ref>.
The population of the colony was stratified<ref name="CVC">''Anuario del [[Instituto Cervantes]] (2005). Panorama de la literatura en español en Guinea Ecuatorial'', [[Justo Bolekia Boleká]], [http://cvc.cervantes.es/obref/anuario/anuario_05/bolekia/p01.htm Introducción histórica]</ref> as:
# [[Peninsulares|Whites]], whose immigration was regulated by the Spanish government.
# [[Emancipados]], black population assimilated to the Whites. They had a Christian Spanish education. Some of them descended from freed [[Cuban slave]]s , brought to Africa by Royal Orders of 13 September 1845 (voluntary) and 20 June 1861 (deportation). This group included ''[[mestizo]]s'' ([[mulatto]]es) acknowledged by the White father<ref name="Belmonte">''Espacio, Tiempo y Forma'', Serie V, Hª Contemporánea, t. 11, 1998, págs. 113-138, ''[http://62.204.194.45:8080/fedora/get/bibliuned:ETFSerie5-C1567B04-34C8-342F-55B8-0888954C0F9E/PDF Penología e indigenismo en la antigua Guinea española]'', [[Pedro María Belmonte Medina]]</ref>.
# "Individuals of colour" under patronage, the majority of the black indigenous people, of [[ethnic groups of Equatorial Guinea|different ethnic groups]], mostly [[Bantu]]s. They were not allowed to own property and were liable to [[forced labour]]. They included unacknowleged ''mestizos''.
# [[Nigeria]]n and [[Cameroon]]ian, [[Han Chinese|Chinese]] and [[India]]n.
==References==
{{reflist}}
==See also==
* [[History of Equatorial Guinea]]
* [[Bubi]]
* [[Fernandinos]]
* [[Emancipados]]
[[Category:History of Equatorial Guinea]]
{{EquatorialGuinea-geo-stub}}
{{Africa-hist-stub}}
[[de:Spanisch-Guinea]]
[[es:Guinea Española]]
[[fr:Guinée espagnole]]
[[la:Guinea Hispanica]]
[[pl:Gwinea Hiszpańska]]