Species of Psittacosaurus
5251141
216243805
2008-05-31T19:43:23Z
DumZiBoT
6085301
robot Adding: [[es:Especies de psitacosaurios]]
[[Image:Psittacosaurus all BW.png|thumb|right|Life reconstructions of eight species of ''[[Psittacosaurus]]'', drawn to scale. See close-up images of these species below.]]
Seventeen '''[[species]]''' have been assigned to the [[extinct]] [[ceratopsia]]n [[dinosaur]] [[genus]] '''''[[Psittacosaurus]]''''', although only nine to eleven are considered valid.<ref name=xuzhao1999>Xu Xing & Zhao Xijin. (1999). Psittacosaur fossils and their stratigraphical implications. In: Wang Y. & Deng T. (Eds.). ''Proceedings of the Seventh Annual Meeting of the Chinese Society of Vertebrate Paleontology''. Beijing: China Ocean Press. Pp. 75–80.</ref><ref name=averianovetal2006>Averianov, Alexander O., Voronkevich, Alexei V., Leshchinskiy, Sergei V. & Fayngertz, Alexei V. (2006). A ceratopsian dinosaur ''Psittacosaurus sibiricus'' from the Early Cretaceous of West Siberia, Russia and its phylogenetic relationships. ''Journal of Systematic Paleontology'' 4(4): 359-395. {{doi|10.1017/S1477201906001933}}</ref> This is the highest number of valid species assigned to any single dinosaur genus (not including [[bird]]s).<ref name=sereno1997>Sereno, Paul C. (1997). Psittacosauridae. In: Currie, Phil J. & Padian, Kevin P. (Eds.). ''The Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs''. Berkeley: University of California Press. Pp. 611-613.</ref> By contrast, most dinosaur genera contain only a single species.
As some species are known only from skull material, species of ''Psittacosaurus'' are primarily distinguished by features of the [[skull]] and [[teeth]]. Several species can be recognized by features of the [[pelvis]] as well.<ref name=brinkmanetal2001>Brinkman, Donald B., Eberth, David A., Ryan, M.J. & Chen Peiji. (2001). The occurrence of ''Psittacosaurus xinjiangensis'' Sereno and Chao, 1988 in the Urho area, Junggar basin, Xinjiang. ''Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences'' 38: 1781-1786.</ref> Overall size estimates of most species have not been published or are unavailable due to lack of [[fossil]] preservation. However, measurements of the skull or [[femur]] have been published for all well-established species and can be used as a basis for comparison.
===''Psittacosaurus mongoliensis'' (type)===
[[Image:Psittacosaurus mongoliensis BW.jpg|thumb|right|''Psittacosaurus mongoliensis''.]]
''Psittacosaurus mongoliensis'' is the [[type species]] of the genus, named by [[United States|American]] [[paleontologist]] [[Henry Fairfield Osborn]] in 1923. Remains of this dinosaur were first discovered the year before, on the third [[American Museum of Natural History]] expedition to the [[Gobi Desert]] of [[Mongolia]], when one of the expedition's drivers found the [[type specimen]] (AMNH 6254).<ref name=osborn1923>Osborn, Henry F. (1923). Two Lower Cretaceous dinosaurs of Mongolia. ''American Museum Novitates'' 95: 1-10.</ref> This same expedition turned up the remains of many other famous Mongolian dinosaurs, including ''[[Protoceratops]]'', ''[[Oviraptor]]'', and ''[[Velociraptor]]''.<ref name=osborntheropods1924>Osborn, Henry F. (1924). Three new Theropoda, ''Protoceratops'' zone, Central Mongolia. ''American Museum Novitates'' 144: 1-12.</ref> Many later expeditions by various combinations of Mongolian, [[Russia]]n, [[China|Chinese]], American, [[Poland|Polish]], [[Japan]]ese, and [[Canada|Canadian]] paleontologists also recovered specimens from throughout Mongolia and northern China. In these areas, ''Psittacosaurus mongoliensis'' fossils are found in most [[sedimentary]] [[stratum|strata]] dating to the [[Aptian]] to [[Albian]] [[faunal stage|stages]] of the Early [[Cretaceous Period]], or approximately 125 to 100 [[Annum|Ma]] ([[million years ago]]). Fossil remains of over 75 individuals have been recovered, including nearly 20 complete skeletons with skulls.<ref name=youdodson2004>You Hailu & Dodson, Peter. (2004). Basal Ceratopsia. In: Weishampel, David B., Dodson, Peter, & Osmólska, Halszka. (Eds.). ''The Dinosauria'' (2nd Edition). Berkeley: University of California Press. Pp. 478-493.</ref> Individuals of all ages are known, from [[hatchling]]s less than 13 [[centimeter]]s (5 [[inch|in]]) long, to very old adults reaching nearly 2 [[meter]]s (6.5 [[Foot (unit of length)|ft]]) in length.<ref name=coombs1982>Coombs, Walter P. (1982). Juvenile specimens of the ornithischian dinosaur ''Psittacosaurus''. ''Palaeontology'' 25: 89-107.</ref>
Skulls of ''P. mongoliensis'' are flat on top, especially over the back of the skull, with a triangular depression, the [[antorbital fenestra|antorbital fossa]], on the outside surface of the [[maxilla]] (an upper jaw bone). A flange is present on the lower edge of the [[dentary]] (the tooth-bearing bone of the lower jaw), although it is not as prominent as in ''P. meileyingensis'' or ''P. major''. ''P. mongoliensis'' is among the largest known species. The skull of the type specimen, which is probably a juvenile,<ref name=russellzhao1996>Russell, Dale A. & Zhao Xijin. (1996). New psittacosaur occurrences in Inner Mongolia. ''Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences'' 33: 637-648.</ref> is 15.2 centimetersm (6 in) long, and the associated femur is 16.2 centimeters (6.4 in) in length.<ref name=osbornpsitt1924>Osborn, Henry F. (1924). ''Psittacosaurus'' and ''Protiguanodon'': Two Lower Cretaceous iguanodonts from Mongolia. ''American Museum Novitates''. 127: 1-16.</ref> Other specimens are larger, with the largest documented femur measuring about 21 centimeters (8.25 in) long.<ref name=ericksontumanova2000>Erickson, Gregory M. & Tumanova, Tatyana A. (2000). Growth curve of ''Psittacosaurus mongoliensis'' Osborn (Ceratopsia: Psittacosauridae) inferred from long bone histology. ''Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society'' 130: 551–566.</ref>
===''Protiguanodon mongoliense''===
When describing ''Psittacosaurus mongoliensis'' in 1923, Osborn also gave the name ''Protiguanodon mongoliense'' to another skeleton found nearby, believing it to represent an ancestor of the [[ornithopod]] ''[[Iguanodon]]''.<ref name=osborn1923/> When the skeleton was prepared further, it became clear that it was nearly identical to ''Psittacosaurus mongoliensis''.<ref name=osbornpsitt1924/> In 1958, Chinese paleontologist [[Yang Zhongjian]] (better known as C.C. Young) renamed the skeleton ''Psittacosaurus protiguanodonensis''.<ref name=young1958>Young C.C. (1958). The dinosaur remains of Laiyang, Shantung. ''Palaeontologia Sinica Series C'' 16: 53-159.</ref> Today the specimen is generally referred to the species ''Psittacosaurus mongoliensis'' and the names ''Protiguanodon mongoliense'' and ''Psittacosaurus protiguanodonensis'' are considered [[junior synonym]]s of the name ''Psittacosaurus mongoliensis'', which was created first.<ref name=youdodson2004/>
===''Psittacosaurus protiguanodonensis''===
See ''[[Species of Psittacosaurus#Protiguanodon mongoliense|Protiguanodon mongoliense]]''.
===''Psittacosaurus osborni''===
In 1931, C.C. Young named a new species of ''Psittacosaurus'' for a partial skull discovered in [[Inner Mongolia]], China.<ref name=young1931>Young C.C. (1931). On some new dinosaurs from western Suiyuan, Inner Mongolia. ''Bulletin of the Geological Society of China'' 11: 259-266.</ref> The skull was named ''P. osborni'' after Henry Fairfield Osborn. Paleontologist now consider this specimen to belong to ''P. mongoliensis'', which is found in nearby strata of the same age.<ref name=sereno1990>Sereno, Paul C. (1990). New data on parrot-beaked dinosaurs (''Psittacosaurus''). In: Carpenter, Ken & Currie, Philip J. (Eds.). ''Dinosaur Systematics: Perspectives and Approaches''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Pp. 203–210.</ref>
===''Psittacosaurus tingi''===
Young described the species ''Psittacosaurus tingi'' in the same 1931 report which contained ''P. osborni''. It is based on several skull fragments.<ref name=young1931/> He later synonymized the two species under the name ''P. osborni''.<ref name=young1958/> Both species are now considered to belong to ''P. mongoliensis''.<ref name=sereno1990/>
===''Psittacosaurus sinensis''===
[[Image:Psittacosaurus sinensis BW.jpg|thumb|right|''Psittacosaurus sinensis''.]]
In the 1950s, a new Chinese species of ''Psittacosaurus'' was found in the Aptian-Albian [[Qingshan Formation]] of [[Shandong Province]], southeast of [[Beijing]]. C.C. Young called it ''Psittacosaurus sinensis'' to differentiate it from ''P. mongoliensis'', which had originally been found in Mongolia.<ref name=young1958/> Fossils of more than twenty individuals have since been recovered, including several complete skulls and skeletons, making this the most well-known species after ''P. mongoliensis''.<ref name=youdodson2004/>
''P. sinensis'' is readily distinguished from all other species by numerous features of the skull. Adult skulls are smaller than those of ''P. mongoliensis'' and have less teeth. Uniquely, the [[premaxilla]]ry bone contacts the [[jugal]] (cheek) bone on the outside of the skull. The jugals flare out sideways, forming '[[horn (anatomy)|horns]]' proportionally wider than in any other known ''Psittacosaurus'' species except ''P. sibiricus'' and ''P. lujiatunensis''. Because of the flared cheeks, the skull is actually wider than it is long. A smaller 'horn' is present behind the [[eye]], at the contact of the jugal and [[postorbital]] bones, a feature also seen in ''P. sibiricus''. The [[mandible]] (lower jaw) lacks the hollow opening, or ''[[Fenestrae|fenestra]]'', seen in other species, and the entire lower jaw is bowed outwards, giving the animal the appearance of an [[underbite]].<ref name=xuzhao1999/><ref name=sereno1990/> The skull of an adult ''P. sinensis'' can reach 11.5 centimeters (4.5 in) in length.<ref name=russellzhao1996/>
===''Psittacosaurus youngi===
Chinese paleontologist [[Zhao Xijin]] named a new species after his mentor, C.C. Young, in 1962.<ref name=zhao1962>Zhao Xijin. (1962). [Concerning a new species of ''Psittacosaurus'' from Laiyang, Shantung.] ''Vertebrata PalAsiatica'' 6: 349-360. [in Chinese]</ref> However, the type specimen of ''Psittacosaurus youngi'' (a partial skeleton and skull) was discovered in the same rocks as ''P. sinensis'' and appears to be very similar, so ''P. youngi'' is generally considered a junior synonym of that better known species.<ref name=sereno1990/>
===''Psittacosaurus guyangensis''===
The front half of a skull from [[List of administrative divisions of Inner Mongolia|Guyang County]] in the Inner Mongolian Autonomous Region of China was described as ''Psittacosaurus guyangensis'' in 1983.<ref name=cheng1983>Cheng Zhengwu. (1983). [Reptilia.] In: [''The Mesozoic Stratigraphy and Paleontology of the Guyang Coal-bearing Basin, Nei Monggol Autonomous Region, China''.] Beijing: Geology Press. Pp. 123–136. [in Chinese]</ref> While it differs from the type specimen of ''P. mongoliensis'', it falls within the range of individual variation seen in other specimens of that species and is no longer recognized as a valid species.<ref name=sereno1990/>
===''Psittacosaurus xinjiangensis''===
In 1988, Zhao and American paleontologist [[Paul Sereno]] described ''Psittacosaurus xinjiangensis'', named after the [[Xinjiang|Xinjiang Autonomous Region]] in which it was discovered.<ref name=serenozhao1988>Sereno, Paul C. & Zhao Xijin. (1988). ''Psittacosaurus xinjiangensis'' (Ornithischia: Ceratopsia), a new psittacosaur from the Lower Cretaceous of northwestern China. ''Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology'' 8: 353-365.</ref> Several individuals of different ages were discovered in the early 1970s by Chinese paleontologists and described by Sereno and Zhao, although the holotype and most complete skeleton belonged to a juvenile. An adult skeleton was later discovered at a different locality in Xinjiang.<ref name=brinkmanetal2001/> These specimens come from the upper part of the [[Tugulu Group]], which is regarded as Aptian-Albian in age.
This species is distinguished by a prominent jugal 'horn' that is flattened on the front end, as well as some features of the teeth. The [[ilium (bone)|ilium]], one of the three bones of the pelvis, also bears a characteristically long bony process behind the [[acetabulum]] (hip socket).<ref name=xuzhao1999/> An adult femur has a published length of about 16 centimeters (6.3 in).<ref name=brinkmanetal2001/>
===''Psittacosaurus meileyingensis''===
[[Image:Psittacosaurus meileyingensis BW.jpg|thumb|right|''Psittacosaurus meileyingensis''.]]
A second species described in 1988 by Sereno and Zhao, along with two Chinese colleagues, was ''Psittacosaurus meileyingensis'' from the [[Jiufotang Formation]], near the town of Meileyingzi, [[Liaoning Province]], northeastern China. This species is known from four fossil skulls, one associated with some skeletal material, found in 1973 by Chinese scientists.<ref name=serenoetal1988>Sereno, Paul C., Zhao Xijin, Chang Zhengwu, & Rao Chenggang. (1988). ''Psittacosaurus meileyingensis'' (Ornithischia: Ceratopsia), a new psittacosaur from the Lower Cretaceous of northeastern China. ''Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology'' 8: 366-377.</ref> The age of the Jiufotang in Liaoning is unknown, but in the neighboring province of Inner Mongolia, it has been dated to about 110 Ma, in the Albian stage of the Early Cretaceous.<ref name=eberthetal1993>Eberth, David A., Russell, Dale A., Braman, D.R. & Deino, A.L. (1993). The age of the dinosaur-bearing sediments at Tebch, Inner Mongolia, People’s Republic of China. ''Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences''. 30: 2101–2106.</ref>
''P. meileyingensis'' has the shortest snout and [[neck frill]] of any species, making the skull is nearly circular in profile. The [[orbit (anatomy)|orbit]] (eye socket) is roughly triangular, and there is a prominent flange on the lower edge of the dentary, a feature also seen in ''P. major'', and to a lesser degree in ''P. mongoliensis'', ''P. lujiatunensis'', ''P. sattayaraki'', and ''P. sibiricus''.<ref name=xuzhao1999/><ref name=averianovetal2006/> The complete type skull, probably adult, is 13.7 centimeters (5.5 in) long.<ref name=serenoetal1988/>
===''Psittacosaurus sattayaraki''===
[[France|French]] paleontologist [[Eric Buffetaut]] and a [[Thailand|Thai]] colleague, [[Varavudh Suteethorn]], described a partial upper and lower jaw from the Aptian-Albian [[Khok Kruat Formation]] of [[Thailand]] in 1992, giving it the name ''Psittacosaurus sattayaraki''.<ref name=buffetaut1992>Buffetaut, Eric & Suteethorn, Varavudh. (1992). A new species of the ornithischian dinosaur ''Psittacosaurus'' from the Early Cretaceous of Thailand. ''Palaeontology'' 35: 801-812.</ref> In 2000, Sereno questioned the validity of this species, citing its eroded and fragmentary nature, and noted an absence of features characteristic of the genus ''Psittacosaurus''.<ref name=sereno2000>Sereno, Paul C. (2000). The fossil record, systematics and evolution of pachycephalosaurs and ceratopsians from Asia. In: Benton, Michael J., Shishkin, Mikhail A., Unwin, David M. & Kurochkin, Evgeny N. (Eds.). ''The Age of Dinosaurs in Russia and Mongolia''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Pp. 480-516.</ref> However, in 2002 the original authors published new images of the fossil which seem to show teeth in the lower jaw that exhibit the bulbous vertical ridge characteristic of psittacosaurs.<ref name=buffetaut2002>Buffetaut, E. & Suteethorn, V. 2002. Remarks on ''Psittacosaurus sattayaraki'' Buffetaut & Suteethorn, 1992, a ceratopsian dinosaur from the Lower Cretaceous of Thailand. ''Oryctos'' 4: 71-73.</ref> Other authors have also defended its validity,<ref name=averianovetal2006/> while some continue to regard it dubiously.<ref name=xuzhao1999/><ref name=youdodson2004/>
The dentary of ''P. sattayaraki'' has a flange similar to that found in ''P. mongoliensis'', ''P. sibiricus'', ''P. major'', ''P. lujiatunensis'' and ''P. meileyingensis'', although it is less pronounced than in those species. The material appears to be roughly the same size as ''P. sinensis''.<ref name=buffetaut1992/> If this species is valid, it is by far the southernmost species in the genus.
===''Psittacosaurus neimongoliensis''===
[[Image:Psittacosaurus neimongoliensis BW.jpg|thumb|right|''Psittacosaurus neimongoliensis''.]]
Two new species of ''Psittacosaurus'' were described by Canadian [[Dale Russell]] and Zhao in 1996. The first was named ''Psittacosaurus neimongoliensis'', after the [[Mandarin Chinese]] name for Inner Mongolia. It is based on a nearly complete fossil skeleton, including most of the skull, found in the Early Cretaceous [[Eijnhoro Formation]] with seven other individuals.<ref name=russellzhao1996/>
The [[frontal bone]] of ''P. neimongoliensis'' is distinctly narrow compared to that of other species, resulting in a narrower skull overall. The [[ischium]] bone of the pelvis is also longer than the [[femur]], which differs from other species in which these bones are known.<ref name=xuzhao1999/> The type specimen has a skull length of 13.2 centimeters (5.2 in) and a femoral length of 13 centimeters (5.1 in), but is not fully grown. An adult ''P. neimongoliensis'' was probably smaller than ''P. mongoliensis'', with a proportionately longer skull and tail.<ref name=russellzhao1996/>
===''Psittacosaurus ordosensis''===
[[Image:Psittacosaurus ordosensis BW.jpg|thumb|right|''Psittacosaurus ordosensis''.]]
Russell and Zhao also named ''Psittacosaurus ordosensis'' in 1996, after the [[Ordos City|Ordos]] prefecture of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. The type specimen is a nearly complete skeleton, including part of the skull. However, only the skull, lower jaw, and foot have been described. Three other specimens were referred to this species but remain undescribed. Like ''P. neimongoliensis'', this species was discovered in the Eijnhoro Formation.<ref name=russellzhao1996/>
''P. ordosensis'' can be distinguished by numerous features of the jugals, which have very prominent 'horns.'<ref name=xuzhao1999/> It is also the smallest known species. One adult skull measures only 9.5 centimeters (3.75 in) in length.<ref name=russellzhao1996/>
===''Psittacosaurus mazongshanensis''===
[[Xu Xing]], another Chinese paleontologist, named a new species of ''Psittacosaurus'' in 1997, based on a complete skull with associated [[vertebra]]e and a forelimb. This material was recovered in [[Gansu Province]], near the border with Inner Mongolia. This species is named ''Psittacosaurus mazongshanensis'' after the nearby [[mountain]] called Mazongshan (Horse Mane Mountain) and has been described in a preliminary manner.<ref name=xu1997>Xu Xing. (1997). A new psittacosaur (''Psittacosaurus mazongshanensis'' sp. nov.) from Mazongshan area, Gansu Province, China. In: Dong Z. (Ed.). ''Sino-Japanese Silk Road Dinosaur Expedition''. Beijing: China Ocean Press. Pp. 48–67.</ref> Unfortunately, the skull was damaged while in the care of the Chinese [[Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology]] (IVPP), and several fragments have been lost, including all the teeth.<ref name=zhouetal2006>Zhou Changfu, Gao Keqin, Fox, Richard C. & Chen Shuihua. (2006). A new species of ''Psittacosaurus'' (Dinosauria: Ceratopsia) from the Early Cretaceous Yixian Formation, Liaoning, China. ''Palaeoworld'' 15: 100-114.</ref> The remains were found in the [[Lower Xinminbao Formation]], which have not been precisely dated, although there is some evidence that they were deposited in the late [[Barremian]] through Aptian stages<ref name=tangetal2001>Tang F., Luo Z., Zhou Z., You H., Georgi, J.A., Tang Z. & Wang X. (2001). Biostratigraphy and palaeoenvironment of the dinosaur-bearing sediments in Lower Cretaceous of Mazongshan area, Gansu Province, China. ''Cretaceous Research'' 22: 115–129.</ref>
Sereno suggested in 2000 that ''P. mazongshanensis'' was a ''nomen dubium'', with no unique features that separate it from any other species of ''Psittacosaurus''.<ref name=sereno2000/> However, more recent authors have noted that it can be distinguished by its proportionally long snout compared to other species of ''Psittacosaurus'', as well as a prominent bony protuberance, pointing outwards and downwards, on the maxilla of the upper jaw.<ref name=averianovetal2006/> Other features originally used to distinguish the species have been recognized as the results of the deformation of the skull after fossilization.<ref name=zhouetal2006/>
===''Psittacosaurus sibiricus''===
[[Image:Psittacosaurus sibiricus BW.jpg|thumb|right|''Psittacosaurus sibiricus''.]]
Beginning in the 1950s, Russian paleontologists began excavating ''Psittacosaurus'' remains at a locality near the village of Shestakovo in the [[oblast]] of [[Kemerovo]] in [[Siberia]]. Two other nearby localities were explored in the 1990s, one of which produced several complete skeletons. This species was named ''Psittacosaurus sibiricus'' in 2000 in a scientific paper written by five Russian paleontologists, but credit for the name is officially given to two of those authors, [[Alexei Voronkevich]] and [[Alexander Averianov]].<ref name=lexhchinskiyetal2000>Leshchinskiy, Sergei V., Fayngertz, Alexei V., Voronkevich, Alexei V., Maschenko, E.N. & Averianov, Alexander O. (2000). Preliminary results of the investigation of the Shestakovo localities of Early Cretaceous vertebrates. In: Komarov, A.V. (Ed.). ''Materials of the Regional Conference of the Geologists of Siberia, Far East and North East of Russia''. Tomsk: GalaPress. Pp. 363–366. [In Russian]</ref> The remains were not completely described until 2006. Two nearly complete, articulated skeletons and a variety of disarticulated material from other individuals of all ages are known from the [[Ilek Formation]] of Siberia, which ranges from the Aptian to Albian stages of the Early Cretaceous.<ref name=averianovetal2006/>
''P. sibiricus'' is the largest known species of ''Psittacosaurus''. The skull of the type specimen is 20.7 centimeters long (8.25 in), and the femur is 22.3 cm (8.75 in) in length. It is also distinguished by its [[neck frill]], which is longer than any other species, at 15 to 18% of skull length. A very striking feature of ''P. sibiricus'' is the number of 'horns' around the eyes, with three prominences on each postorbital, and one in front of each eye, on the [[palpebral (bone)|palpebral]] bones. Similar horns found on the postorbital of ''P. sinensis'' are not as pronounced but may be [[homology (biology)|homologous]]. The jugal has extremely prominent 'horns' and may contact the premaxilla, both features also seen in the possibly related ''P. sinensis''. There is a flange on the dentary of the lower jaw, similar to ''P. mongoliensis'', ''P. meileyingensis'', and ''P. sattayaraki''. It can be told apart from the other species of ''Psittacosaurus'' by its combination of 32 anatomical features, including six that are unique to the species. Most of these are skull details, but one unusual feature is the presence of 23 vertebrae between the skull and pelvis, unlike the 21 or 22 in the other species where the vertebrae are known.<ref name=averianovetal2006/>
===''Psittacosaurus lujiatunensis''===
[[Image:Psittacosaurus lujiatunensis BW.jpg|thumb|right|''Psittacosaurus lujiatunensis''.]]
''Psittacosaurus lujiatunensis'', named in 2006 by Chinese paleontologist [[Zhou Chang-Fu]] and 3 Chinese colleagues, is one of the oldest known species, based on four skulls from the lower beds of [[Yixian Formation]] of Liaoning Province, near the village of Lujiatun.<ref name=zhouetal2006/> This bed has been dated differently by different authors, from 128 Ma in the Barremian stage,<ref name=wangetal2001>Wang S, Hu H, Li P & Wang Y. (2001). Further discussion on the geologic age of Sihetun vertebrate assemblage in western
Liaoning, China: evidence from Ar-Ar dating. ''Acta Petrologica Sinica'' 17: 663–668.</ref> to 125 Ma in the earliest Aptian.<ref name=yangetal2007>Yang Wei, Li Shuguang & Jiang Baoyu. (2007). New evidence for Cretaceous age of the feathered dinosaurs of Liaoning: zircon U-Pb SHRIMP dating of the Yixian Formation in Sihetun, northeast China. ''Cretaceous Research''. {{doi|10.1016/j.cretres.2006.05.011}}</ref> ''P. lujiatunensis'' was contemporaneous with another [[psittacosaurid]] genus, ''[[Hongshanosaurus]]'', which was found in the same beds.<ref name=youxu2005>You Hailu & Xu Xing. (2005). An adult specimen of ''Hongshanosaurus houi'' (Dinosauria: Psittacosauridae) from the Lower Cretaceous of Western Liaoning Province, China. ''Acta Geologica Sinica'' (English Edition). 79(2): 198-173.</ref>
The type skull of ''P. lujiatunensis'' measures 19 cm (7.5 in) in length, while the largest known skull is 20.5 centimeters (8 in) long, so this species was similar in size to ''P. mongoliensis'' and ''P. sibiricus''. There is a fossa in front of the eye, as in ''P. mongoliensis''. The jugal bones flare outwards widely, making the skull wider than it is long, as seen in ''P. sinensis''. Widely flared jugals are also found in ''P. sibiricus'' and ''P. major''. ''P. lujiatunensis'' lacks the postorbital horns seen in ''P. sinensis'' or ''P. major''. Overall, this species is thought to exhibit several primitive characteristics compared to other species of ''Psittacosaurus'', which is consistent with its greater geological age.<ref name=zhouetal2006/>
===''Psittacosaurus major''===
[[Image:Psittacosaurus major BW.jpg|thumb|right|''Psittacosaurus major''.]]
The most recently described species is ''Psittacosaurus major'' from the lower beds of the Yixian Formation near [[Beipiao|Beipiao City]] in Liaoning Province. ''P. major'', named for the large size of its skull, was described by Sereno, Zhao and two colleagues in 2007. Known from a nearly complete skeleton with a skull, it appears to be about the same age as ''P. lujiatunensis''.<ref name=serenoetal2007>Sereno, Paul C, Zhao Xijin, Brown, Loren & Tan Lin. (2007). New psittacosaurid highlights skull enlargement in horned dinosaurs. ''Acta Palaeontologica Polonica'' 52(2): 275-284.</ref>
''P. major'' is characterized by a proportionately large skull, which was 39% of the length of its torso, compared to 30% in ''P. mongoliensis''. The type skull measures 20.3 centimeters (8 in), longer than the 19.7 centimeter (7.75 in) femur. These bones are larger than the type of ''P. mongoliensis'' but within the size range seen in that species. In addition to its large size, the skull is characterized by an extremely narrow snout and jugal 'horns' which are longer than in any species except ''P. sinensis'', ''P. lujiatunensis'' and ''P. xinjiangensis''. The 'horns' are angled slightly downwards instead of directly outwards as seen in those species. The flange on the dentary resembles that of ''P. meileyingensis'' but is even more prominent.<ref name=serenoetal2007/>
===Unassigned specimens===
Many other specimens either cannot be determined to belong to any particular species, or have not yet been assigned to one. These specimens are generally all referred to as '''''Psittacosaurus'' sp.''', although it is not assumed that they belong to the same species.<ref name=youdodson2004/>
More than 200 specimens of ''Psittacosaurus'' have been found in the Yixian Formation of Liaoning Province, which is famous for its fossils of [[feathered dinosaurs]]. The vast majority of these have not been assigned to any published species, although many are very well-preserved and some have already been partially described.<ref name=mayretal2002>Mayr, Gerald, Peters, D. Stephan, Plodowski, Gerhard & Vogel, Olaf. (2002). Bristle-like integumentary structures at the tail of the horned dinosaur ''Psittacosaurus''. ''Naturwissenschaften'' 89: 361–365.</ref><ref name=mengetal2004>Meng Qingjin, Liu Jinyuan, Varrichio, David J., Huang, Timothy & Gao Chunling. (2004). Parental care in an ornithischian dinosaur. ''Nature'' 431: 145-146.</ref><ref name=luetal2007>Lü Junchang, Kobayashi, Yoshitsugu, Lee Yuong-Nam & Ji Qiang. (2007). A new Psittacosaurus (Dinosauria: Ceratopsia) specimen from the Yixian Formation of western Liaoning, China: the first pathological psittacosaurid. ''Cretaceous Research''. doi|10.1016/j.cretres.2006.08.005 [published online]</ref>
Nearly 100 ''Psittacosaurus'' skeletons were excavated in Mongolia during the summers of 2005 and 2006 by a team led by Mongolian paleontologist [[Bolortsetseg Minjin]] and American [[Jack Horner (paleontologist)|Jack Horner]] from the [[Museum of the Rockies]] in [[Montana]]. Although only ''P. mongoliensis'' has been described from Mongolia so far, these specimens are still in preparation and have not yet been assigned to a species.<ref name=boswell2006>"[http://www.montana.edu/cpa/news/nwview.php?article=4016 MSU, Mongolian paleontologists find 67 dinosaurs in one week]" by Evelyn Boswell. Montana State University News Service. [[13 September]] [[2006]]. Accessed [[5 May]] [[2007]].</ref>
==References==
{{reflist}}
==External links==
<!--* [http://www.paleograveyard.com/psittacosaurus.html Skeletal reconstructions] of ''Psittacosaurus mongoliensis'' and ''P. neimongoliensis'' at [http://www.paleograveyard.com/main.html The Grave Yard].-->
* [http://www.users.qwest.net/~jstweet1/ceratopia.htm Summary of known ceratop(s)ians] on Justin S. Tweet's [http://www.users.qwest.net/~jstweet1/ Thescelosaurus!] website.
{{portalpar|Dinosaurs}}
[[Category:Ceratopsians]]
[[es:Especies de psitacosaurios]]